加硼低合金高强度H型钢的研究与开发
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摘要
H型钢是一种截面面积分配更加优化、强重比更加合理的经济断面高效型材,具有抗弯能力强、施工简单、节约成本和结构重量轻等优点,已被广泛应用于高层建筑、工业厂房、桥梁结构、船舶港口、石油钻井平台等方面,所以H型钢是我国提倡发展的型材品种之一。随着低温地带资源开发和高技术领域应用,用户对高强度、高韧性(特别是良好的低温韧性)H型钢的需求量越来越大。
本课题研究的开展是鉴于在成分和工艺优化前,企业试制的原Q345E H型钢存在低温冲击韧性波动较大且-40℃冲击韧性不合要求的问题。为了找到一条适合当前生产条件的成分和工艺路线,本研究尝试从成分设计上寻求突破,首次将硼引入到低温用H型钢的开发中。经历原生产钢分析、实验室冶炼钢研究和实际生产线应用,成功开发出了具有自主知识产权的新型加硼Q345E大H型钢及其生产技术。生产出来的H型钢在热轧态即可满足-40℃低温应用的要求,为企业带来了丰厚的经济效益和社会效益,提升了我国高端H型钢的竞争力。
在本研究中,综合利用了常温拉伸试验、系列温度冲击试验、热模拟试验、光学显微镜、体视显微镜、电子探针、扫描电镜、透射电镜等试验方法和检测手段,系统研究了不同条件下的试验钢的组织和性能。本研究的重点是硼对组织和性能的影响。在以往的研究中,硼主要用来提高钢的淬透性,而在本研究中通过添加微量的硼,来达到改善低温冲击韧性的目的。
本文的研究步骤为：第一步,以企业当时试制的原Q345E H型钢为研究对象,对钢材的性能和组织进行了测试和分析,评估了其低温冲击性能,探讨影响其韧性的组织和冶金因素。第二步,提出加硼改善低温冲击韧性的思路,在实验室冶炼不同硼含量的试验钢,研究微量硼对试验钢组织和性能的影响,探寻加硼思路的可行性,并初步探讨韧化机理。第三步,对含硼试验钢进行热力物理模拟试验,研究此新钢种的相变行为,为工业化生产提供工艺参考,也为热处理工艺提供知识储备。第四步,在实验室研究的基础上指导工业化应用,并对工业化新产品进行组织和性能的研究,综合探讨韧化机理。
通过对实验室冶炼钢研究发现,硼的加入显著降低了钢的韧脆转变温度,使得钢在-40℃时的低温冲击韧性获得大幅度的提高,其冲击功远大于国标要求。强度及延伸率也没有因为硼的加入而降低。硼的加入改变了Nb(C,N)粒子的尺寸和分布,使之更均匀且弥散化,细化了转变后的铁素体晶粒,达到细晶强化的目的。钢中大部分的硼以固溶状态存在,只发现极少量的Fe23(C,B)6。硼在晶界的偏聚能够防止P、S等杂质元素的晶界偏聚,加上硼自身具有提高晶界结合力的作用,从而降低了材料的韧脆转变温度,提高材料的低温冲击韧性。
通过热力物理模拟试验,研究了含硼钢的相变行为,制定了适合当前生产条件的轧制工艺,以指导实际生产应用。加硼Q345E大H型钢的生产工艺路线为：钢坯在1250-1300℃进行均热,并保证出钢温度在1250℃以上。钢材的终轧温度范围在890-930℃之间,轧后可快冷至750℃上冷床再自然冷却。轧制过程中的总变形量、道次变形量等参数保持不变。
通过工业生产发现,生产的含硼H型钢的低温冲击性能获得大幅度的提高,证明工业化生产加硼H型钢的可行性。加硼后的H型钢中仍然存在有带状组织,但是其低温冲击功却有明显的提高,特别是在-40℃时的低温冲击功远高于国标规定值,说明带状组织不是决定H型钢冲击功高低的主要因素。通过对比同等晶粒度的含硼钢和无硼钢的低温冲击韧性,证实了硼的晶界强化对低温韧性的有效作用。因此,微量硼提高低温冲击韧性的机理归结为：(1)晶粒细化：硼和铌的复合作用使晶粒细化提高韧性；(2)晶界强化：硼在晶界的偏聚可抑制硫磷的沿晶偏聚及其引起的低温脆断,硼自身也能够提高晶界结合力,从而提高了低温冲击韧性。
H-beam, as an economic and efficient section-steel due to optimized cross-sectional area distribution and reasonable ratio of strength to weight, has been widely used in high-rise buildings, industrial plants, bridge structures, ship ports, oil drilling platforms, with the advantage of good flexural capacity, simple construction, saving cost and light structure weight. Therefore the development of H-beam is advocated in China. With the resource development in low temperature zone and the application in high-tech field, the demand of high strength and toughness (especially good low-temperature toughness) H-beam is growing.
Before the research, the low temperature impact toughness of original H-beam fluctuates large and the impact toughness at-40℃is unsatisfactory. In order to find a composition and process route which is appropriate for current production conditions, boron is introduced to the development of cryogenic H-beam. After analysis of original product, research on experimental steels in lab and application on practical production line, a new type of boron-added H-beam as well as the production technology was successfully developed with proprietary intellectual property rights, which not only brings substantial economic benefits and social benefits, but also improves competitiveness of high-end H-beam of our country.
In this research, through the comprehensive utilization of tensile test at room temperature, series of impact test, thermal simulation, optical microscope, stereomicroscope, electron probe, scanning electron microscope and TEM, etc, the structures and properties of experimental steels are studied systematically. The emphasis of the research is the effect of boron on structure and properties. Boron is usually used to improve the hardenability of steel in the former research, whereas it is used to improve the low temperature impact toughness in this study.
The process of this research is divided into four steps. Firstly, the properties and microstructures of previous H-beams were analyzed to estimate its impact toughness at low temperature, factors of structure and metallurgy which effect the flexible of it were been discussed at the same time. Secondly, improving low temperature impact toughness by adding boron element is suggested, in order to check whether the method is feasible or not, effects of trace boron element on structure and property were researched through different boron content steelmaking in lab. Thirdly, thermal simulation test was used to research the phase transformation behavior of the new type steel, providing knowledge reserve to industrialization production and heating processing technology. Forthly, industrial application was proceeded based on study of lab, and research on structures and properties was carried out to study the malleableize mechanism of the new production.
The introduction of boron reduced the brittle transition temperature of the steel much higher as well as improving low temperature impact toughness, meanwell, the impact toughness was made more than national standard, strength and elongation were maintained. As that the size and distribution of Nb(C,N) was changed to be more uniform and dispersive, ferrite grain size was refined, which lead to crystallization strength. Most of the boron element existed in solution condition, only very few in Fe23(C,B)6-The segregation of boron in grain boundary could prevent the segregation of phosphorus and sulphur, in consideration of the improvement on boundary bond of itself, brittle transition temperature was reduced and low temperature impact toughness was improved at the same time.
By means of thermal simulation tests, phase transformation behavior of the new type steel was studied, and process route which was appropriate for current production conditions was developed to direct industrial production. Processing route of boron-added H-beam was just like this:soaking the billet at1250-1300℃, make sure the tapping temperature is above1250℃and finishing rolling temperature between890-930℃, cooling fast to750℃after rolling, then natural cooling on cooling bed. Rolling parameters just as total deformation, deformation per pass remain unchanged.
The impact toughness at low temperature was improved in the commercial process under industrial production's guidance, which proved the feasibility of industrial production. Although the banded structure still existed, but impact toughness in low temperature was improved obviously, especially the impact toughness at-40℃was much more than national standard, which proved that banded structure is not the determinant of impact toughness. By comparing the low temperature impact toughness between boron-added steel and non-boron steel with the same grain size, intercrystalline strengthening of boron beneficial to low temperature impact toughness was confirmed. Thus the mechanism is summarized as follows:
(1) Grain refinement:compound action of boron and niobium refines the grain size, which improves the toughness.
(2) Intercrystalline strengthening:segregation of boron at grain boundaries prevents the segregation of phosphorus and sulphur and stops the low temperature brittleness induced by the segregation of phosphorus and sulphur, together with the improvement of boundary bond by boron itself, so that the low temperature impact toughness is improved.
本课题研究的开展是鉴于在成分和工艺优化前,企业试制的原Q345E H型钢存在低温冲击韧性波动较大且-40℃冲击韧性不合要求的问题。为了找到一条适合当前生产条件的成分和工艺路线,本研究尝试从成分设计上寻求突破,首次将硼引入到低温用H型钢的开发中。经历原生产钢分析、实验室冶炼钢研究和实际生产线应用,成功开发出了具有自主知识产权的新型加硼Q345E大H型钢及其生产技术。生产出来的H型钢在热轧态即可满足-40℃低温应用的要求,为企业带来了丰厚的经济效益和社会效益,提升了我国高端H型钢的竞争力。
在本研究中,综合利用了常温拉伸试验、系列温度冲击试验、热模拟试验、光学显微镜、体视显微镜、电子探针、扫描电镜、透射电镜等试验方法和检测手段,系统研究了不同条件下的试验钢的组织和性能。本研究的重点是硼对组织和性能的影响。在以往的研究中,硼主要用来提高钢的淬透性,而在本研究中通过添加微量的硼,来达到改善低温冲击韧性的目的。
本文的研究步骤为：第一步,以企业当时试制的原Q345E H型钢为研究对象,对钢材的性能和组织进行了测试和分析,评估了其低温冲击性能,探讨影响其韧性的组织和冶金因素。第二步,提出加硼改善低温冲击韧性的思路,在实验室冶炼不同硼含量的试验钢,研究微量硼对试验钢组织和性能的影响,探寻加硼思路的可行性,并初步探讨韧化机理。第三步,对含硼试验钢进行热力物理模拟试验,研究此新钢种的相变行为,为工业化生产提供工艺参考,也为热处理工艺提供知识储备。第四步,在实验室研究的基础上指导工业化应用,并对工业化新产品进行组织和性能的研究,综合探讨韧化机理。
通过对实验室冶炼钢研究发现,硼的加入显著降低了钢的韧脆转变温度,使得钢在-40℃时的低温冲击韧性获得大幅度的提高,其冲击功远大于国标要求。强度及延伸率也没有因为硼的加入而降低。硼的加入改变了Nb(C,N)粒子的尺寸和分布,使之更均匀且弥散化,细化了转变后的铁素体晶粒,达到细晶强化的目的。钢中大部分的硼以固溶状态存在,只发现极少量的Fe23(C,B)6。硼在晶界的偏聚能够防止P、S等杂质元素的晶界偏聚,加上硼自身具有提高晶界结合力的作用,从而降低了材料的韧脆转变温度,提高材料的低温冲击韧性。
通过热力物理模拟试验,研究了含硼钢的相变行为,制定了适合当前生产条件的轧制工艺,以指导实际生产应用。加硼Q345E大H型钢的生产工艺路线为：钢坯在1250-1300℃进行均热,并保证出钢温度在1250℃以上。钢材的终轧温度范围在890-930℃之间,轧后可快冷至750℃上冷床再自然冷却。轧制过程中的总变形量、道次变形量等参数保持不变。
通过工业生产发现,生产的含硼H型钢的低温冲击性能获得大幅度的提高,证明工业化生产加硼H型钢的可行性。加硼后的H型钢中仍然存在有带状组织,但是其低温冲击功却有明显的提高,特别是在-40℃时的低温冲击功远高于国标规定值,说明带状组织不是决定H型钢冲击功高低的主要因素。通过对比同等晶粒度的含硼钢和无硼钢的低温冲击韧性,证实了硼的晶界强化对低温韧性的有效作用。因此,微量硼提高低温冲击韧性的机理归结为：(1)晶粒细化：硼和铌的复合作用使晶粒细化提高韧性；(2)晶界强化：硼在晶界的偏聚可抑制硫磷的沿晶偏聚及其引起的低温脆断,硼自身也能够提高晶界结合力,从而提高了低温冲击韧性。
H-beam, as an economic and efficient section-steel due to optimized cross-sectional area distribution and reasonable ratio of strength to weight, has been widely used in high-rise buildings, industrial plants, bridge structures, ship ports, oil drilling platforms, with the advantage of good flexural capacity, simple construction, saving cost and light structure weight. Therefore the development of H-beam is advocated in China. With the resource development in low temperature zone and the application in high-tech field, the demand of high strength and toughness (especially good low-temperature toughness) H-beam is growing.
Before the research, the low temperature impact toughness of original H-beam fluctuates large and the impact toughness at-40℃is unsatisfactory. In order to find a composition and process route which is appropriate for current production conditions, boron is introduced to the development of cryogenic H-beam. After analysis of original product, research on experimental steels in lab and application on practical production line, a new type of boron-added H-beam as well as the production technology was successfully developed with proprietary intellectual property rights, which not only brings substantial economic benefits and social benefits, but also improves competitiveness of high-end H-beam of our country.
In this research, through the comprehensive utilization of tensile test at room temperature, series of impact test, thermal simulation, optical microscope, stereomicroscope, electron probe, scanning electron microscope and TEM, etc, the structures and properties of experimental steels are studied systematically. The emphasis of the research is the effect of boron on structure and properties. Boron is usually used to improve the hardenability of steel in the former research, whereas it is used to improve the low temperature impact toughness in this study.
The process of this research is divided into four steps. Firstly, the properties and microstructures of previous H-beams were analyzed to estimate its impact toughness at low temperature, factors of structure and metallurgy which effect the flexible of it were been discussed at the same time. Secondly, improving low temperature impact toughness by adding boron element is suggested, in order to check whether the method is feasible or not, effects of trace boron element on structure and property were researched through different boron content steelmaking in lab. Thirdly, thermal simulation test was used to research the phase transformation behavior of the new type steel, providing knowledge reserve to industrialization production and heating processing technology. Forthly, industrial application was proceeded based on study of lab, and research on structures and properties was carried out to study the malleableize mechanism of the new production.
The introduction of boron reduced the brittle transition temperature of the steel much higher as well as improving low temperature impact toughness, meanwell, the impact toughness was made more than national standard, strength and elongation were maintained. As that the size and distribution of Nb(C,N) was changed to be more uniform and dispersive, ferrite grain size was refined, which lead to crystallization strength. Most of the boron element existed in solution condition, only very few in Fe23(C,B)6-The segregation of boron in grain boundary could prevent the segregation of phosphorus and sulphur, in consideration of the improvement on boundary bond of itself, brittle transition temperature was reduced and low temperature impact toughness was improved at the same time.
By means of thermal simulation tests, phase transformation behavior of the new type steel was studied, and process route which was appropriate for current production conditions was developed to direct industrial production. Processing route of boron-added H-beam was just like this:soaking the billet at1250-1300℃, make sure the tapping temperature is above1250℃and finishing rolling temperature between890-930℃, cooling fast to750℃after rolling, then natural cooling on cooling bed. Rolling parameters just as total deformation, deformation per pass remain unchanged.
The impact toughness at low temperature was improved in the commercial process under industrial production's guidance, which proved the feasibility of industrial production. Although the banded structure still existed, but impact toughness in low temperature was improved obviously, especially the impact toughness at-40℃was much more than national standard, which proved that banded structure is not the determinant of impact toughness. By comparing the low temperature impact toughness between boron-added steel and non-boron steel with the same grain size, intercrystalline strengthening of boron beneficial to low temperature impact toughness was confirmed. Thus the mechanism is summarized as follows:
(1) Grain refinement:compound action of boron and niobium refines the grain size, which improves the toughness.
(2) Intercrystalline strengthening:segregation of boron at grain boundaries prevents the segregation of phosphorus and sulphur and stops the low temperature brittleness induced by the segregation of phosphorus and sulphur, together with the improvement of boundary bond by boron itself, so that the low temperature impact toughness is improved.
引文
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