苏州河生态恢复过程中浮游生物群落动态变化
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摘要
恢复和重建受损水域生态系统已逐渐成为人们关注的热点,对受损水域生态恢复过程中的生物群落进行研究有助于评价生态恢复进展情况,预测水体生态恢复趋势,为工程方案后续的科学化提供生态学指导。浮游生物群落结构、功能和动态演替与河流的环境特征密切相关,从1996年开始,上海启动了“苏州河环境综合治理工程”,到现在已进入三期整治工程,重大的恢复工程包括有截污、冲污、人工爆气、疏浚等,这些人为强烈干预水体的举措必然会使该流域的浮游生物群落结构、功能及动态出现前所未有的表征。本文以正在生态恢复进行中的苏州河水体为研究对象,开展了浮游生物群落的生态学研究。共设赵屯、黄渡、北新泾和浙江路桥4个采样点,从2005年4月至2006年5月间每月一次进行了14次采样。
论文对苏州河浮游生物群落的种类组成、密度、优势种、污染指示种、多样性指数等进行了研究,分析了苏州河浮游生物的群落结构特征和时空动态变化规律,并结合环境因子分析了浮游植物群落恢复与水质恢复的动态变化关系。主要研究结果如下:
1苏州河共发现浮游植物173种。其中蓝藻门25种,绿藻门87种,硅藻门38种,裸藻门11种,黄藻门5种,金藻门6种,隐藻门1种,绿藻门在种类上占明显的优势。从各断面的空间变化上来看,上游断面浮游植物群落结构略好于下游断面。在时间变化上,密度在夏季有明显高于其余三季的现象,夏季的优势种出现了蓝藻门的小颤藻。主要的污染指示种有小颤藻、小球藻、梅尼小环藻、四尾栅列藻、尖镰形纤维藻以及长刺根管藻等。
2苏州河共发现浮游动物56种。其中原生动物4种,轮虫类21种,枝角类17种,桡足类14种。种类数不多,以轮虫居多。在空间上,上游的赵屯和黄渡断面略高于中下游的北新泾和浙江路桥断面。在时间变化上,浮游动物的群落结构在温度较高的春夏季较温度相对较低的秋冬季复杂。
3将各环境因子与浮游植物群落结构进行相关性分析,结果显示,水温与浮游植物的种类数和密度有显著的正相关关系;总磷、总氮、COD_(cr)与浮游植物的密度有显著的负相关关系,浮游植物密度的变化相对上述环境因子有一定的滞后性;COD_(cr)对浮游植物的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数有显著的正相关关系;氨氮、BOD_5也由于和水温、总氮、总磷和COD_(cr)等理化因子有较为显著的相关性,从而对苏州河浮游植物起到间接的影响作用。但悬浮物对浮游植物群落无显著影响。
4苏州河浮游植物与浮游动物在种类数变化上呈正相关关系,即浮游植物种类数增多浮游动物种类数也增多,反之亦然;浮游植物与浮游动物在密度变化上呈负相关关系,两者在变化上呈现一滞后现象,即浮游植物密度上升不能造成浮游动物密度同时上升,而会导致浮游动物密度在后期有一个上升的现象。浮游植物与浮游动物的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数的变化呈正相关关系。
5将理化因子的变化与浮游植物的动态变化对比分析,结果发现,随着污染物浓度的升高,蓝藻作为优势类型出现的频率逐渐减少,绿藻和硅藻出现频率增多。且分析发现,理化因子对浮游植物群落结构的影响都存在一定的临界值,其中水温的临界值为15℃,总磷的临界值为0.6mg/L,总氮的临界值为11mg/L(相对于优势型),10mg/L(相对于优势种),氨氮的临界值为6mg/L,COD_(cr)的临界值为30mg/L(相对于优势型),20mg/L(相对于优势种)。另外本研究的结果表明,通过分析小球藻和梅尼小环藻的密度百分比可在一定程度上推断苏州河水质的恢复状况。
The reconstruction and restoration of the damaged aquatic ecosystem has gradually become an essential topic that scientists often discuss about.Through the survey of the biotic community in the water area,it enable us to evaluate the growth and forecast the trends of the restoration process.It also can provide as a guide in ecology for the engineering project afterwards to make it more scientigically sound.The structure,function and dynamic of phytoplankton are closely related to the environment of the rivers.Suzhou Creek's synthetical water-control engineering was created in Shanghai in 1996,till now it has come to its third period.Momentous reconstruction engineering included pollution sweep,pollution cutting,water transfusion,artificial oxygen and dredge-up etc.Hypothetically speaking these violent man-made water interferential actions would make a strange token on phytoplankton's structure,function and dynamics in Suzhou Creek.Therefore,this thesis surrounds the ecological reconstruction of Suzhou Creek as a research object.I began the research by setting four sampling points such as Zhaotun,Huangdu,Beixinjing,Zhejiangluqiao.We had sampled fourteen times once a month from April of 2005 to May of 2006.
We researched on the composition of species,density,dominant species,ind.icator species,diversity ind.exes of plankton community in Suzhou Creek,analysed its space-time change,we also analysed the dynamic change between plankton community restoration and water quality restoration.The main find.ings are as follows:
1 173 species of phytoplankton were found in Suzhou Creek,including 25 kind.s of Cyanophyta,87 kind.s of Chlorophyta,38 kind.s of Bacillariophyta,11 kind.s of Phaeophyta,5 kind.s of Xanthophyta,6 kind.s of Chrysophyta,1 kind.of Cryptophyta. Chlorophyta take the obvious predominance.Based on the space change,the phytoplankton community structure of the upriver sampling sites were better than the downriver's.Based on the time change,the density in summer was obviously higher than the other three seasons,and Oscillatoria became the dominant species in summer.Main ind.icator species were Oscillatoria tenuis,Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella meneghiniana,Scenedesmus quadricauda,Ankistrodesmus.Faleatus, Rhizololenia longiseta.
2 56 species of zooplankton were found in Suzhou Creek,including 4 kind.s of Protozoa,21 kind.s of Rotifer,17 kind.s of Cladocera,14 kind.s of Copepoda.The Rotifer was the dominant kind..Baesd on the space change,the zooplankton community structure of the upriver sampling sites were better than the downriver's.Based on the time change,the zooplankton community structure in spring and summer was better than in autumn and winter.
3 Analyze the correlation between several environmental factors and phytoplankton community structure,the result showed that the water temperature had a marked positive correlation on the species and density of phytoplankton; TP,TN,COD_(cr)had a marked negative correlation on density,there was a lag on the change of density of phytoplankton compared with the change of the environmental factors;COD_(cr)had a marked positive correlation on the Shannon-Weaver ind.ex and the Margalef ind.ex of phytoplankton;NH_3-N,BOD_5 had marked correlation on water temperature,TN,TP,COD_(cr),SO they had an ind.irect effect on phytoplankton community structure;SS had no effect on phytoplankton community structure.
4 Compared the change of biological factor-zooplankton community structure with the change of phytoplankton community structure,the results showed that the change of species numbers had a positive correlation between zooplankton and phytoplankton,which means the species numbers of phytoplankton grow when the species numbers of zooplankton grow;there was a negative correlation between the density of phytoplankton and zooplankton,the relationship between two of them shows a lag phenomena which means the raise of phytoplankton density can't lead to the raise of zooplankton density simultaneously but can lead to the raise of zooplankton density anaphase.The diversity ind.ex of Shannon-Weaver and Margalef had a positive correlation between phytoplankton and zooplankton.
5 Compared the change of physic-chemical factors with the change of phytoplankton community structure we found that the appear frequency of Cyanophyta become less,Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta become more while the concentration of contamination grows.By analyzing it we found the physic-chemical factors had critical values for the influence on the phytoplankton community structure,the water temperature is 15℃,the TP is 0.6mg/L,the TN is 11 mg/L(considering the dominant type),10mg/L(considering the dominant species), the NH_3-N is 6mg/L,the COD_(cr)is 30mg/L(considering the dominant type),20mg/L(considering the dominant species).This research also shows that the recovery of water quality of Suzhou Creek can be deduced by analyzing the density percentage of Chlorella vulgaris and Cyclotella meneghiniana.
论文对苏州河浮游生物群落的种类组成、密度、优势种、污染指示种、多样性指数等进行了研究,分析了苏州河浮游生物的群落结构特征和时空动态变化规律,并结合环境因子分析了浮游植物群落恢复与水质恢复的动态变化关系。主要研究结果如下:
1苏州河共发现浮游植物173种。其中蓝藻门25种,绿藻门87种,硅藻门38种,裸藻门11种,黄藻门5种,金藻门6种,隐藻门1种,绿藻门在种类上占明显的优势。从各断面的空间变化上来看,上游断面浮游植物群落结构略好于下游断面。在时间变化上,密度在夏季有明显高于其余三季的现象,夏季的优势种出现了蓝藻门的小颤藻。主要的污染指示种有小颤藻、小球藻、梅尼小环藻、四尾栅列藻、尖镰形纤维藻以及长刺根管藻等。
2苏州河共发现浮游动物56种。其中原生动物4种,轮虫类21种,枝角类17种,桡足类14种。种类数不多,以轮虫居多。在空间上,上游的赵屯和黄渡断面略高于中下游的北新泾和浙江路桥断面。在时间变化上,浮游动物的群落结构在温度较高的春夏季较温度相对较低的秋冬季复杂。
3将各环境因子与浮游植物群落结构进行相关性分析,结果显示,水温与浮游植物的种类数和密度有显著的正相关关系;总磷、总氮、COD_(cr)与浮游植物的密度有显著的负相关关系,浮游植物密度的变化相对上述环境因子有一定的滞后性;COD_(cr)对浮游植物的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数有显著的正相关关系;氨氮、BOD_5也由于和水温、总氮、总磷和COD_(cr)等理化因子有较为显著的相关性,从而对苏州河浮游植物起到间接的影响作用。但悬浮物对浮游植物群落无显著影响。
4苏州河浮游植物与浮游动物在种类数变化上呈正相关关系,即浮游植物种类数增多浮游动物种类数也增多,反之亦然;浮游植物与浮游动物在密度变化上呈负相关关系,两者在变化上呈现一滞后现象,即浮游植物密度上升不能造成浮游动物密度同时上升,而会导致浮游动物密度在后期有一个上升的现象。浮游植物与浮游动物的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数的变化呈正相关关系。
5将理化因子的变化与浮游植物的动态变化对比分析,结果发现,随着污染物浓度的升高,蓝藻作为优势类型出现的频率逐渐减少,绿藻和硅藻出现频率增多。且分析发现,理化因子对浮游植物群落结构的影响都存在一定的临界值,其中水温的临界值为15℃,总磷的临界值为0.6mg/L,总氮的临界值为11mg/L(相对于优势型),10mg/L(相对于优势种),氨氮的临界值为6mg/L,COD_(cr)的临界值为30mg/L(相对于优势型),20mg/L(相对于优势种)。另外本研究的结果表明,通过分析小球藻和梅尼小环藻的密度百分比可在一定程度上推断苏州河水质的恢复状况。
The reconstruction and restoration of the damaged aquatic ecosystem has gradually become an essential topic that scientists often discuss about.Through the survey of the biotic community in the water area,it enable us to evaluate the growth and forecast the trends of the restoration process.It also can provide as a guide in ecology for the engineering project afterwards to make it more scientigically sound.The structure,function and dynamic of phytoplankton are closely related to the environment of the rivers.Suzhou Creek's synthetical water-control engineering was created in Shanghai in 1996,till now it has come to its third period.Momentous reconstruction engineering included pollution sweep,pollution cutting,water transfusion,artificial oxygen and dredge-up etc.Hypothetically speaking these violent man-made water interferential actions would make a strange token on phytoplankton's structure,function and dynamics in Suzhou Creek.Therefore,this thesis surrounds the ecological reconstruction of Suzhou Creek as a research object.I began the research by setting four sampling points such as Zhaotun,Huangdu,Beixinjing,Zhejiangluqiao.We had sampled fourteen times once a month from April of 2005 to May of 2006.
We researched on the composition of species,density,dominant species,ind.icator species,diversity ind.exes of plankton community in Suzhou Creek,analysed its space-time change,we also analysed the dynamic change between plankton community restoration and water quality restoration.The main find.ings are as follows:
1 173 species of phytoplankton were found in Suzhou Creek,including 25 kind.s of Cyanophyta,87 kind.s of Chlorophyta,38 kind.s of Bacillariophyta,11 kind.s of Phaeophyta,5 kind.s of Xanthophyta,6 kind.s of Chrysophyta,1 kind.of Cryptophyta. Chlorophyta take the obvious predominance.Based on the space change,the phytoplankton community structure of the upriver sampling sites were better than the downriver's.Based on the time change,the density in summer was obviously higher than the other three seasons,and Oscillatoria became the dominant species in summer.Main ind.icator species were Oscillatoria tenuis,Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella meneghiniana,Scenedesmus quadricauda,Ankistrodesmus.Faleatus, Rhizololenia longiseta.
2 56 species of zooplankton were found in Suzhou Creek,including 4 kind.s of Protozoa,21 kind.s of Rotifer,17 kind.s of Cladocera,14 kind.s of Copepoda.The Rotifer was the dominant kind..Baesd on the space change,the zooplankton community structure of the upriver sampling sites were better than the downriver's.Based on the time change,the zooplankton community structure in spring and summer was better than in autumn and winter.
3 Analyze the correlation between several environmental factors and phytoplankton community structure,the result showed that the water temperature had a marked positive correlation on the species and density of phytoplankton; TP,TN,COD_(cr)had a marked negative correlation on density,there was a lag on the change of density of phytoplankton compared with the change of the environmental factors;COD_(cr)had a marked positive correlation on the Shannon-Weaver ind.ex and the Margalef ind.ex of phytoplankton;NH_3-N,BOD_5 had marked correlation on water temperature,TN,TP,COD_(cr),SO they had an ind.irect effect on phytoplankton community structure;SS had no effect on phytoplankton community structure.
4 Compared the change of biological factor-zooplankton community structure with the change of phytoplankton community structure,the results showed that the change of species numbers had a positive correlation between zooplankton and phytoplankton,which means the species numbers of phytoplankton grow when the species numbers of zooplankton grow;there was a negative correlation between the density of phytoplankton and zooplankton,the relationship between two of them shows a lag phenomena which means the raise of phytoplankton density can't lead to the raise of zooplankton density simultaneously but can lead to the raise of zooplankton density anaphase.The diversity ind.ex of Shannon-Weaver and Margalef had a positive correlation between phytoplankton and zooplankton.
5 Compared the change of physic-chemical factors with the change of phytoplankton community structure we found that the appear frequency of Cyanophyta become less,Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta become more while the concentration of contamination grows.By analyzing it we found the physic-chemical factors had critical values for the influence on the phytoplankton community structure,the water temperature is 15℃,the TP is 0.6mg/L,the TN is 11 mg/L(considering the dominant type),10mg/L(considering the dominant species), the NH_3-N is 6mg/L,the COD_(cr)is 30mg/L(considering the dominant type),20mg/L(considering the dominant species).This research also shows that the recovery of water quality of Suzhou Creek can be deduced by analyzing the density percentage of Chlorella vulgaris and Cyclotella meneghiniana.
引文
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