海—塔盆地火山碎屑岩复杂岩性的岩石学机理及其测井响应
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摘要
海-塔盆地是松辽外围盆地中最大的一个含油气盆地，是大庆外围勘探开发的一个重点区域。乌尔逊和贝尔凹陷是海拉尔盆地勘探面积最大，勘探程度较高的两个凹陷；塔南凹陷是塔木察格盆地内最大的生油凹陷，具有很大的油气勘探开发潜力。海-塔盆地具有多物源和近物源的特征，火山作用和正常风化作用为盆地提供沉积物。在盆地内的不同区域，来源于火山作用和正常风化作用的沉积物占的比例或者优势不同，形成了不同的岩性组合与结构，成岩作用使得这种差异更加多样化和复杂化，从而造成了岩性的复杂性。这种复杂性严重制约了对储层四性的认识，归结起来主要为“三难问题”，即岩性识别难、储层参数求取难和流体性质识别难。这就导致在岩性解释、储层类型划分和含油性预测等方面，遇到了准确性难有有效提高的问题。反过来，测井又为我们提供了与岩石成分和结构有关的测井地球物理信息，这些信息可能在针对性的研究中才能发掘。这些信息的发掘可以帮助我们解决岩石与测井响应的不适应性，同时为深入了解火山碎屑岩岩性及其变化的岩石学机理提供了有效的支持。
本文根据岩心描述和薄片分析确定了研究区的岩石类型，在此基础上结合粒度分析进行火山-沉积作用分析，进而探讨了火山碎屑岩的堆积作用。沉积微相研究是单井相分析的基本任务，从而获得可靠的岩心沉积相分析结果。在此基础上结合重矿物、含砂率、古水流分析和岩性分布等，确定了物源-沉积体系和岩性分区。通过普通薄片、扫描电镜和X衍射分析确定了火山碎屑岩的成岩作用类型、特征和序列等，在此基础上结合有机质成熟度、最高裂解温度和古地温等确立了适合于研究区的成岩作用阶段划分标准。在成岩作用阶段的基本框架下，通过电子探针、普通薄片和扫描电镜分析，深入探讨了影响火山玻璃脱玻化的因素以及火山玻璃在成岩过程中的脱玻化行为。岩性的测井响应分析明确了具有不适应性的岩石类型，针对这些岩石类型，综合考虑影响岩石测井响应的因素，采用了在等效伊蒙混层和粉粒级以下凝灰质含量相近背景下，探寻CEC差别较大的原因的研究方法，明确了凝灰质成分对岩石导电能力的影响。在此基础上，寻找电阻率相近而CEC相差较大的岩石样品，探讨岩石在CEC相差较大的情况下电阻率相近的原因，明确了粉粒级以下凝灰质的赋存状态对岩石电阻率的影响。以凝灰质的成岩作用变化为基础，结合凝灰质的导电机理，确立了火山碎屑岩的测井响应模式。从测井响应的角度对火山碎屑岩进行岩石分类，依然未能达到较为满意的结果，这使得分区分层位的测井响应模式分析成为必然，研究表明这种分析模式可以进一步将岩性细区分出来。在孔隙类型分析的基础上，进行分区分层位的压汞实验分析，并结合产能结果，划分了储层类型，并建立了测井储层分类图版。针对储层与岩性的对应关系，分析不同储层相同岩性之间的差异，并探求其原因，为优质储层的确定奠定了岩石学和沉积学基础。
一、火山-堆积作用
岩心观察和薄片分析显示，研究区铜钵庙组-南屯组是一套介于正常陆源碎屑沉积岩和火山熔岩之间的过渡类型的岩性，岩石类型为火山熔岩、火山碎屑熔岩、熔结火山碎屑岩、火山碎屑岩类、沉积火山碎屑岩、火山碎屑沉积岩和正常沉积岩。
有火山作用参与的岩相分带受古地理分区的控制，在沉积物类型、搬运和沉积介质有明显的火山作用烙印，表现为在火山－沉积作用区出现火山碎屑与正常陆源碎屑的混积，从冲积扇到湖泊的沉积相带中包含火山岩相带，形成了正常沉积相带与火山岩复合的特色堆积作用。火山碎屑的特殊沉积作用主要有火山碎屑河道、火山碎屑（扇）三角洲和深水火山灰沉积等类型。冲积平原上的火山碎屑沉积主要有三类，分别是：（1）冲积扇中热基浪成因的片流沉积；（2）辫状河废弃河道中热基浪成因的沙滩沉积和（3）曲流河道中热基浪成因的边滩沉积。三角洲平原上的火山碎屑沉积主要表现为热基浪成因的分流河道和热基浪成因的天然堤，三角洲前缘主要有热基浪成因和热碎屑流成因的水下河道、热基浪成因和热碎屑流成因的河口坝以及热基浪成因的远砂坝四种类型。深水环境的火山碎屑沉积主要有空落成因的静水泥沉积，热基浪成因的浊流沉积和水下扇沉积。
沉积相、重矿物、含砂率、古水流和岩性分区可以有效确定物源-沉积体系，其中岩性分区可以展示具有特色岩性的分布与构造位置。乌尔逊凹陷内存在变质岩碎屑沉积岩区、火山碎屑岩区和火山碎屑沉积岩区三个单岩性区和其间的混合区。根据岩石中各碎屑组成的含量可将混合区分为正常沉积碎屑占优势的混合区和火山碎屑占优势的混合区。各单岩性区与构造单元相符合，变质岩碎屑沉积岩区对应乌西断阶带，火山碎屑岩区对应巴彦塔拉构造带，火山碎屑沉积岩区为乌东弧形构造带的一部分。贝尔凹陷内存在正常沉积岩区和火山碎屑岩区两个单岩性区和其间的混合区，正常沉积岩区对应苏乃诺尔构造带，火山碎屑岩区对应苏德尔构造带。塔南凹陷内存在火山碎屑岩区、火山碎屑沉积岩区和正常沉积岩区三个单岩性区和其间的混合区，火山碎屑岩区对应东部断阶带，火山碎屑沉积岩区对应西部潜山断裂带北段，正常沉积岩区对应西部潜山断裂带南段。
二、成岩作用
薄片分析和扫描电镜分析显示本区的成岩作用类型包括熔结作用、机械渗滤作用、压实与压溶作用、脱玻化作用、重结晶作用、胶结作用、自生矿物转化和溶蚀溶解作用。其中，熔结作用、脱玻化作用以及凝灰质的溶蚀溶解作用为火山碎屑岩所特有的成岩作用类型。
根据成岩作用中体现出的成岩共生关系，确定了本区成岩共生组合主要有四类，分别是：（1）自生白云母和绿泥石；（2）石英的溶解与硅质胶结；（3）蒙皂石、伊利石和绿泥石以及（4）沸石与自生石英、自生长石。
根据各种成岩作用发生的先后顺序，成岩序列可以分为熔结作用阶段、机械渗滤作用阶段、脱玻化作用阶段、凝灰质溶蚀溶解作用阶段、粘土矿物混层阶段、自生白云母阶段、沸石胶结阶段、颗粒强烈胶结阶段以及铁白云发育阶段。在此基础上，结合镜质体反射率（Ro）、有机质成熟度、有机质最高裂解温度以及矿物共生组合认为研究区下白垩统为早成岩B期到晚成岩B期，主要为晚成岩A期。
影响火山玻璃脱玻化的因素较多，包括温压、PH值、EH值、成岩流体和自生成分结构等。本文以研究区广泛发育的酸性火山玻璃为研究对象，从影响火山玻璃脱玻化的因素出发，借助于扫描电镜和电子探针手段，对酸性火山玻璃的脱玻脱化作用进行深入分析。结果显示，火山玻璃脱玻化过程中矿物的晶出顺序实际上是按照氧的脱极化程度从高到低来进行的，其脱玻化行为可以分为5个阶段，分别是：1）水化作用阶段；2）脱硅阶段；3）脱铝阶段；4）富钠/富钾阶段；5）最后结晶阶段。这五个阶段并不是玻屑在蚀变过程中必须要经历的，受控于岩石的温压、PH、EH和流体性质等，火山玻璃可能只经历几种阶段，如凝灰质的溶蚀溶解作用会导致火山玻璃直接被溶解。
三、测井响应
电阻率是测井解释的重要参数，研究区凝灰质的导电情况从测井解释上无法得到统一的认识，既存在高电阻的凝灰质，也存在低电阻的凝灰质。为了明确凝灰质的导电能力，本次研究中重点对高、中和低含量凝灰质的岩石进行了电化学实验，包括岩石的CEC（阳离子交换能力）和电阻率。研究表明对于含钠(或者钾)的火山玻璃来说，其表面的机械性能和电性能等与内部有明显差异。由于钾钠离子易于移动，玻屑表面的水中的氢离子将与玻璃中的钠（钾）离子进行离子交换生成氢氧化钠（钾）或者碳酸钠（钾）溶液，生成的氢氧化钠（钾）或者碳酸钠（钾）溶液将吸附在玻屑的表面形成溶液膜。溶液膜中的钠离子（钾离子）具有较高的迁移能力，这些阳离子可以与外面的水溶液进行离子交换，因而具有较高的阳离子交换能力。
通过系统的镜下分析和相关实验，确定了系列具有测井响应的特殊岩性的岩石学机理，包括的岩石类型有：高伽马砂岩、高阻泥岩、低阻凝灰岩和中子密度变关系砂岩等。以高伽马砂岩和低阻凝灰岩为例，高伽马砂岩伽马值的大小与凝灰质、粘土、长石和钙质的含量以及含油有关。凝灰质含量高钍值较高；长石和粘土含量高铀、钍和钾均有富集；含油砂岩富铀。钙质通过影响铀的迁移和沉淀来改变砂岩伽马值，钙质含量高铀值较低。低阻凝灰岩与爆发式火山喷发产生的火山玻璃有关，新生的火山玻璃富含钾钠离子，具有较高的阳离子交换能力，表现为低阻。火山玻璃粘土矿化产生附加导电性也可以使岩石电阻率降低。这些特殊岩性的岩石学机理研究提高了实际生产中部分储层四性解释的准确性。
测井岩性识别研究表明，利用深侧向电阻率值和密度与中子交会值XD-N做交会图，可以区分出安山岩、火山角砾岩、凝灰质高阻砾岩、泥岩和其它岩性五大类。再利用伽马和声波做交会图可以区分其它岩性分为（凝灰质）砾岩、（凝灰质）砂岩和凝灰岩类。建立的分层分区的岩性-测井响应模式可有效地区分凝灰岩（凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩）、凝灰质砾岩、凝灰质砂岩、普通砾岩、普通砂岩。建立了符合岩石学和测井地球物理标准的火山碎屑岩的分类体系。
四、储层分类
铸体薄片观察显示，研究区孔隙类型分为三类：原生孔隙、次生孔隙、混合孔隙，其中次生孔隙最为发育。次生孔隙主要为溶蚀粒间孔、溶蚀粒内孔和溶蚀填隙物内孔。成岩作用对孔隙度具有影响，压实作用和胶结作用会明显减小孔隙度，溶蚀溶解作用会增加孔隙度。利用压汞资料可以将储层分为四类，Ⅰ类储层排驱压力小于0.063MPa，半径均值大于3μm，孔隙度在16~21%之间，渗透率大于60μm2，属于好的储层；ⅡA类储层排驱压力在0.063~0.485MPa之间，半径均值0.50~3μm，孔隙度在10~19%之间，渗透率在0.6~80μm2，属于一般的储层；ⅡB类储层排驱压力在0.2~2MPa之间，半径均值0.1~0.5μm，孔隙度在6~14%之间，渗透率在0.06~0.8μm2，属于差的储层；Ⅲ类储层排驱压力在大于2MPa，半径均值小于0.1μm，孔隙度在3~14%之间，渗透率在小于0.5μm2，属于很差的储层。通过大庆油田试油结论发现，Ⅰ类储层自然高产，ⅡA类储层压后高产，ⅡB类压后低产，Ⅲ类储层压后无产能。
储层孔隙特征研究表明，Ⅰ类储层的孔隙以溶蚀粒间孔为主，孔喉连通性好，粘土矿物主要是高岭石和伊利石，高岭石以分散式充填于孔隙中，伊利石主要为内衬式充填。ⅡA类储层孔隙主要是粒间孔隙和溶蚀粒内孔隙，孔喉连通性较好，粘土矿物以伊利石为主，伊利石以搭桥式充填于孔隙中或以内衬式吸附于骨架颗粒表面；ⅡB类储层粒间孔隙发育较少，粒内孔和填隙物内孔隙数量增加，连通性较差，粘土矿物以伊利石为主，且以搭桥式充填于孔隙中，粒间广泛发育次生石英；Ⅲ类储层在铸体薄片中几乎观察不到有效的孔隙。
经研究，声波、密度、中子测井曲线可以作为划分储层类别的主要手段。声波曲线因为受压实影响而不宜直接反映储层物性特征，密度曲线能反映储层孔隙度特征，XD-N能间接反映泥质含量，因此根据密度曲线和XD-N可间接评价储层物性连通性的好坏，进行储层类别判定。Ⅰ类储层的DEN值小于等于2.43g/cm~3，CNL值在12~27%之间，XD-N值在-7~10之间；Ⅱ类储层的DEN值在2.43~2.54g/cm~3之间，CNL值在6~24%之间，XD-N值在-10~6.5之间；Ⅲ类储层的DEN值大于2.54g/cm~3，CNL值在7~23%之间，XD-N在-15~0之间
对四类储层的岩性进行统计表明，四类储层中各种岩性都有，粗粒级相比细粒级有更好的物性。同一岩性可以在不同的储层类型中出现，其中以砾岩最为典型，从Ⅰ类至Ⅲ类储层均存在，而且含量不低于9%。这与砾岩的形成环境有关，不同环境下形成的砾岩在成分、粒度和分选上有很大的差异。
Hailaer-Tamtsag Basin is the biggest petroliferous basin in the peripheryof Songliao basin, and also a key area in the exploration and development ofDaqing peripheral oilfield. Wuerxun and Beier depressions are two with abigger exploration area and a higher exploration degree in Hailaer basin;Tanan depression is the biggest in petroleum generation in Tamtsag Basin,with prodigious oil-gas exploration and development potential.Hailaer-Tamtsag Basin has the characteristics in multiple and nearby provenance, providing sediments to the basin from volcanism and normalweathering. In different areas within the basin, the proportion or advantage ofsediments from volcanism and normal weathering are different, thus differentlithological associations and textures had formed. Such difference becamemore diversified and complicated due to diagenesis, resulting in lithologicalcomplexity. Moreover, such complexity has seriously restricted theunderstanding to the four characteristics of the reservoir, which can be mainlyconcluded as “three difficult issues”, i.e. lithology identification difficulty,reservoir parameter obtaining difficulty and fluid property identificationdifficulty. Thus the accuracy of the aspects including lithologicalinterpretation, reservoir type classification and oil-bearing ability predictionwould be difficult to achieve effective improvement. On the other way round,logging has provided us the logging geophysical information related topetrographic composition and texture, while such information may be explored in targeted study. The exploration of such information can help us tosolve the inadaptability between rock and logging response; meanwhile, toprovide effective support for us to deeply understand the petrologymechanism of volcaniclastic rock lithology and its variation.
The rock type was identified as per core description and thin sectionanalysis. Volcanic sedimentation analysis was carried out by rock types andgrain size analysis, to explore the accumulation of volcaniclastic sediments.The study on sedimentary microfacies is a basic work for the single wellfacies analysis to obtain the reliable results of core sedimentary facies. Theprovenance-sedimentary system and lithology division was identifiedcombining with heavy minerals, sand factor, paleocurrent analysis andlithology division. Moreover, the diagenesis type, characteristics andsequence of volcaniclastic rock were identified by thin section analysis,scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X diffraction analysis, and the stage classification standard on diagenesis of study area was then further identifiedby combining with the maturity of organic matter, the highest pyrolysistemperature and paleogeotemperature. Under the basic framework ofdiagenesis stage, the factors which had influence to volcanic glassdevitrification and its behavior during the diagenesis stage were deeplydiscussed via electron probe, general thin section analysis and SEM analysis.The inadaptable rock types were identified by logging response analysis onlithology, and the factors influencing rock logging response wascomprehensive considered; meanwhile, under the background of equivalentmixed-layer minerals of illite and smectite and the similar tuffaceous contentbelow the silt particle grade, the study method of the cause of bigger CECdifference was explored, and the influence of tuffaceous composition to rockelectronic conductivity was identified. On such basis, the rock samples withclose electronic resistivity and bigger CEC difference were sought to study the cause of the closed electronic resistivity of rock under bigger CECdifference, and the influence of the occurrence state of tuffaceous below thesilt particle grade to rock electronic resistivity was identified. Basing on thediagenesis change of tuffaceous and combining with the electronic conductivemechanism of tuffaceous, the logging response mode of volcaniclastic rockwas identified. Rock classification of volcaniclastic rock from the view oflogging response still could not reach the satisfactory results, thus thepartition and layered logging response mode analysis has become inevitable,and the study suggests that such analysis mode can further distinguish somelithologies from others. On the basis of pore type analysis, the partition andlayered pressured-mercury testing analysis was carried out; and combiningwith productivity results, reservoir types were classified, logging reservoirclassification plate is established. Targeting at the corresponding relationbetween reservoir and lithology, the difference among the some reservoirs with the same lithology was analyzed, and the cause was also explored, so asto lay a lithologic and sedimentary foundation for the identification of highquality reservoirs.
I. Volcanic-sedimentation (accumulation)
The lithology of Tongbomiao and Nantun formations is a set of rocksbetween normal terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks and volcanic lava fromcore observation and thin section analysis. The rock types are volcanic lava,pyroclastic lava, welded pyroclastic rock (ignimbrite), pyroclastic rock, sedvolcanic clastic rock, volcanic sedimentary rock, normal sedimentary rock.
The lithofacies zonation involved with volcanism was influenced bypaleo geographic partition. There were obvious volcanic fingerprints insedimentary type, reflecting special transportation-sedimentary medium,which presented as the mixed accumulation of volcanic clasts and normalterrigenous clasts in volcanic sedimentary area. Moreover, in the sedimentary belts (including volcanic belt) from alluvial fan to lakes, specialaccumulations with volcanic characteristics formed. The special deposition ofvolcanic clasts mainly displays in: volcanic clast channel, pyroclastic (fan)delta and deepwater volcanic ash sedimentation, etc. The pyroclasticsedimentation in alluvial plain mainly include three categories, respectively (1)the sheet flow caused by hot base surge in alluvial fan;(2) beach sand in theabandoned channel of braided river caused by hot base surge; and (3)marginal bank in meandering stream caused by hot base surge. Thepyroclastic sedimentation in delta plain mainly represent in theinterdistributary channel and natural levee caused by hot base surge; and thedelta front mainly include underwater channel caused by hot base surge andhot pyroclastic flow, the mouth bar caused by hot base surge and hotpyroclastic flow, and the distal bar caused by hot base surge. The pyroclasticsedimentation of deepwater environment mainly includes mudstone of still water caused by airfall, turbidity and underwater fan sediment caused by hotbase surge.
The provenance-sedimentary system can be identified effectively bysedimentary facies, heavy minerals, sand factor, paleocurrent analysis andlithology divisions, moreover, the distribution of the characteristic lithologyand the structure units’ position can be presented by lithology divisions.Wuerxun depression can be divided into three single lithologic areas and amixed area. Three single lithologic areas are sedimentary rock area withmetamorphic rock clastics, pyroclastic rock area and pyroclastic sedimentaryrock area. The mixed area can be divided into two sub mixed areas from thecontents and components of clastics in rocks: the area dominated with normalsedimentary clastic and the area dominated with pyroclastic. Each singlelithologic area corresponds with each structural unit. The sedimentary rocksarea with metamorphic rocks clastics corresponds to Wuxi fault terrace belt, the pyroclastic rocks area correspond to Bayantala structural belt, and thepyroclastic sedimentary rocks area is a part of Wudong arc structural belt.Beier depression can be divided into two single lithologic areas and a mixedarea. Two single lithologic areas are normal sedimentary rocks area andpyroclastic rocks area. The normal sedimentary rocks area corresponds toSunainuoer structural belt, the pyroclastic rocks area corresponds to Sudeerstructural belt. Tanan depression can be divided into three single lithologicareas and a mixed areas. Three single lithologic areas are pyroclastic rocksarea, pyroclastic sedimentary rocks area and normal sedimentary rocks area.The pyroclastic rocks area corresponds to East fault terrace belt, thepyroclastic sedimentary rocks area corresponds to the north of West buriedhill fault belt, and the normal sedimentary rocks area corresponds to the southof West buried hill fault belt.
II. Diagenesis
Thin section analysis and SEM analysis show that the diagenesis types ofthis area include welding, mechanical filtration, compaction-pressure solution,devitrification, recrystalization, cementation, authigenic mineraltransformation, corrosion and dissolution. Of which, welding, devitrification,and the corrosion and dissolution of tuffaceous are the typical diagenesistypes of pyroclastic rocks.
As per diagenetic symbiotic relationship embodied in diagenesis, thecombination of diagenetic symbiosis of this area mainly include fourcategories, respectively:(1) authigenic white mica and chlorite;(2)dissolution of quartz and siliceous cementation;(3) smectite, illite andchlorite; and (4) zeolite, authigenic quartz and authigenic feldspar.
Based on the occurrence sequence of various diagenesis, diageneticsequence can be classified as welding stage, mechanical filtration stage, devitrification stage, tuffaceous corrosion and dissolution stage, clay minerallayer-mixing stage, authigenic white mica stage, zeolite cementation stage,particle strong cementation stage and ankerite development stage. On suchbasis and combining with vitrinite reflectance (Ro), maturity of organic matter,the highest pyrolysis temperature of organic matter and parageneticassociation of minerals, It is believed that the lower Cretaceous of the studyarea is from eogenetic B phase to telogenetic B phase, mainly in telogenetic Aphase in this paper.
There are many factors influencing the devitrification of volcanic glass,including temperature, pressure, Ph value, Eh value, diagenetic fluid andauthigenic constituent structure, etc. The extensively developed acid volcanicglass of the rocks in study area was taken as the key studying object, wecarried out in-depth analysis on the devitrification of acid volcanic glass byvirtue of SEM and electronic probe. The result shows that the sequence of crystallization of mineral in the process of devitrification of volcanic glass is,in fact, from the high to low of the oxygen depolarization, and itsdevitrification behavior can be classified into5stages, respectively:1)hydration phase;2) desilication phase;3) dealumination phase;4)Na-rich/Ka-rich phase;5) final crystallization phase. Such five phases are notthe ones that must be undergone by vitroclastic in the process of alteration.Subjected to the temperature, pressure, Ph, Eh and fluid nature, volcanic glassmay experience several phases, for example, the chemical corrosion anddissolution of tuffaceous may result in the direct dissolution of volcanic glass.
III. Logging response
Resistivity is the important parameter for well logging interpretation, theconductivity condition of tuffaceous of the study area can not obtain theuniform cognition in well logging interpretation, i.e. not only high resistance tuffaceous exist, but also low resistance tuffaceous exist. For identifying theconductivity ability of tuffaceous, in this study we focus on the rocks withhigh, medium and low tuffaceous content to do electrochemical experiments,including the CEC (cation exchange capacity) and resistivity of rock. Thisstudy suggests that the mechanical and electrical properties of the volcanicglass with Na (or Ka) on the surfaces would have obvious difference from theinside. Since the potassium-sodium ions are apt to move, the hydrogen ions inwater on the surface of vitroclastic shall have ion exchange with sodium(potassium) ion of glass, to generate sodium (potassium) hydroxide or sodium(potassium) carbonate solution, which shall adsorb to the surface ofvitroclastic to form solution film. The sodium ion (potassium ion) in solutionfilm has high transfer ability, and such positive ions can have ion exchangewith external aqueous solution, thus they have high CEC.
By systematical microscopic sections analysis and relevant experiments, the petrologic mechanism of special lithology of a series of logging responsewas defined, which including high natural gamma sandstone, high resistancemudstone, low resistance tuff and sandstones that have different relationshipbetween CNL and DEN, and so on. Take high natural gamma sandstone andlow resistance tuff for instance, the factors affecting sandstones with highnatural gamma are tuffaceous matter, clay, feldspar, calcium and oil. Hightuffaceous matter led to the enrichment of thorium, high feldspar and clay tothe enrichment of uranium, thorium and potassium, oil-bearing sandstone touranium. Calcareous by influencing the migration and precipitation ofuranium to change the gamma value of sandstone, high calcareous to thedecrease of uranium. Low resistance tuff has relationship to the volcanic glassgenerated by explosive volcanic eruption, anagenetic volcanic glass have highpotassium ion and sodium ion, and have high CEC, meanwhile, they presentlow resistance. Whatever, the additive electro conductibility generated by clay mineralization of volcanic glass can also make the rock resistivity reduce. Thestudy on petrologic mechanism of these special lithology has enhanced theaccuracy of understanding to the four characteristics of part reservoir inpractical production.
Well logging lithology identification research shows that when utilizingdeep lateral logging resistivity value and density to have crossplot withneutron cross value XD-N, rocks can be classified into five types: andesite,volcanic breccia, tuffaceous high resistance conglomerate, mudstone, andother lithology. And then when making the crossplot with gamma and soundwave, other lithology can be classified into (tuffaceous) conglomerate,(tuffaceous) sandstone and tuff class. The layered and partition lithology-welllogging response mode can effectively distinguish tuff (tuff and sedimentarytuff), tuffaceous conglomerate, tuffaceous sandstone, common conglomerate,common sandstone. And the classification system of pyroclastic rocks was established, which corresponds to petrology and the standard of well logginggeophysical.
IV. Reservoir Classification
The observation on cast thin section shows that the porosity type in thestudied area can be divided into three types: primary porosity, secondaryporosity and mix porosity. Secondary porosity is dominated in the three types.Secondary pores are mainly dissolution intergranular porosity, dissolutionintragranular porosity, and dissolution inter-fillings porosity. Diagenesis hadinfluence to porosity. Compaction and cementation would obviously reduceporosity, while corrosion and dissolution would increase porosity. Thereservoir can be classified into four categories by the pressured-mercury data,for class I reservoir, the drainage pressure is below0.063MPa, radius meanvalue above3μm, porosity at16-21%and permeability above60μm2,belonging to the best reservoir; for class IIA reservoir, the drainage pressure is at0.063-0.485MPa, radius mean value at0.50-3μm, porosity at10-19%andpermeability at0.6-80μm2, belonging to the general reservoir; for class IIBreservoir, the drainage pressure is at0.2-2MPa, radius mean value at0.1-0.5μm, porosity at6-14%and permeability at0.06-0.8μm2, belonging tobad reservoir; for class III reservoir, the drainage pressure is above2MPa,radius mean value below0.1μm, porosity at3-14%and permeability below0.5μm2, belonging to very bad reservoir. It can be found from the oil testingconclusion of Daqing oil field that class I reservoir has natural high yield;class IIA has high yield after fracturing; class IIB has low yield afterfracturing; and class III has no yield after fracturing.
The study on reservoir porosity characteristics shows that the porosity ofclass I reservoir are mainly dissolution intergranular porosity, the pore-throatconnectivity is good, clay minerals are mainly kaolinite and illite; kaolinite ismainly scattered in the pores; illite mainly filled in lining. The porosity of class IIA reservoir are mainly intergranular porosity and dissolutionintragranular porosity, pore-throat connectivity is relatively good, clayminerals mainly is illite; illites are filled in pores in crosslink form oradsorbed to skeleton particle surface in lining form. The intergranular porosityin class IIB reservoir is less, the quantity of intragranular pores and interstitialmaterial pores have increased with poor connectivity; clay minerals mainly isillite and filled in pores in crosslink form; secondary quartz has extensivelydeveloped in granules. For class III reservoir, effective pores almost can notbe found in cast thin sections.
After study, it is found that acoustic wave, density and neutron loggingcurve can be used as the main measures for classifying the categories ofreservoir. Due to compaction influence, acoustic wave curve is not suitable todirectly reflect reservoir physical property characteristics, density curve canreflect reservoir porosity characteristics, and XD-Ncan indirectly reflect shale content. Therefore, density curve and XD-Ncan be based on to indirectlyassess the fair or foul of physical property connectivity of reservoir and carryout reservoir category judgment. For class I reservoir, DEN value isequivalent to or below2.43g/cm~3, CNL value at12-27%, and XD-Nvalue at-7-10. For class II reservoir, DEN value is at2.43-2.54g/cm~3, CNL value at6-24%, and XD-Nvalue at-10-6.5. For class III reservoir, DEN value is above2.54g/cm~3, CNL value at7-23%, and XD-Nvalue at-15-0.
The statistics on the lithology of four reservoirs show that variouslithologies exist in such four reservoirs, coarse fraction has better physicalproperty as compared to fine fraction. The same lithology may occur indifferent reservoir category, of which, conglomerate is most typical, whichexists from class I to class III reservoir with content no less than9%. It isrelated to the formation environment of conglomerate, and the conglomerateformed under different environments has great difference in composition, granularity and separation.
本文根据岩心描述和薄片分析确定了研究区的岩石类型，在此基础上结合粒度分析进行火山-沉积作用分析，进而探讨了火山碎屑岩的堆积作用。沉积微相研究是单井相分析的基本任务，从而获得可靠的岩心沉积相分析结果。在此基础上结合重矿物、含砂率、古水流分析和岩性分布等，确定了物源-沉积体系和岩性分区。通过普通薄片、扫描电镜和X衍射分析确定了火山碎屑岩的成岩作用类型、特征和序列等，在此基础上结合有机质成熟度、最高裂解温度和古地温等确立了适合于研究区的成岩作用阶段划分标准。在成岩作用阶段的基本框架下，通过电子探针、普通薄片和扫描电镜分析，深入探讨了影响火山玻璃脱玻化的因素以及火山玻璃在成岩过程中的脱玻化行为。岩性的测井响应分析明确了具有不适应性的岩石类型，针对这些岩石类型，综合考虑影响岩石测井响应的因素，采用了在等效伊蒙混层和粉粒级以下凝灰质含量相近背景下，探寻CEC差别较大的原因的研究方法，明确了凝灰质成分对岩石导电能力的影响。在此基础上，寻找电阻率相近而CEC相差较大的岩石样品，探讨岩石在CEC相差较大的情况下电阻率相近的原因，明确了粉粒级以下凝灰质的赋存状态对岩石电阻率的影响。以凝灰质的成岩作用变化为基础，结合凝灰质的导电机理，确立了火山碎屑岩的测井响应模式。从测井响应的角度对火山碎屑岩进行岩石分类，依然未能达到较为满意的结果，这使得分区分层位的测井响应模式分析成为必然，研究表明这种分析模式可以进一步将岩性细区分出来。在孔隙类型分析的基础上，进行分区分层位的压汞实验分析，并结合产能结果，划分了储层类型，并建立了测井储层分类图版。针对储层与岩性的对应关系，分析不同储层相同岩性之间的差异，并探求其原因，为优质储层的确定奠定了岩石学和沉积学基础。
一、火山-堆积作用
岩心观察和薄片分析显示，研究区铜钵庙组-南屯组是一套介于正常陆源碎屑沉积岩和火山熔岩之间的过渡类型的岩性，岩石类型为火山熔岩、火山碎屑熔岩、熔结火山碎屑岩、火山碎屑岩类、沉积火山碎屑岩、火山碎屑沉积岩和正常沉积岩。
有火山作用参与的岩相分带受古地理分区的控制，在沉积物类型、搬运和沉积介质有明显的火山作用烙印，表现为在火山－沉积作用区出现火山碎屑与正常陆源碎屑的混积，从冲积扇到湖泊的沉积相带中包含火山岩相带，形成了正常沉积相带与火山岩复合的特色堆积作用。火山碎屑的特殊沉积作用主要有火山碎屑河道、火山碎屑（扇）三角洲和深水火山灰沉积等类型。冲积平原上的火山碎屑沉积主要有三类，分别是：（1）冲积扇中热基浪成因的片流沉积；（2）辫状河废弃河道中热基浪成因的沙滩沉积和（3）曲流河道中热基浪成因的边滩沉积。三角洲平原上的火山碎屑沉积主要表现为热基浪成因的分流河道和热基浪成因的天然堤，三角洲前缘主要有热基浪成因和热碎屑流成因的水下河道、热基浪成因和热碎屑流成因的河口坝以及热基浪成因的远砂坝四种类型。深水环境的火山碎屑沉积主要有空落成因的静水泥沉积，热基浪成因的浊流沉积和水下扇沉积。
沉积相、重矿物、含砂率、古水流和岩性分区可以有效确定物源-沉积体系，其中岩性分区可以展示具有特色岩性的分布与构造位置。乌尔逊凹陷内存在变质岩碎屑沉积岩区、火山碎屑岩区和火山碎屑沉积岩区三个单岩性区和其间的混合区。根据岩石中各碎屑组成的含量可将混合区分为正常沉积碎屑占优势的混合区和火山碎屑占优势的混合区。各单岩性区与构造单元相符合，变质岩碎屑沉积岩区对应乌西断阶带，火山碎屑岩区对应巴彦塔拉构造带，火山碎屑沉积岩区为乌东弧形构造带的一部分。贝尔凹陷内存在正常沉积岩区和火山碎屑岩区两个单岩性区和其间的混合区，正常沉积岩区对应苏乃诺尔构造带，火山碎屑岩区对应苏德尔构造带。塔南凹陷内存在火山碎屑岩区、火山碎屑沉积岩区和正常沉积岩区三个单岩性区和其间的混合区，火山碎屑岩区对应东部断阶带，火山碎屑沉积岩区对应西部潜山断裂带北段，正常沉积岩区对应西部潜山断裂带南段。
二、成岩作用
薄片分析和扫描电镜分析显示本区的成岩作用类型包括熔结作用、机械渗滤作用、压实与压溶作用、脱玻化作用、重结晶作用、胶结作用、自生矿物转化和溶蚀溶解作用。其中，熔结作用、脱玻化作用以及凝灰质的溶蚀溶解作用为火山碎屑岩所特有的成岩作用类型。
根据成岩作用中体现出的成岩共生关系，确定了本区成岩共生组合主要有四类，分别是：（1）自生白云母和绿泥石；（2）石英的溶解与硅质胶结；（3）蒙皂石、伊利石和绿泥石以及（4）沸石与自生石英、自生长石。
根据各种成岩作用发生的先后顺序，成岩序列可以分为熔结作用阶段、机械渗滤作用阶段、脱玻化作用阶段、凝灰质溶蚀溶解作用阶段、粘土矿物混层阶段、自生白云母阶段、沸石胶结阶段、颗粒强烈胶结阶段以及铁白云发育阶段。在此基础上，结合镜质体反射率（Ro）、有机质成熟度、有机质最高裂解温度以及矿物共生组合认为研究区下白垩统为早成岩B期到晚成岩B期，主要为晚成岩A期。
影响火山玻璃脱玻化的因素较多，包括温压、PH值、EH值、成岩流体和自生成分结构等。本文以研究区广泛发育的酸性火山玻璃为研究对象，从影响火山玻璃脱玻化的因素出发，借助于扫描电镜和电子探针手段，对酸性火山玻璃的脱玻脱化作用进行深入分析。结果显示，火山玻璃脱玻化过程中矿物的晶出顺序实际上是按照氧的脱极化程度从高到低来进行的，其脱玻化行为可以分为5个阶段，分别是：1）水化作用阶段；2）脱硅阶段；3）脱铝阶段；4）富钠/富钾阶段；5）最后结晶阶段。这五个阶段并不是玻屑在蚀变过程中必须要经历的，受控于岩石的温压、PH、EH和流体性质等，火山玻璃可能只经历几种阶段，如凝灰质的溶蚀溶解作用会导致火山玻璃直接被溶解。
三、测井响应
电阻率是测井解释的重要参数，研究区凝灰质的导电情况从测井解释上无法得到统一的认识，既存在高电阻的凝灰质，也存在低电阻的凝灰质。为了明确凝灰质的导电能力，本次研究中重点对高、中和低含量凝灰质的岩石进行了电化学实验，包括岩石的CEC（阳离子交换能力）和电阻率。研究表明对于含钠(或者钾)的火山玻璃来说，其表面的机械性能和电性能等与内部有明显差异。由于钾钠离子易于移动，玻屑表面的水中的氢离子将与玻璃中的钠（钾）离子进行离子交换生成氢氧化钠（钾）或者碳酸钠（钾）溶液，生成的氢氧化钠（钾）或者碳酸钠（钾）溶液将吸附在玻屑的表面形成溶液膜。溶液膜中的钠离子（钾离子）具有较高的迁移能力，这些阳离子可以与外面的水溶液进行离子交换，因而具有较高的阳离子交换能力。
通过系统的镜下分析和相关实验，确定了系列具有测井响应的特殊岩性的岩石学机理，包括的岩石类型有：高伽马砂岩、高阻泥岩、低阻凝灰岩和中子密度变关系砂岩等。以高伽马砂岩和低阻凝灰岩为例，高伽马砂岩伽马值的大小与凝灰质、粘土、长石和钙质的含量以及含油有关。凝灰质含量高钍值较高；长石和粘土含量高铀、钍和钾均有富集；含油砂岩富铀。钙质通过影响铀的迁移和沉淀来改变砂岩伽马值，钙质含量高铀值较低。低阻凝灰岩与爆发式火山喷发产生的火山玻璃有关，新生的火山玻璃富含钾钠离子，具有较高的阳离子交换能力，表现为低阻。火山玻璃粘土矿化产生附加导电性也可以使岩石电阻率降低。这些特殊岩性的岩石学机理研究提高了实际生产中部分储层四性解释的准确性。
测井岩性识别研究表明，利用深侧向电阻率值和密度与中子交会值XD-N做交会图，可以区分出安山岩、火山角砾岩、凝灰质高阻砾岩、泥岩和其它岩性五大类。再利用伽马和声波做交会图可以区分其它岩性分为（凝灰质）砾岩、（凝灰质）砂岩和凝灰岩类。建立的分层分区的岩性-测井响应模式可有效地区分凝灰岩（凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩）、凝灰质砾岩、凝灰质砂岩、普通砾岩、普通砂岩。建立了符合岩石学和测井地球物理标准的火山碎屑岩的分类体系。
四、储层分类
铸体薄片观察显示，研究区孔隙类型分为三类：原生孔隙、次生孔隙、混合孔隙，其中次生孔隙最为发育。次生孔隙主要为溶蚀粒间孔、溶蚀粒内孔和溶蚀填隙物内孔。成岩作用对孔隙度具有影响，压实作用和胶结作用会明显减小孔隙度，溶蚀溶解作用会增加孔隙度。利用压汞资料可以将储层分为四类，Ⅰ类储层排驱压力小于0.063MPa，半径均值大于3μm，孔隙度在16~21%之间，渗透率大于60μm2，属于好的储层；ⅡA类储层排驱压力在0.063~0.485MPa之间，半径均值0.50~3μm，孔隙度在10~19%之间，渗透率在0.6~80μm2，属于一般的储层；ⅡB类储层排驱压力在0.2~2MPa之间，半径均值0.1~0.5μm，孔隙度在6~14%之间，渗透率在0.06~0.8μm2，属于差的储层；Ⅲ类储层排驱压力在大于2MPa，半径均值小于0.1μm，孔隙度在3~14%之间，渗透率在小于0.5μm2，属于很差的储层。通过大庆油田试油结论发现，Ⅰ类储层自然高产，ⅡA类储层压后高产，ⅡB类压后低产，Ⅲ类储层压后无产能。
储层孔隙特征研究表明，Ⅰ类储层的孔隙以溶蚀粒间孔为主，孔喉连通性好，粘土矿物主要是高岭石和伊利石，高岭石以分散式充填于孔隙中，伊利石主要为内衬式充填。ⅡA类储层孔隙主要是粒间孔隙和溶蚀粒内孔隙，孔喉连通性较好，粘土矿物以伊利石为主，伊利石以搭桥式充填于孔隙中或以内衬式吸附于骨架颗粒表面；ⅡB类储层粒间孔隙发育较少，粒内孔和填隙物内孔隙数量增加，连通性较差，粘土矿物以伊利石为主，且以搭桥式充填于孔隙中，粒间广泛发育次生石英；Ⅲ类储层在铸体薄片中几乎观察不到有效的孔隙。
经研究，声波、密度、中子测井曲线可以作为划分储层类别的主要手段。声波曲线因为受压实影响而不宜直接反映储层物性特征，密度曲线能反映储层孔隙度特征，XD-N能间接反映泥质含量，因此根据密度曲线和XD-N可间接评价储层物性连通性的好坏，进行储层类别判定。Ⅰ类储层的DEN值小于等于2.43g/cm~3，CNL值在12~27%之间，XD-N值在-7~10之间；Ⅱ类储层的DEN值在2.43~2.54g/cm~3之间，CNL值在6~24%之间，XD-N值在-10~6.5之间；Ⅲ类储层的DEN值大于2.54g/cm~3，CNL值在7~23%之间，XD-N在-15~0之间
对四类储层的岩性进行统计表明，四类储层中各种岩性都有，粗粒级相比细粒级有更好的物性。同一岩性可以在不同的储层类型中出现，其中以砾岩最为典型，从Ⅰ类至Ⅲ类储层均存在，而且含量不低于9%。这与砾岩的形成环境有关，不同环境下形成的砾岩在成分、粒度和分选上有很大的差异。
Hailaer-Tamtsag Basin is the biggest petroliferous basin in the peripheryof Songliao basin, and also a key area in the exploration and development ofDaqing peripheral oilfield. Wuerxun and Beier depressions are two with abigger exploration area and a higher exploration degree in Hailaer basin;Tanan depression is the biggest in petroleum generation in Tamtsag Basin,with prodigious oil-gas exploration and development potential.Hailaer-Tamtsag Basin has the characteristics in multiple and nearby provenance, providing sediments to the basin from volcanism and normalweathering. In different areas within the basin, the proportion or advantage ofsediments from volcanism and normal weathering are different, thus differentlithological associations and textures had formed. Such difference becamemore diversified and complicated due to diagenesis, resulting in lithologicalcomplexity. Moreover, such complexity has seriously restricted theunderstanding to the four characteristics of the reservoir, which can be mainlyconcluded as “three difficult issues”, i.e. lithology identification difficulty,reservoir parameter obtaining difficulty and fluid property identificationdifficulty. Thus the accuracy of the aspects including lithologicalinterpretation, reservoir type classification and oil-bearing ability predictionwould be difficult to achieve effective improvement. On the other way round,logging has provided us the logging geophysical information related topetrographic composition and texture, while such information may be explored in targeted study. The exploration of such information can help us tosolve the inadaptability between rock and logging response; meanwhile, toprovide effective support for us to deeply understand the petrologymechanism of volcaniclastic rock lithology and its variation.
The rock type was identified as per core description and thin sectionanalysis. Volcanic sedimentation analysis was carried out by rock types andgrain size analysis, to explore the accumulation of volcaniclastic sediments.The study on sedimentary microfacies is a basic work for the single wellfacies analysis to obtain the reliable results of core sedimentary facies. Theprovenance-sedimentary system and lithology division was identifiedcombining with heavy minerals, sand factor, paleocurrent analysis andlithology division. Moreover, the diagenesis type, characteristics andsequence of volcaniclastic rock were identified by thin section analysis,scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X diffraction analysis, and the stage classification standard on diagenesis of study area was then further identifiedby combining with the maturity of organic matter, the highest pyrolysistemperature and paleogeotemperature. Under the basic framework ofdiagenesis stage, the factors which had influence to volcanic glassdevitrification and its behavior during the diagenesis stage were deeplydiscussed via electron probe, general thin section analysis and SEM analysis.The inadaptable rock types were identified by logging response analysis onlithology, and the factors influencing rock logging response wascomprehensive considered; meanwhile, under the background of equivalentmixed-layer minerals of illite and smectite and the similar tuffaceous contentbelow the silt particle grade, the study method of the cause of bigger CECdifference was explored, and the influence of tuffaceous composition to rockelectronic conductivity was identified. On such basis, the rock samples withclose electronic resistivity and bigger CEC difference were sought to study the cause of the closed electronic resistivity of rock under bigger CECdifference, and the influence of the occurrence state of tuffaceous below thesilt particle grade to rock electronic resistivity was identified. Basing on thediagenesis change of tuffaceous and combining with the electronic conductivemechanism of tuffaceous, the logging response mode of volcaniclastic rockwas identified. Rock classification of volcaniclastic rock from the view oflogging response still could not reach the satisfactory results, thus thepartition and layered logging response mode analysis has become inevitable,and the study suggests that such analysis mode can further distinguish somelithologies from others. On the basis of pore type analysis, the partition andlayered pressured-mercury testing analysis was carried out; and combiningwith productivity results, reservoir types were classified, logging reservoirclassification plate is established. Targeting at the corresponding relationbetween reservoir and lithology, the difference among the some reservoirs with the same lithology was analyzed, and the cause was also explored, so asto lay a lithologic and sedimentary foundation for the identification of highquality reservoirs.
I. Volcanic-sedimentation (accumulation)
The lithology of Tongbomiao and Nantun formations is a set of rocksbetween normal terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks and volcanic lava fromcore observation and thin section analysis. The rock types are volcanic lava,pyroclastic lava, welded pyroclastic rock (ignimbrite), pyroclastic rock, sedvolcanic clastic rock, volcanic sedimentary rock, normal sedimentary rock.
The lithofacies zonation involved with volcanism was influenced bypaleo geographic partition. There were obvious volcanic fingerprints insedimentary type, reflecting special transportation-sedimentary medium,which presented as the mixed accumulation of volcanic clasts and normalterrigenous clasts in volcanic sedimentary area. Moreover, in the sedimentary belts (including volcanic belt) from alluvial fan to lakes, specialaccumulations with volcanic characteristics formed. The special deposition ofvolcanic clasts mainly displays in: volcanic clast channel, pyroclastic (fan)delta and deepwater volcanic ash sedimentation, etc. The pyroclasticsedimentation in alluvial plain mainly include three categories, respectively (1)the sheet flow caused by hot base surge in alluvial fan;(2) beach sand in theabandoned channel of braided river caused by hot base surge; and (3)marginal bank in meandering stream caused by hot base surge. Thepyroclastic sedimentation in delta plain mainly represent in theinterdistributary channel and natural levee caused by hot base surge; and thedelta front mainly include underwater channel caused by hot base surge andhot pyroclastic flow, the mouth bar caused by hot base surge and hotpyroclastic flow, and the distal bar caused by hot base surge. The pyroclasticsedimentation of deepwater environment mainly includes mudstone of still water caused by airfall, turbidity and underwater fan sediment caused by hotbase surge.
The provenance-sedimentary system can be identified effectively bysedimentary facies, heavy minerals, sand factor, paleocurrent analysis andlithology divisions, moreover, the distribution of the characteristic lithologyand the structure units’ position can be presented by lithology divisions.Wuerxun depression can be divided into three single lithologic areas and amixed area. Three single lithologic areas are sedimentary rock area withmetamorphic rock clastics, pyroclastic rock area and pyroclastic sedimentaryrock area. The mixed area can be divided into two sub mixed areas from thecontents and components of clastics in rocks: the area dominated with normalsedimentary clastic and the area dominated with pyroclastic. Each singlelithologic area corresponds with each structural unit. The sedimentary rocksarea with metamorphic rocks clastics corresponds to Wuxi fault terrace belt, the pyroclastic rocks area correspond to Bayantala structural belt, and thepyroclastic sedimentary rocks area is a part of Wudong arc structural belt.Beier depression can be divided into two single lithologic areas and a mixedarea. Two single lithologic areas are normal sedimentary rocks area andpyroclastic rocks area. The normal sedimentary rocks area corresponds toSunainuoer structural belt, the pyroclastic rocks area corresponds to Sudeerstructural belt. Tanan depression can be divided into three single lithologicareas and a mixed areas. Three single lithologic areas are pyroclastic rocksarea, pyroclastic sedimentary rocks area and normal sedimentary rocks area.The pyroclastic rocks area corresponds to East fault terrace belt, thepyroclastic sedimentary rocks area corresponds to the north of West buriedhill fault belt, and the normal sedimentary rocks area corresponds to the southof West buried hill fault belt.
II. Diagenesis
Thin section analysis and SEM analysis show that the diagenesis types ofthis area include welding, mechanical filtration, compaction-pressure solution,devitrification, recrystalization, cementation, authigenic mineraltransformation, corrosion and dissolution. Of which, welding, devitrification,and the corrosion and dissolution of tuffaceous are the typical diagenesistypes of pyroclastic rocks.
As per diagenetic symbiotic relationship embodied in diagenesis, thecombination of diagenetic symbiosis of this area mainly include fourcategories, respectively:(1) authigenic white mica and chlorite;(2)dissolution of quartz and siliceous cementation;(3) smectite, illite andchlorite; and (4) zeolite, authigenic quartz and authigenic feldspar.
Based on the occurrence sequence of various diagenesis, diageneticsequence can be classified as welding stage, mechanical filtration stage, devitrification stage, tuffaceous corrosion and dissolution stage, clay minerallayer-mixing stage, authigenic white mica stage, zeolite cementation stage,particle strong cementation stage and ankerite development stage. On suchbasis and combining with vitrinite reflectance (Ro), maturity of organic matter,the highest pyrolysis temperature of organic matter and parageneticassociation of minerals, It is believed that the lower Cretaceous of the studyarea is from eogenetic B phase to telogenetic B phase, mainly in telogenetic Aphase in this paper.
There are many factors influencing the devitrification of volcanic glass,including temperature, pressure, Ph value, Eh value, diagenetic fluid andauthigenic constituent structure, etc. The extensively developed acid volcanicglass of the rocks in study area was taken as the key studying object, wecarried out in-depth analysis on the devitrification of acid volcanic glass byvirtue of SEM and electronic probe. The result shows that the sequence of crystallization of mineral in the process of devitrification of volcanic glass is,in fact, from the high to low of the oxygen depolarization, and itsdevitrification behavior can be classified into5stages, respectively:1)hydration phase;2) desilication phase;3) dealumination phase;4)Na-rich/Ka-rich phase;5) final crystallization phase. Such five phases are notthe ones that must be undergone by vitroclastic in the process of alteration.Subjected to the temperature, pressure, Ph, Eh and fluid nature, volcanic glassmay experience several phases, for example, the chemical corrosion anddissolution of tuffaceous may result in the direct dissolution of volcanic glass.
III. Logging response
Resistivity is the important parameter for well logging interpretation, theconductivity condition of tuffaceous of the study area can not obtain theuniform cognition in well logging interpretation, i.e. not only high resistance tuffaceous exist, but also low resistance tuffaceous exist. For identifying theconductivity ability of tuffaceous, in this study we focus on the rocks withhigh, medium and low tuffaceous content to do electrochemical experiments,including the CEC (cation exchange capacity) and resistivity of rock. Thisstudy suggests that the mechanical and electrical properties of the volcanicglass with Na (or Ka) on the surfaces would have obvious difference from theinside. Since the potassium-sodium ions are apt to move, the hydrogen ions inwater on the surface of vitroclastic shall have ion exchange with sodium(potassium) ion of glass, to generate sodium (potassium) hydroxide or sodium(potassium) carbonate solution, which shall adsorb to the surface ofvitroclastic to form solution film. The sodium ion (potassium ion) in solutionfilm has high transfer ability, and such positive ions can have ion exchangewith external aqueous solution, thus they have high CEC.
By systematical microscopic sections analysis and relevant experiments, the petrologic mechanism of special lithology of a series of logging responsewas defined, which including high natural gamma sandstone, high resistancemudstone, low resistance tuff and sandstones that have different relationshipbetween CNL and DEN, and so on. Take high natural gamma sandstone andlow resistance tuff for instance, the factors affecting sandstones with highnatural gamma are tuffaceous matter, clay, feldspar, calcium and oil. Hightuffaceous matter led to the enrichment of thorium, high feldspar and clay tothe enrichment of uranium, thorium and potassium, oil-bearing sandstone touranium. Calcareous by influencing the migration and precipitation ofuranium to change the gamma value of sandstone, high calcareous to thedecrease of uranium. Low resistance tuff has relationship to the volcanic glassgenerated by explosive volcanic eruption, anagenetic volcanic glass have highpotassium ion and sodium ion, and have high CEC, meanwhile, they presentlow resistance. Whatever, the additive electro conductibility generated by clay mineralization of volcanic glass can also make the rock resistivity reduce. Thestudy on petrologic mechanism of these special lithology has enhanced theaccuracy of understanding to the four characteristics of part reservoir inpractical production.
Well logging lithology identification research shows that when utilizingdeep lateral logging resistivity value and density to have crossplot withneutron cross value XD-N, rocks can be classified into five types: andesite,volcanic breccia, tuffaceous high resistance conglomerate, mudstone, andother lithology. And then when making the crossplot with gamma and soundwave, other lithology can be classified into (tuffaceous) conglomerate,(tuffaceous) sandstone and tuff class. The layered and partition lithology-welllogging response mode can effectively distinguish tuff (tuff and sedimentarytuff), tuffaceous conglomerate, tuffaceous sandstone, common conglomerate,common sandstone. And the classification system of pyroclastic rocks was established, which corresponds to petrology and the standard of well logginggeophysical.
IV. Reservoir Classification
The observation on cast thin section shows that the porosity type in thestudied area can be divided into three types: primary porosity, secondaryporosity and mix porosity. Secondary porosity is dominated in the three types.Secondary pores are mainly dissolution intergranular porosity, dissolutionintragranular porosity, and dissolution inter-fillings porosity. Diagenesis hadinfluence to porosity. Compaction and cementation would obviously reduceporosity, while corrosion and dissolution would increase porosity. Thereservoir can be classified into four categories by the pressured-mercury data,for class I reservoir, the drainage pressure is below0.063MPa, radius meanvalue above3μm, porosity at16-21%and permeability above60μm2,belonging to the best reservoir; for class IIA reservoir, the drainage pressure is at0.063-0.485MPa, radius mean value at0.50-3μm, porosity at10-19%andpermeability at0.6-80μm2, belonging to the general reservoir; for class IIBreservoir, the drainage pressure is at0.2-2MPa, radius mean value at0.1-0.5μm, porosity at6-14%and permeability at0.06-0.8μm2, belonging tobad reservoir; for class III reservoir, the drainage pressure is above2MPa,radius mean value below0.1μm, porosity at3-14%and permeability below0.5μm2, belonging to very bad reservoir. It can be found from the oil testingconclusion of Daqing oil field that class I reservoir has natural high yield;class IIA has high yield after fracturing; class IIB has low yield afterfracturing; and class III has no yield after fracturing.
The study on reservoir porosity characteristics shows that the porosity ofclass I reservoir are mainly dissolution intergranular porosity, the pore-throatconnectivity is good, clay minerals are mainly kaolinite and illite; kaolinite ismainly scattered in the pores; illite mainly filled in lining. The porosity of class IIA reservoir are mainly intergranular porosity and dissolutionintragranular porosity, pore-throat connectivity is relatively good, clayminerals mainly is illite; illites are filled in pores in crosslink form oradsorbed to skeleton particle surface in lining form. The intergranular porosityin class IIB reservoir is less, the quantity of intragranular pores and interstitialmaterial pores have increased with poor connectivity; clay minerals mainly isillite and filled in pores in crosslink form; secondary quartz has extensivelydeveloped in granules. For class III reservoir, effective pores almost can notbe found in cast thin sections.
After study, it is found that acoustic wave, density and neutron loggingcurve can be used as the main measures for classifying the categories ofreservoir. Due to compaction influence, acoustic wave curve is not suitable todirectly reflect reservoir physical property characteristics, density curve canreflect reservoir porosity characteristics, and XD-Ncan indirectly reflect shale content. Therefore, density curve and XD-Ncan be based on to indirectlyassess the fair or foul of physical property connectivity of reservoir and carryout reservoir category judgment. For class I reservoir, DEN value isequivalent to or below2.43g/cm~3, CNL value at12-27%, and XD-Nvalue at-7-10. For class II reservoir, DEN value is at2.43-2.54g/cm~3, CNL value at6-24%, and XD-Nvalue at-10-6.5. For class III reservoir, DEN value is above2.54g/cm~3, CNL value at7-23%, and XD-Nvalue at-15-0.
The statistics on the lithology of four reservoirs show that variouslithologies exist in such four reservoirs, coarse fraction has better physicalproperty as compared to fine fraction. The same lithology may occur indifferent reservoir category, of which, conglomerate is most typical, whichexists from class I to class III reservoir with content no less than9%. It isrelated to the formation environment of conglomerate, and the conglomerateformed under different environments has great difference in composition, granularity and separation.
引文
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