基于浮游生物群落的变化建立水环境生态学基准值
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摘要
随着我国对环境管理的不断深化，我国水污染控制由浓度控制和目标总量控制向着容量总量控制的方向转变，由化学污染控制向水生态环境管理的方向转变。在该过程中，水生态学标准的科学性、可行性、合理性和可操作性成为了水生态环境管理能否成功实施的关键要素之一。生态学基准不仅是制定其标准的理论基础，还能为生态环境保护的管理决策提供数据支撑，找出其它水质基准评价分析可能忽视的潜在问题。因此尽快开展我国水环境生态学基准理论方法的研究是提高我国环境标准体系的科技水平、促进我国环境管理战略目标的实现和提升我国环境科技国际声誉的重要需求。
本文参考美国环境保护局的生物学基准和营养物基准计算方法，基于浮游生物群落的变化，建立河流与湖泊两种流域类型的生态学基准技术体系。并采用了本课题组前期实验数据、太湖和辽河流域的3次野外调研数据（2009年和2010年）以及历史资料，以浮游生物群落（组成、生物密度和多样性指数）、营养物（总氮和氨氮）、叶绿素a、重金属（Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn）、溶解氧为基准指标，采用双值基准法、综合指数法和频数分布法三种方法来研究两种流域类型（湖泊与河流）在生态学基准值计算过程和结果中的差异，用实例验证该技术框架的可行性。
本文主要研究结论如下：
一、通过双值基准法、综合指数法和频数分布法均可以计算出生态学基准值。但是双值基准法与综合指数法和频数分布法相比较，只能计算出有毒性效应的污染物的生态学基准值，不适宜作为计算生态学基准值的方法。
二、流域生态学基准的技术框架主要包括5个部分：流域水环境生态学基准指标变量的调查；流域生态环境参照状态的选择方法与技术；基于浮游生物生态完整性基准主要指标与应用；生态学基准值的推导方法；RTAG专家验证。框架的核心内容是生态学基准值的推导方法。通过太湖与辽河的实际案例研究，验证了流域生态学基准的技术框架的可行性。
三、野外采样数据表明，太湖的四个湖区中，梅梁湾的浮游生物物种数量最多，生物密度的波动也是最大的，水质也最差，而湖东滨岸区的水质较好。在辽河流域内，浮游生物物种数量和生物密度在空间分布格局上，从上游到下游呈现先增加后减少的趋势。其中浑河水质最好，大辽河的水质最差。
四、采用综合指数法计算出生态学基准值如下：太湖流域夏、冬季的生态完整性指数基准值分别为94.7和86.7，辽河流域夏、冬季的生态完整性指数基准值分别为100和96.4，太湖叶绿素a的生态学基准值为4.90μg/L，太湖流域的总氮和氨氮的生态学基准值分别为2.21和1.43mg/L，太湖表层水的溶解氧生态学基准值为10.09mg/L，太湖浮游植物多样性指数H的生态学基准值为2.72，太湖浮游动物多样性指数H的生态学基准值为3.44，太湖浮游植物多样性指数D的生态学基准值为2.21，辽河浮游植物多样性指数D的生态学基准值为2.03。
五、采用频数分布法计算出生态学基准值如下：太湖浮游动物D的生态学基准值为7.70，辽河浮游动物D的生态学基准值为7.02，太湖浮游动物H的生态学基准值为3.86，辽河浮游动物H的生态学基准值为3.41，太湖浮游植物D的生态学基准值为2.03，辽河浮游植物D的生态学基准值为2.08，太湖浮游植物H的生态学基准值为2.77，辽河浮游植物H的生态学基准值为3.65，太湖流域氨氮的生态基准值为1.50mg/L，辽河流域的氨氮的生态学基准值为1.03mg/L，太湖总氮的生态基准值为1.83mg/L，太湖流域叶绿素a的生态学基准值为5.87μg/L，太湖流域溶解氧的生态学基准值为10.09mg/L，辽河流域溶解氧的生态学基准值为8.40mg/L。
六、将综合指数法和频数分布所计算出来的生态学基准值与国内外基准标准进行分析比较，大部分基准指标的生态学基准值都是合理的。由于稀有物种的影响，太湖和辽河浮游植物D的生态学基准值偏小；由于采样数据主要来源于太湖和辽河的表层，所以两个流域的溶解氧生态学基准值均偏大。
With the improvement of environmental management in China, the target ofwater pollution control from concentration control and goal amount control tocapacity amount control, and from chemical pollution control to water ecologicalenvironmental management. In the process, the key factors to decide water ecologicalenvironmental management failures or success are scientific, rational, advisable andfeasibility of water ecological benchmarks and standards. Ecological criteria are notonly the theoretical basis for developing its standards, but also can provide data tosupport management decisions and identify potential problems. Therefore, ecologicalcriteria theoretical and methods research should be developed as soon as possible. Itcan improve the scientific and technological level of environmental standards system,promote the realization of the strategic objectives of environmental management andenhance the international reputation of environmental technology.
This article based on the calculation of biological criteria and nutrient criteria byUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. Two ecological criteria technologysystem (rivers and lakes) were establish based on the changes of the planktoncommunity. And the calculation data came from experimental data, investigation datain Taihu and Liaohe River (2009and2010), and historical data. The main ecologicalindex are plankton community (composition, biological density and diversity index),nutrients (total nitrogen and ammonia), chlorophyll a, heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pband Zn), dissolved oxygen. There were three methods to calculate ecological criteria:dual-value standards, multimeric indexes and frequency distribution. To study thedifferences on calculation process and results in two watershed type (lakes and rivers),and test the feasibility of technology framework by examples.
The main conclusions of this article are as follows:
①The ecological criteria can be calculated by dual-value standards, multimericindexes and frequency distribution. Compared with multimeric indexes and frequencydistribution, dual-value standards can be used when the pollutants have toxic effects to the target. So the dual-value standards are not suitable as a method of calculatingthe ecological criteria.
②The watershed ecological criteria technology framework mainly includes fiveparts: the investigation of watershed environmental of ecological criteria indicator,the selection method and technology of reference sites; ecological integrity indicatorsand application based on plankton; the calculation of ecological criteria; verificationby RTAG. The core of framework is ecological criteria calculation. The feasibility ofthe watershed ecological criteria technology framework is tested through the study inTaihu and Liaohe case.
③The sampling data show that the number of plankton species, the largestbiological density fluctuation and worst water quality of Taihu’s four districts isMeiliang Bay. The best the water quality of Taihu’s four districts is east shore area.The number of plankton species and biological density in the space distribution ofLiaohe were first increase and then decrease from upstream to downstream. The bestwater quality is Hun River, and the worst water quality is Da Liaohe.
④The results of ecological criteria calculated by multimeric indexes are asfollows: the value of IEI ecocriteria of Taihu were94.7(summer) and86.7(winter);the value of IEI ecocriteria of Liaohe were100(summer) and96.4(winter); the valueof Chl a ecocriteria of Taihu were4.90μg/L; the value of TN ecocriteria of Taihu were2.21mg/L; the value of ammonia nitrogen ecocriteria of Taihu were1.43mg/L; thevalue of DO ecocriteria of Taihu were10.09mg/L; the value of phytoplankton H ofTaihu were2.72; the value of phytoplankton H of Taihu were2.72; the value ofzooplankton D of Taihu were2.21; the value of phytoplankton D of Taihu were2.03.
⑤The results of ecological criteria calculated by frequency distribution are asfollows: the value of zooplankton D ecocriteria were7.70(Taihu) and7.02(Liaohe);the value of zooplankton H ecocriteria were3.86(Taihu) and3.41(Liaohe); the valueof phytoplankton D ecocriteria were2.03(Taihu) and2.08(Liaohe); the value ofphytoplankton H ecocriteria were2.77(Taihu) and3.65(Liaohe); the value of Chl aecocriteria of Taihu were5.87μg/L; the value of TN ecocriteria of Taihu were1.83mg/L; the value of ammonia nitrogen ecocriteria were1.50mg/L (Taihu) and1.03 mg/L (Liaohe); the value of DO ecocriteria were10.09mg/L (Taihu and Liaohe).
⑥Compared the ecological criteria with the domestic and internationalbenchmark standard which is calculated by frequency distribution and multimericindexes, most of the ecological criteria are reasonable. Due to the impact of rarespecies, the values of phytoplankton D ecocriteria were small. And the values of DOecocriteria were large because of sampling data mainly derived from the surface ofTaihu and Liaohe.
本文参考美国环境保护局的生物学基准和营养物基准计算方法，基于浮游生物群落的变化，建立河流与湖泊两种流域类型的生态学基准技术体系。并采用了本课题组前期实验数据、太湖和辽河流域的3次野外调研数据（2009年和2010年）以及历史资料，以浮游生物群落（组成、生物密度和多样性指数）、营养物（总氮和氨氮）、叶绿素a、重金属（Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn）、溶解氧为基准指标，采用双值基准法、综合指数法和频数分布法三种方法来研究两种流域类型（湖泊与河流）在生态学基准值计算过程和结果中的差异，用实例验证该技术框架的可行性。
本文主要研究结论如下：
一、通过双值基准法、综合指数法和频数分布法均可以计算出生态学基准值。但是双值基准法与综合指数法和频数分布法相比较，只能计算出有毒性效应的污染物的生态学基准值，不适宜作为计算生态学基准值的方法。
二、流域生态学基准的技术框架主要包括5个部分：流域水环境生态学基准指标变量的调查；流域生态环境参照状态的选择方法与技术；基于浮游生物生态完整性基准主要指标与应用；生态学基准值的推导方法；RTAG专家验证。框架的核心内容是生态学基准值的推导方法。通过太湖与辽河的实际案例研究，验证了流域生态学基准的技术框架的可行性。
三、野外采样数据表明，太湖的四个湖区中，梅梁湾的浮游生物物种数量最多，生物密度的波动也是最大的，水质也最差，而湖东滨岸区的水质较好。在辽河流域内，浮游生物物种数量和生物密度在空间分布格局上，从上游到下游呈现先增加后减少的趋势。其中浑河水质最好，大辽河的水质最差。
四、采用综合指数法计算出生态学基准值如下：太湖流域夏、冬季的生态完整性指数基准值分别为94.7和86.7，辽河流域夏、冬季的生态完整性指数基准值分别为100和96.4，太湖叶绿素a的生态学基准值为4.90μg/L，太湖流域的总氮和氨氮的生态学基准值分别为2.21和1.43mg/L，太湖表层水的溶解氧生态学基准值为10.09mg/L，太湖浮游植物多样性指数H的生态学基准值为2.72，太湖浮游动物多样性指数H的生态学基准值为3.44，太湖浮游植物多样性指数D的生态学基准值为2.21，辽河浮游植物多样性指数D的生态学基准值为2.03。
五、采用频数分布法计算出生态学基准值如下：太湖浮游动物D的生态学基准值为7.70，辽河浮游动物D的生态学基准值为7.02，太湖浮游动物H的生态学基准值为3.86，辽河浮游动物H的生态学基准值为3.41，太湖浮游植物D的生态学基准值为2.03，辽河浮游植物D的生态学基准值为2.08，太湖浮游植物H的生态学基准值为2.77，辽河浮游植物H的生态学基准值为3.65，太湖流域氨氮的生态基准值为1.50mg/L，辽河流域的氨氮的生态学基准值为1.03mg/L，太湖总氮的生态基准值为1.83mg/L，太湖流域叶绿素a的生态学基准值为5.87μg/L，太湖流域溶解氧的生态学基准值为10.09mg/L，辽河流域溶解氧的生态学基准值为8.40mg/L。
六、将综合指数法和频数分布所计算出来的生态学基准值与国内外基准标准进行分析比较，大部分基准指标的生态学基准值都是合理的。由于稀有物种的影响，太湖和辽河浮游植物D的生态学基准值偏小；由于采样数据主要来源于太湖和辽河的表层，所以两个流域的溶解氧生态学基准值均偏大。
With the improvement of environmental management in China, the target ofwater pollution control from concentration control and goal amount control tocapacity amount control, and from chemical pollution control to water ecologicalenvironmental management. In the process, the key factors to decide water ecologicalenvironmental management failures or success are scientific, rational, advisable andfeasibility of water ecological benchmarks and standards. Ecological criteria are notonly the theoretical basis for developing its standards, but also can provide data tosupport management decisions and identify potential problems. Therefore, ecologicalcriteria theoretical and methods research should be developed as soon as possible. Itcan improve the scientific and technological level of environmental standards system,promote the realization of the strategic objectives of environmental management andenhance the international reputation of environmental technology.
This article based on the calculation of biological criteria and nutrient criteria byUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. Two ecological criteria technologysystem (rivers and lakes) were establish based on the changes of the planktoncommunity. And the calculation data came from experimental data, investigation datain Taihu and Liaohe River (2009and2010), and historical data. The main ecologicalindex are plankton community (composition, biological density and diversity index),nutrients (total nitrogen and ammonia), chlorophyll a, heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pband Zn), dissolved oxygen. There were three methods to calculate ecological criteria:dual-value standards, multimeric indexes and frequency distribution. To study thedifferences on calculation process and results in two watershed type (lakes and rivers),and test the feasibility of technology framework by examples.
The main conclusions of this article are as follows:
①The ecological criteria can be calculated by dual-value standards, multimericindexes and frequency distribution. Compared with multimeric indexes and frequencydistribution, dual-value standards can be used when the pollutants have toxic effects to the target. So the dual-value standards are not suitable as a method of calculatingthe ecological criteria.
②The watershed ecological criteria technology framework mainly includes fiveparts: the investigation of watershed environmental of ecological criteria indicator,the selection method and technology of reference sites; ecological integrity indicatorsand application based on plankton; the calculation of ecological criteria; verificationby RTAG. The core of framework is ecological criteria calculation. The feasibility ofthe watershed ecological criteria technology framework is tested through the study inTaihu and Liaohe case.
③The sampling data show that the number of plankton species, the largestbiological density fluctuation and worst water quality of Taihu’s four districts isMeiliang Bay. The best the water quality of Taihu’s four districts is east shore area.The number of plankton species and biological density in the space distribution ofLiaohe were first increase and then decrease from upstream to downstream. The bestwater quality is Hun River, and the worst water quality is Da Liaohe.
④The results of ecological criteria calculated by multimeric indexes are asfollows: the value of IEI ecocriteria of Taihu were94.7(summer) and86.7(winter);the value of IEI ecocriteria of Liaohe were100(summer) and96.4(winter); the valueof Chl a ecocriteria of Taihu were4.90μg/L; the value of TN ecocriteria of Taihu were2.21mg/L; the value of ammonia nitrogen ecocriteria of Taihu were1.43mg/L; thevalue of DO ecocriteria of Taihu were10.09mg/L; the value of phytoplankton H ofTaihu were2.72; the value of phytoplankton H of Taihu were2.72; the value ofzooplankton D of Taihu were2.21; the value of phytoplankton D of Taihu were2.03.
⑤The results of ecological criteria calculated by frequency distribution are asfollows: the value of zooplankton D ecocriteria were7.70(Taihu) and7.02(Liaohe);the value of zooplankton H ecocriteria were3.86(Taihu) and3.41(Liaohe); the valueof phytoplankton D ecocriteria were2.03(Taihu) and2.08(Liaohe); the value ofphytoplankton H ecocriteria were2.77(Taihu) and3.65(Liaohe); the value of Chl aecocriteria of Taihu were5.87μg/L; the value of TN ecocriteria of Taihu were1.83mg/L; the value of ammonia nitrogen ecocriteria were1.50mg/L (Taihu) and1.03 mg/L (Liaohe); the value of DO ecocriteria were10.09mg/L (Taihu and Liaohe).
⑥Compared the ecological criteria with the domestic and internationalbenchmark standard which is calculated by frequency distribution and multimericindexes, most of the ecological criteria are reasonable. Due to the impact of rarespecies, the values of phytoplankton D ecocriteria were small. And the values of DOecocriteria were large because of sampling data mainly derived from the surface ofTaihu and Liaohe.
引文
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