北太平洋海温三极子模态时空分布特征及其形成机制探讨
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摘要
研究证实北太平洋海温异常对包括中国在内的全球大范围区域气候变化有重要影响。关于北太平洋海表面温度异常第一模态(PDO)的研究已经有很多,并取得了大量有现实意义的成果。本文基于经验正交函数(EOF)分解方法,定义北太平洋海表面温度异常EOF分解第二模态为北太平洋海温三极子(North Pacific Tripole NPT)模态,相应时间序列为NPT指数。随后,对NPT的基本特征进行了研究,分析比较了NPT模态和NPGO模态的联系与区别,并对NPT模态的气候影响及形成机制进行了初步的探索。主要得到以下结论：
(1)NPT模态是客观存在的,相比PDO有其独特的物理特性。与北太平洋NPT模态相联系的SST异常空间分布呈现出三中心的形态。NPT正位相对应南北两个异常暖中心,中间一个异常冷中心。NPT指数具有明显的年际变化和年代际变化,且在不同时期周期特征不同。NPT具有明显的季节性,在2月和8月强度较强。
(2)NPT模态和NPGO模态作为北太平洋地区不同气候因子EOF分析的第二模态,它们有相似的变化趋势和物理反映,但由于影响它们的因子非常复杂,两者在一定空间和时间尺度上存在着较大的差异。主要表现在它们的空间分布的强度和异常中心的位置,及时间序列的变化趋势和频谱分布上。
(3)NPT模态对全球很大范围的气温和降水有显著影响。值得注意的是在太平洋地区降水异常从北太平洋向南偏东方向依次交替出现正负中心。大气强迫NPO可能通过地面风场和与风场有关的海表流场作为媒介对NPT海温异常的形成和维持起作用。
A great number of studies have been performed to investigate the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of SST anomalies (SSTA) in the North Pacific, which is defined as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In contrast, few studies have examined the second EOF mode of the North Pacific variability. In this paper, we performed EOF analysis of the monthly SSTA field over the North Pacific poleward of10°N. The structure of EOF1closely resembles the PDO pattern, and the PC1exhibits considerable variability on decadal scales. The EOF2exhibits a tripole pattern with a band of positive SSTA extending from the west coast of North America to the central tropical Pacific, a band of negative SSTA extending from the central North Pacific to the northwestern tropical Pacific, and another band of positive SSTA in the Pacific north of35°N. This mode will be referred to as the North Pacific tripole (NPT).
The NPT is forced by the atmosphere through the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and are distinct from the PDO, which is linked to variations of the Aleutian Low. Lead-lag correlations between the NPT and NPO indices show that the highest correlation occurs when the NPO leads NPT by one month, indicating a significant influence of the atmosphere on the ocean. A significant fraction (-60%) of the NPT variability can be interpreted as the integrated response of the ocean to atmospheric forcing.
The North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) is defined as the EOF2of SSH anomalies (SSHA) in the central and eastern North Pacific (180°-110°W,25°-62°N). Because both the NPGO and VM are considered to represent the second mode of the North Pacific variability, they share some similarities:both modes are independent of the PDO, and both appear to be strongly related to the NPO forcing. However, there are in fact remarkable differences between the NPT and NPGO indices because The SSH and SST variations are not completely consistent. The damping timescale of the NPGO is about10months, while the damping timescale of the NPT is about4months, suggesting that the NPGO has greater low-frequency power than the NPT.
The NPT may significantly influence the climatic variability of the North Pacific. For example, the NPT is associated with a tripole pattern of precipitation anomaly in the North Pacific. In addition, the NPT may significantly influence the surface temperature and precipitation over the North America. The NPT may also provide a precursory signal for El Nino Modoki.
(1)NPT模态是客观存在的,相比PDO有其独特的物理特性。与北太平洋NPT模态相联系的SST异常空间分布呈现出三中心的形态。NPT正位相对应南北两个异常暖中心,中间一个异常冷中心。NPT指数具有明显的年际变化和年代际变化,且在不同时期周期特征不同。NPT具有明显的季节性,在2月和8月强度较强。
(2)NPT模态和NPGO模态作为北太平洋地区不同气候因子EOF分析的第二模态,它们有相似的变化趋势和物理反映,但由于影响它们的因子非常复杂,两者在一定空间和时间尺度上存在着较大的差异。主要表现在它们的空间分布的强度和异常中心的位置,及时间序列的变化趋势和频谱分布上。
(3)NPT模态对全球很大范围的气温和降水有显著影响。值得注意的是在太平洋地区降水异常从北太平洋向南偏东方向依次交替出现正负中心。大气强迫NPO可能通过地面风场和与风场有关的海表流场作为媒介对NPT海温异常的形成和维持起作用。
A great number of studies have been performed to investigate the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of SST anomalies (SSTA) in the North Pacific, which is defined as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In contrast, few studies have examined the second EOF mode of the North Pacific variability. In this paper, we performed EOF analysis of the monthly SSTA field over the North Pacific poleward of10°N. The structure of EOF1closely resembles the PDO pattern, and the PC1exhibits considerable variability on decadal scales. The EOF2exhibits a tripole pattern with a band of positive SSTA extending from the west coast of North America to the central tropical Pacific, a band of negative SSTA extending from the central North Pacific to the northwestern tropical Pacific, and another band of positive SSTA in the Pacific north of35°N. This mode will be referred to as the North Pacific tripole (NPT).
The NPT is forced by the atmosphere through the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and are distinct from the PDO, which is linked to variations of the Aleutian Low. Lead-lag correlations between the NPT and NPO indices show that the highest correlation occurs when the NPO leads NPT by one month, indicating a significant influence of the atmosphere on the ocean. A significant fraction (-60%) of the NPT variability can be interpreted as the integrated response of the ocean to atmospheric forcing.
The North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) is defined as the EOF2of SSH anomalies (SSHA) in the central and eastern North Pacific (180°-110°W,25°-62°N). Because both the NPGO and VM are considered to represent the second mode of the North Pacific variability, they share some similarities:both modes are independent of the PDO, and both appear to be strongly related to the NPO forcing. However, there are in fact remarkable differences between the NPT and NPGO indices because The SSH and SST variations are not completely consistent. The damping timescale of the NPGO is about10months, while the damping timescale of the NPT is about4months, suggesting that the NPGO has greater low-frequency power than the NPT.
The NPT may significantly influence the climatic variability of the North Pacific. For example, the NPT is associated with a tripole pattern of precipitation anomaly in the North Pacific. In addition, the NPT may significantly influence the surface temperature and precipitation over the North America. The NPT may also provide a precursory signal for El Nino Modoki.
引文
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