基于塑性复合材料“变形与撞击”的兔肝脏损伤评估方法研究
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摘要
肝脏是道路交通伤中最容易受损的腹腔脏器，也是腹部损伤引起死亡的最常见原因。对肝脏损伤的评估是车辆安全设计和降低伤亡率的必要基础。目前，车辆的安全评估采用的碰撞假人，是在早年尸体“加速性损伤”碰撞实验研究的基础上研发的一种高度简化的物理模型。而在实际交通事故中，驾乘人员肝脏损伤多为“减速性损伤”。肝脏“加速性损伤”与最大压缩量和最大变形速度的乘积密切相关，“减速性损伤”主要是惯性损伤，两者致伤机制有明显差别。因此现有碰撞假人难以评估肝脏损伤，急需寻求新的肝脏损伤评估方法。
因肝脏位于腹腔内，难以获知其损伤时从腹壁外侧传递到肝脏的损伤参数。在交通事故重建中，可根据车辆变形分析车辆碰撞受力方向，并可计算车辆碰撞能量；在固体材料力学领域，可以通过材料的变形研究材料的受力和变形能量。为此，本课题拟通过塑性复合材料的研制；利用塑性复合材料受力变形特点，感知兔肝脏减速性损伤过程中的受力情况和致伤机制；并通过变形量的大小分析兔肝脏损伤能量，建立基于塑性复合材料“变形与撞击”的兔肝脏损伤评估方法。
主要研究方法和结论：
一、研制出一种新型塑性复合材料
以Instron8871测定材料力学性能，以极限变形量、变形抗力和裂纹形态作为材料塑性指标，筛选出由硬脂酸钾78份，液体石蜡22份，酚醛环氧树脂4份组成的塑性复合材料，只要在室温条件下搅拌混合3小时即可，条件简单，方便，经济，易于控制，可再生使用。该材料由微小均匀的鳞片状堆积重叠而成，鳞片状之间的滑移使得本材料具有良好的塑性性能。该材料具有以往不同的强化特性（幂强化模型），本研究提出用“对数强化模型”描述更加准确。
二、建立了准确的塑性复合材料数字模型
利用闪光银涂覆解决了FARO Laser Scanner Photon120的红外激光对复合材料的穿透问题和提高了反射率，建立一种利用三维激光扫描获得高精度塑性复合材料的数字模型的有效方法，为准确测定塑性复合材料的受力方向和撞击变形量奠定了基础。
三、建立塑性复合材料变形量与撞击能量的量效关系
采用有限元仿真和实验研究相结合的方法，建立了该塑性复合材料的体积变形量、质量和撞击冲量之间的关系式：-，相关系数2，以动量冲量守恒定律为基础，进而从体积变形量获得准确的撞击能量。本实验建立了一种通过单一材料变形量计算撞击能量的方法。
四、兔肝脏减速性损伤分析
在相同撞击速度下，兔A组和球形塑性复合材料模型置换肝脏的兔B组以俯卧位撞击复制出减速伤模型，其撞击损伤特点为：在撞击减速度波形为近似梯形波，峰值约为22.65g(g为重力加速度)，在撞击速度为35.0km/h～41.3km/h速度区间，即下落撞击高度在4.82m～6.70m之间时，随着撞击速度的增加，对应的损伤能量从0.283J增加到1.299J，兔肝脏从无损伤，发展为重度损伤；球形塑性复合材料模型在撞击后的变形情况验证了兔肝脏减速性损伤的主要原因是惯性损伤；在撞击速度不高于40.0km/h时，只有不到22%的外部撞击能量传递到肝脏，从而量化了胸腔和腹壁对肝脏的保护作用。
综上所述，本课题首先研制了一种新型塑性复合材料，该材料不仅可以感知任意受力方向、致伤物形状、致伤方式、而且可以计算撞击能量，另外还提出了一种新的材料塑性强化机制，丰富了塑性力学的理论研究；其次，验证了兔肝脏减速性损伤的主要原因是惯性损伤。再次，率先建立基于塑性复合材料“变形与撞击”的兔肝脏损伤评估方法，不仅适用于惯性损伤评估，而且可以用于挤压伤、穿刺伤的评估。本方法的运用，使得胸腹部脏器损伤致伤机制从腹壁外侧延伸至腹部内侧；开启了腹部内脏器在损伤能量的研究；使得胸腔和腹部对脏器保护从定性走向定量化研究。
由于受时间限制，以上所开展的工作只是腹腔脏器损伤领域的初步研究结果，尚且存在一些不足之处，比如：塑性复合材料模型变形是一个无时间关联的结果，无法了解其变形过程；球形塑性复合材料替换兔肝脏，而不是跟肝脏形状完全相同的材料模型，还需要在今后的工作中加以深入、完善。
The liver injury usually occurs and cause of death in traffic accident. Appraisal of liverinjury is an important foundation for vehicle safety design and reducing casualties. Atpresent, the vehicle's safety assessment is using dummy III, which is a simplified physicalmodel based on early acceleration injury of cadaver, but in actual traffic accidents, liverinjuries of driver and passenger are mostly deceleration injury. The acceleration injury isclosely related to the extrusion and maximum deformation speed, while the decelerationinjury belongs to the inertia injury; they are in significant differences. For this reason,asdummy III is difficult to assess liver injury, now we need to seek a new assessment methodfor liver injury.
It is difficult to know the parameters when liver suffered injury, because it is locatedinside the abdominal wall. In traffic accident reconstruction, the deformation of vehicle notonly used to analysis the direction of collision force, but also can calculate collision energy.Samely, in the field of solid mechanics of materials, it can study the forces acting anddeformation energy by the material deformation. According to those theories, this study isto establish an appraisal method of rabbit liver injury that can be based upon thedeformation and the impact of plastic composite materials. For this, it has developed aplastic composite material, perceived the force direction by deformation characteristics,analyzed the rabbit liver injuries energy by the size of the deformation.
The main studying methods and results are as follows:
1. Aplastic composite material was developed.
Instron8871was used to measure mechanical properties of materials; ultimatedeformation, deformation resistance and crack shape were as the material plasticity index; aplastic composite material was filtered which composited potassium stearate, paraffinliquidand epoxy novolae resin, with a weight ratio of0.78/0.22/0.04. It stired only3hoursat room temperature, condition which was simple, convenient, economical, easy to control and renewable use. The material was made of tiny uniform flaky, and flakyslip betweeneachothermakes this material of perfect plastic property. The material has differentstrengthening characteristics compared with power strengthening model, and it was moreaccurate when using logarithmic strengthening model to describe.
2. An accurate digital model of plastic composite material was established.
Flash slive rnot only increased to high reflector but also prevented laser penetrating ofFaro Laser Scanner Fonton120. Coating flash sliver was an efficient method to obtainhigh-quality point clouds.A high-quality digital model was a foundation for analyzing theforce direction and calculating the deformation of the plastic composite material.
3. The relationship between volume deformation and impact energy was established.
Using finite element simulation and experimental research method, we created therelationship among impact impulse, volume deformation and mass.The formula was
，and the correlation coefficients were2Based on the momentum theorem and the conservation law, the impact energy wascaculated.This experiment established a method of calculation of impact energy bydeformation.
4. The energy of rabbit liver injury was analyzed..
Under the same impact velocity, rabbitA and rabbit B whoseliver was replaced byspherical plastic composite material were impacttoreproduce deceleration injury model, theinjury characteristics included three points,(1) The impact conditions inclunding: theimpact speed waveform was approximate reduction trapezoidal wave, and the peak is about22.65g (g was acceleration of gravity); the impact speedswere in range from35.0km/h to41.3km/h, in other words, the drop heights were in range from4.82m to6.70m. Underthis impact conditions, with the increase of impact velocity, the corresponding injury energyincreased from0.286J to1.299J, and the severity of rabbit liver injury increased from minorto severe.(2)The feature of the deformation of spherical plastic composite material afterimpact verified the main cause of rabbit liver deceleration injury is the inertia.(3) When theimpact velocity less than40km/h, less than22%of the external impact energy wastransfered to the liver through thoracic cavity and abdominal wall, thus the thoracic cavityand abdominal wall protective effect for liver was quantified.
Inconclusion, first of all, we have prepared an plastic composite material, which can sense the force direction, vulnerant shape, manner of causing, and can be used to calculatethe impact energy,which has put forward a kind of new plastic reinforcement mechanism,ans enriched the theory of plastic mechanics theory. Next, we have verified that the maincause of deceleration injury of rabbit liver is the inertia. After that have we taken the lead inestablishing a appraisal method of rabbit liver injury based upon the plastic compositematerials' deformatin and the impact energy. The method can be used to appraise thedeceleration injury and acceleration injury. The method has made the study of organ injurymechanism extends form out to in the chest and abdomen, opened a door to abtain theabdominal organ injury energy, and quantificated the protection effect of the chest andabdominal wall.
Due to the time limit, the above work is only a preliminary study in the field ofabdominal organ injury,and is still exist some disadvantages. For example, Plasticdeformation is a results not a process. It used spherical plastic composite material model toreplace the rabbit liver, not with the same shape. Therefore, this methed need to be studiedin-depth and to improve in the future work.
因肝脏位于腹腔内，难以获知其损伤时从腹壁外侧传递到肝脏的损伤参数。在交通事故重建中，可根据车辆变形分析车辆碰撞受力方向，并可计算车辆碰撞能量；在固体材料力学领域，可以通过材料的变形研究材料的受力和变形能量。为此，本课题拟通过塑性复合材料的研制；利用塑性复合材料受力变形特点，感知兔肝脏减速性损伤过程中的受力情况和致伤机制；并通过变形量的大小分析兔肝脏损伤能量，建立基于塑性复合材料“变形与撞击”的兔肝脏损伤评估方法。
主要研究方法和结论：
一、研制出一种新型塑性复合材料
以Instron8871测定材料力学性能，以极限变形量、变形抗力和裂纹形态作为材料塑性指标，筛选出由硬脂酸钾78份，液体石蜡22份，酚醛环氧树脂4份组成的塑性复合材料，只要在室温条件下搅拌混合3小时即可，条件简单，方便，经济，易于控制，可再生使用。该材料由微小均匀的鳞片状堆积重叠而成，鳞片状之间的滑移使得本材料具有良好的塑性性能。该材料具有以往不同的强化特性（幂强化模型），本研究提出用“对数强化模型”描述更加准确。
二、建立了准确的塑性复合材料数字模型
利用闪光银涂覆解决了FARO Laser Scanner Photon120的红外激光对复合材料的穿透问题和提高了反射率，建立一种利用三维激光扫描获得高精度塑性复合材料的数字模型的有效方法，为准确测定塑性复合材料的受力方向和撞击变形量奠定了基础。
三、建立塑性复合材料变形量与撞击能量的量效关系
采用有限元仿真和实验研究相结合的方法，建立了该塑性复合材料的体积变形量、质量和撞击冲量之间的关系式：-，相关系数2，以动量冲量守恒定律为基础，进而从体积变形量获得准确的撞击能量。本实验建立了一种通过单一材料变形量计算撞击能量的方法。
四、兔肝脏减速性损伤分析
在相同撞击速度下，兔A组和球形塑性复合材料模型置换肝脏的兔B组以俯卧位撞击复制出减速伤模型，其撞击损伤特点为：在撞击减速度波形为近似梯形波，峰值约为22.65g(g为重力加速度)，在撞击速度为35.0km/h～41.3km/h速度区间，即下落撞击高度在4.82m～6.70m之间时，随着撞击速度的增加，对应的损伤能量从0.283J增加到1.299J，兔肝脏从无损伤，发展为重度损伤；球形塑性复合材料模型在撞击后的变形情况验证了兔肝脏减速性损伤的主要原因是惯性损伤；在撞击速度不高于40.0km/h时，只有不到22%的外部撞击能量传递到肝脏，从而量化了胸腔和腹壁对肝脏的保护作用。
综上所述，本课题首先研制了一种新型塑性复合材料，该材料不仅可以感知任意受力方向、致伤物形状、致伤方式、而且可以计算撞击能量，另外还提出了一种新的材料塑性强化机制，丰富了塑性力学的理论研究；其次，验证了兔肝脏减速性损伤的主要原因是惯性损伤。再次，率先建立基于塑性复合材料“变形与撞击”的兔肝脏损伤评估方法，不仅适用于惯性损伤评估，而且可以用于挤压伤、穿刺伤的评估。本方法的运用，使得胸腹部脏器损伤致伤机制从腹壁外侧延伸至腹部内侧；开启了腹部内脏器在损伤能量的研究；使得胸腔和腹部对脏器保护从定性走向定量化研究。
由于受时间限制，以上所开展的工作只是腹腔脏器损伤领域的初步研究结果，尚且存在一些不足之处，比如：塑性复合材料模型变形是一个无时间关联的结果，无法了解其变形过程；球形塑性复合材料替换兔肝脏，而不是跟肝脏形状完全相同的材料模型，还需要在今后的工作中加以深入、完善。
The liver injury usually occurs and cause of death in traffic accident. Appraisal of liverinjury is an important foundation for vehicle safety design and reducing casualties. Atpresent, the vehicle's safety assessment is using dummy III, which is a simplified physicalmodel based on early acceleration injury of cadaver, but in actual traffic accidents, liverinjuries of driver and passenger are mostly deceleration injury. The acceleration injury isclosely related to the extrusion and maximum deformation speed, while the decelerationinjury belongs to the inertia injury; they are in significant differences. For this reason,asdummy III is difficult to assess liver injury, now we need to seek a new assessment methodfor liver injury.
It is difficult to know the parameters when liver suffered injury, because it is locatedinside the abdominal wall. In traffic accident reconstruction, the deformation of vehicle notonly used to analysis the direction of collision force, but also can calculate collision energy.Samely, in the field of solid mechanics of materials, it can study the forces acting anddeformation energy by the material deformation. According to those theories, this study isto establish an appraisal method of rabbit liver injury that can be based upon thedeformation and the impact of plastic composite materials. For this, it has developed aplastic composite material, perceived the force direction by deformation characteristics,analyzed the rabbit liver injuries energy by the size of the deformation.
The main studying methods and results are as follows:
1. Aplastic composite material was developed.
Instron8871was used to measure mechanical properties of materials; ultimatedeformation, deformation resistance and crack shape were as the material plasticity index; aplastic composite material was filtered which composited potassium stearate, paraffinliquidand epoxy novolae resin, with a weight ratio of0.78/0.22/0.04. It stired only3hoursat room temperature, condition which was simple, convenient, economical, easy to control and renewable use. The material was made of tiny uniform flaky, and flakyslip betweeneachothermakes this material of perfect plastic property. The material has differentstrengthening characteristics compared with power strengthening model, and it was moreaccurate when using logarithmic strengthening model to describe.
2. An accurate digital model of plastic composite material was established.
Flash slive rnot only increased to high reflector but also prevented laser penetrating ofFaro Laser Scanner Fonton120. Coating flash sliver was an efficient method to obtainhigh-quality point clouds.A high-quality digital model was a foundation for analyzing theforce direction and calculating the deformation of the plastic composite material.
3. The relationship between volume deformation and impact energy was established.
Using finite element simulation and experimental research method, we created therelationship among impact impulse, volume deformation and mass.The formula was
，and the correlation coefficients were2Based on the momentum theorem and the conservation law, the impact energy wascaculated.This experiment established a method of calculation of impact energy bydeformation.
4. The energy of rabbit liver injury was analyzed..
Under the same impact velocity, rabbitA and rabbit B whoseliver was replaced byspherical plastic composite material were impacttoreproduce deceleration injury model, theinjury characteristics included three points,(1) The impact conditions inclunding: theimpact speed waveform was approximate reduction trapezoidal wave, and the peak is about22.65g (g was acceleration of gravity); the impact speedswere in range from35.0km/h to41.3km/h, in other words, the drop heights were in range from4.82m to6.70m. Underthis impact conditions, with the increase of impact velocity, the corresponding injury energyincreased from0.286J to1.299J, and the severity of rabbit liver injury increased from minorto severe.(2)The feature of the deformation of spherical plastic composite material afterimpact verified the main cause of rabbit liver deceleration injury is the inertia.(3) When theimpact velocity less than40km/h, less than22%of the external impact energy wastransfered to the liver through thoracic cavity and abdominal wall, thus the thoracic cavityand abdominal wall protective effect for liver was quantified.
Inconclusion, first of all, we have prepared an plastic composite material, which can sense the force direction, vulnerant shape, manner of causing, and can be used to calculatethe impact energy,which has put forward a kind of new plastic reinforcement mechanism,ans enriched the theory of plastic mechanics theory. Next, we have verified that the maincause of deceleration injury of rabbit liver is the inertia. After that have we taken the lead inestablishing a appraisal method of rabbit liver injury based upon the plastic compositematerials' deformatin and the impact energy. The method can be used to appraise thedeceleration injury and acceleration injury. The method has made the study of organ injurymechanism extends form out to in the chest and abdomen, opened a door to abtain theabdominal organ injury energy, and quantificated the protection effect of the chest andabdominal wall.
Due to the time limit, the above work is only a preliminary study in the field ofabdominal organ injury,and is still exist some disadvantages. For example, Plasticdeformation is a results not a process. It used spherical plastic composite material model toreplace the rabbit liver, not with the same shape. Therefore, this methed need to be studiedin-depth and to improve in the future work.
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