氨基湿法烟气脱硫的机理及工业试验研究
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摘要
我国的能源结构以煤炭为主。目前,我国煤炭的主要利用方式是直接燃烧,约占煤炭利用总量的80%。煤在燃烧过程中会产生多种污染物,其中SO2、NOx由于排放量大、对环境的影响面广,已成为各国政府极为重视的大气污染物排放控制目标。相对传统石灰石石膏法脱硫技术,湿式氨法脱硫技术因其脱硫效率高、副产品容易利用、可以同时脱去部分氮氧化物、适用于高硫煤、无二次污染、初期投资低等优点,满足了人们对环保及循环经济的要求,越来越受到人们的重视。本文针对国内对氨基湿法烟气脱硫技术日益增长的需求,对氨法脱硫过程中的相关机理进行了深入研究,并经过中间试验的验证,得到了完整工艺方案和可指导于工业生产的成果。此外,为进一步开发氨法同时脱硫脱硝技术做准备,本文还研究了氨法脱硫条件下NO2的吸收特性。
本文利用搅拌反应器研究了(NH4)2SO3溶液与SO2、NO2司气液吸收反应特性,并获得了必要的动力学参数及基础数据。在试验条件下(NH4)2SO3溶液吸收S02时,当液相(NH4)2SO3浓度小于临界值0.05mol/L时,反应过程受气液双膜的控制；而当液相中的(NH4)2SO3浓度大于临界值后,反应逐渐变为以受气膜传递的控制为主,此时吸收反应级数对(NH4)2SO3浓度表现为零级。气相中S02浓度及温度的提高有利于提高S02的吸收速率,(NH4)2SO3溶液吸收S02的反应对S02浓度表现为0.6级。在试验条件下(NH4)2SO3溶液吸收N02时,二氧化氮的吸收速率随亚硫酸铵浓度的增加而增加,但当亚硫酸铵的液相浓度超过0.1mol/L时,其增加对二氧化氮吸收速率的影响不再明显。二氧化氮的吸收速率随液相pH值、反应温度及NO2的初始入口浓度的增加而增加。当亚硫酸铵的液相浓度超过0.1mol/L时,二氧化氮的吸收速率对液相亚硫酸铵浓度表现为零级,对二氧化氮界面浓度为一级。
在实验室小型喷淋塔上进行了模拟的氨法脱硫试验,结果表明,pH值是影响烟气脱硫效率的主要因素,高pH值有利于脱硫。选择适当的烟气流速和液气比L/G有利于提高脱硫效率。在其它试验条件保持不变时,入口烟气SO2浓度的增加会降低脱硫效率。在气液吸收的双膜理论的基础上建立了脱硫过程的数学模型,利用所建立的数学模型对氨基湿法烟气脱硫过程进行了数值模拟,计算结果与试验研究结果吻合良好。在湿法脱硫过程中,铁离子对亚盐离子的氧化具有催化作用,因此利用恒温振荡器研究了飞灰中的铁在氨法脱硫条件下的浸出特性,并利用液-固异相反应的表面反应动力学模型分析了反应过程的动力学参数及反应特征。飞灰中铁的浸出浓度随温度、振荡频率和飞灰铁含量的增加而增加,随pH值和L/S值的增加而减小。此外,浸出时间的延长也有助于铁的进一步溶出。氨法脱硫条件下铁浸出反应的表观活化能为20.01kJ/mol,所以在试验条件下铁离子的浸出同时由化学反应和扩散两方面因素控制。
在机理性试验的基础上,进行了烟气量为3000Nm3/h的工业中间试验,分析了各工艺操作参数对系统脱硫效率的影响。脱硫效率随循环脱硫液的pH值、液气比L/G的升高而增大,随烟气流速、循环脱硫液盐浓度的升高而降低。脱硫液中亚硫酸铵的氧化程度随循环液pH值、盐浓度的升高而降低。烟气的含氧量、脱硫液中铁离子含量、反应温度等因素的增加均可加剧亚硫酸铵的氧化。通过中间试验的调试和运行,解决了工艺难题,并确定了较为合理的工艺流程和工艺参数。以此为基础确定了工业化生产方案,并对工业系统进行了经济性分析。
From the perspective of energy resource condition, China's energy structure is coal-dominated. There are many kinds of pollutions produced by coal combustion. Because SO2 and NOx have serious influences on the environment, they have been the important goals of air pollution control in the world. Ammonia-based wet desulfurization process has drawn an increasing attention recently due to its advantages such as high desulfurization efficiency, easy utilization of by-products. Aimed at the increasing demand of Ammonia-based wet desulfurization process, the studies carried out systemically on the related mechanisms, and obtained the complete process applied to industrial production through a pilot experiment.
In order to investigate the characteristics of the reaction between ammonium sulfite, the main desulfurizing solution, and the flue-gas-contained sulfur dioxide during the process of ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization in a power plant, the gas-liquid absorption reaction between sulfur dioxide and an ammonium sulfite solution was studied in a stirred tank reactor and a bench scale scrubber. Under the experimental condition of a stirred tank, the results indicate that the absorption of sulfur dioxide is controlled by both the gas-and liquid-films when the ammonium sulfite concentration is lower than 0.05 mol/L, and mainly by the gas-film at higher concentrations. In the latter case, the reaction rates are found to be zero-order with respect to the concentration of ammonium sulfite. The absorption rates of sulfur dioxide increase as the concentration of sulfur dioxide in inlet gas and the temperature increase. The reaction rate is of 0.6th-order with respect to the concentration of sulfur dioxide. The absorption reactions of NO2 into aqueous solution of (NH4)2SO3 were also investigated in a stirred tank reactor with a plane gas-liquid interface. It was also found that NO2 absorption rates was enhanced by the increasing concentration of (NH4)2SO3 but nearly remained constant if the concentration is greater than 0.1 mol/L. The absorption rates also increased with the increasing of the (NH4)2SO3 concentration, reaction temperature and the initial inlet concentration of NO2, but decreased as the oxygen concentration increased. The reaction rate is of first-order with respect to the concentration of sulfur dioxide, and of zero-order to the (NH4)2SO3 concentration in the solution when the concentration is greater than 0.1 mol/L.
The process parameters were studied on the influence in desulfurization efficiency under the cold-state experimental condition of the scrubber. The experimental results indicate that the desulfurization efficiency is mainly controlled by pH value, and increase with the increasing pH value, flue gas velocity, and liquid-gas ratio. The increasing concentration of inlet SO2 decreases the desulfurization efficiency. Based on the two-film theory of gas-liquid absorption, the mathematic model of SO2 removal was built up with the bentch-scale scrubber as the physiacal model. The SO2 removal process in ammonia-based WFGD was simulated with this model. It is showed that the caculated results agree well with the experimental results.In the wet process, the presence of iron would catalyze the oxidation of sulfite. Iron leaching from fly ash has been investigated under simulated ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization conditions to determine the effects of reaction temperature, initial pH value, liquid-to-solid ratio and vibration frequency. The experimental results indicated that the ferric ion concentration in solution increased with the increase of temperature and vibration frequency, but increased with the decrease of pH value and liquid-to-solid ratio. The kinetics of iron leaching can be expressed as diffusion combined with a surface chemical reaction model. The reaction path can be described by the equation:1-(1-a)1/3=kt. The apparent activation energy was estimated to be about 20.01 kJ/mol. Such a value of the activation energy indicates that the leaching of iron under experimental condition is controlled by both chemical reaction and diffusion.
Based on the results of the mechanism tests, a novel process of ammonia-bisulfite WFGD was developed. The pilot-scale experimental system was designed for 3000 Nm3/h of flue gas flow. The experimental results indicate that pH value is the dominant factor influencing desulphurization efficiency. The desulphurization efficiency increases with increasing pH value and liquor gas ratio, while decreases with increasing solution density and flue gas velocity. The oxidation of ammonium sulfite decreases with increasing pH value, salt concentration in solution. The increasing concentration of oxygen content in flue gas, reaction temperature and iron concentration in solution can also aggravate the oxidation of sulfite. Based on the operation results of the pilot-scale system, some process problems were solved. Therefore, the process flow and the parameters were determined. The industrial process was designed, and its Economic analysis was made.
本文利用搅拌反应器研究了(NH4)2SO3溶液与SO2、NO2司气液吸收反应特性,并获得了必要的动力学参数及基础数据。在试验条件下(NH4)2SO3溶液吸收S02时,当液相(NH4)2SO3浓度小于临界值0.05mol/L时,反应过程受气液双膜的控制；而当液相中的(NH4)2SO3浓度大于临界值后,反应逐渐变为以受气膜传递的控制为主,此时吸收反应级数对(NH4)2SO3浓度表现为零级。气相中S02浓度及温度的提高有利于提高S02的吸收速率,(NH4)2SO3溶液吸收S02的反应对S02浓度表现为0.6级。在试验条件下(NH4)2SO3溶液吸收N02时,二氧化氮的吸收速率随亚硫酸铵浓度的增加而增加,但当亚硫酸铵的液相浓度超过0.1mol/L时,其增加对二氧化氮吸收速率的影响不再明显。二氧化氮的吸收速率随液相pH值、反应温度及NO2的初始入口浓度的增加而增加。当亚硫酸铵的液相浓度超过0.1mol/L时,二氧化氮的吸收速率对液相亚硫酸铵浓度表现为零级,对二氧化氮界面浓度为一级。
在实验室小型喷淋塔上进行了模拟的氨法脱硫试验,结果表明,pH值是影响烟气脱硫效率的主要因素,高pH值有利于脱硫。选择适当的烟气流速和液气比L/G有利于提高脱硫效率。在其它试验条件保持不变时,入口烟气SO2浓度的增加会降低脱硫效率。在气液吸收的双膜理论的基础上建立了脱硫过程的数学模型,利用所建立的数学模型对氨基湿法烟气脱硫过程进行了数值模拟,计算结果与试验研究结果吻合良好。在湿法脱硫过程中,铁离子对亚盐离子的氧化具有催化作用,因此利用恒温振荡器研究了飞灰中的铁在氨法脱硫条件下的浸出特性,并利用液-固异相反应的表面反应动力学模型分析了反应过程的动力学参数及反应特征。飞灰中铁的浸出浓度随温度、振荡频率和飞灰铁含量的增加而增加,随pH值和L/S值的增加而减小。此外,浸出时间的延长也有助于铁的进一步溶出。氨法脱硫条件下铁浸出反应的表观活化能为20.01kJ/mol,所以在试验条件下铁离子的浸出同时由化学反应和扩散两方面因素控制。
在机理性试验的基础上,进行了烟气量为3000Nm3/h的工业中间试验,分析了各工艺操作参数对系统脱硫效率的影响。脱硫效率随循环脱硫液的pH值、液气比L/G的升高而增大,随烟气流速、循环脱硫液盐浓度的升高而降低。脱硫液中亚硫酸铵的氧化程度随循环液pH值、盐浓度的升高而降低。烟气的含氧量、脱硫液中铁离子含量、反应温度等因素的增加均可加剧亚硫酸铵的氧化。通过中间试验的调试和运行,解决了工艺难题,并确定了较为合理的工艺流程和工艺参数。以此为基础确定了工业化生产方案,并对工业系统进行了经济性分析。
From the perspective of energy resource condition, China's energy structure is coal-dominated. There are many kinds of pollutions produced by coal combustion. Because SO2 and NOx have serious influences on the environment, they have been the important goals of air pollution control in the world. Ammonia-based wet desulfurization process has drawn an increasing attention recently due to its advantages such as high desulfurization efficiency, easy utilization of by-products. Aimed at the increasing demand of Ammonia-based wet desulfurization process, the studies carried out systemically on the related mechanisms, and obtained the complete process applied to industrial production through a pilot experiment.
In order to investigate the characteristics of the reaction between ammonium sulfite, the main desulfurizing solution, and the flue-gas-contained sulfur dioxide during the process of ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization in a power plant, the gas-liquid absorption reaction between sulfur dioxide and an ammonium sulfite solution was studied in a stirred tank reactor and a bench scale scrubber. Under the experimental condition of a stirred tank, the results indicate that the absorption of sulfur dioxide is controlled by both the gas-and liquid-films when the ammonium sulfite concentration is lower than 0.05 mol/L, and mainly by the gas-film at higher concentrations. In the latter case, the reaction rates are found to be zero-order with respect to the concentration of ammonium sulfite. The absorption rates of sulfur dioxide increase as the concentration of sulfur dioxide in inlet gas and the temperature increase. The reaction rate is of 0.6th-order with respect to the concentration of sulfur dioxide. The absorption reactions of NO2 into aqueous solution of (NH4)2SO3 were also investigated in a stirred tank reactor with a plane gas-liquid interface. It was also found that NO2 absorption rates was enhanced by the increasing concentration of (NH4)2SO3 but nearly remained constant if the concentration is greater than 0.1 mol/L. The absorption rates also increased with the increasing of the (NH4)2SO3 concentration, reaction temperature and the initial inlet concentration of NO2, but decreased as the oxygen concentration increased. The reaction rate is of first-order with respect to the concentration of sulfur dioxide, and of zero-order to the (NH4)2SO3 concentration in the solution when the concentration is greater than 0.1 mol/L.
The process parameters were studied on the influence in desulfurization efficiency under the cold-state experimental condition of the scrubber. The experimental results indicate that the desulfurization efficiency is mainly controlled by pH value, and increase with the increasing pH value, flue gas velocity, and liquid-gas ratio. The increasing concentration of inlet SO2 decreases the desulfurization efficiency. Based on the two-film theory of gas-liquid absorption, the mathematic model of SO2 removal was built up with the bentch-scale scrubber as the physiacal model. The SO2 removal process in ammonia-based WFGD was simulated with this model. It is showed that the caculated results agree well with the experimental results.In the wet process, the presence of iron would catalyze the oxidation of sulfite. Iron leaching from fly ash has been investigated under simulated ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization conditions to determine the effects of reaction temperature, initial pH value, liquid-to-solid ratio and vibration frequency. The experimental results indicated that the ferric ion concentration in solution increased with the increase of temperature and vibration frequency, but increased with the decrease of pH value and liquid-to-solid ratio. The kinetics of iron leaching can be expressed as diffusion combined with a surface chemical reaction model. The reaction path can be described by the equation:1-(1-a)1/3=kt. The apparent activation energy was estimated to be about 20.01 kJ/mol. Such a value of the activation energy indicates that the leaching of iron under experimental condition is controlled by both chemical reaction and diffusion.
Based on the results of the mechanism tests, a novel process of ammonia-bisulfite WFGD was developed. The pilot-scale experimental system was designed for 3000 Nm3/h of flue gas flow. The experimental results indicate that pH value is the dominant factor influencing desulphurization efficiency. The desulphurization efficiency increases with increasing pH value and liquor gas ratio, while decreases with increasing solution density and flue gas velocity. The oxidation of ammonium sulfite decreases with increasing pH value, salt concentration in solution. The increasing concentration of oxygen content in flue gas, reaction temperature and iron concentration in solution can also aggravate the oxidation of sulfite. Based on the operation results of the pilot-scale system, some process problems were solved. Therefore, the process flow and the parameters were determined. The industrial process was designed, and its Economic analysis was made.
引文
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