混凝—微滤工艺的饮用水除砷研究
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摘要
2006年国家新颁布的生活饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749-2006)首次把砷的浓度限值降低到了10μg/L,但目前与此标准匹配的除砷方法少、费用也较高,亟需研究新的除砷方法。
膜法饮用水除砷技术已经开始在国际上应用,而我国目前关于膜法除砷的研究报道比较少,针对中国高砷饮水区主要分布在经济欠发达的农村地区这一现状,本课题进行了混凝-微滤工艺的饮用水除砷(Ⅴ)研究。
混凝-微滤除砷试验主要分为烧杯试验、小试试验和含砷污泥处置试验三部分。烧杯试验采用人工配置的含砷原水,通过FeCl3混凝和微孔膜过滤器抽滤试验,考察混凝-微滤工艺的除砷效果和原水水质等因素对除砷效果的影响;小试试验通过膜混凝反应器(MCR)的实际运行考察混凝-微滤工艺的除砷效果,研究膜污染特性,并进一步验证原水水质等因素对除砷效果的影响;污泥的处置试验主要通过含砷污泥的沉降、干化等试验研究了污泥的特性。
研究结果表明,MCR的除砷效果很好,在FeCl3投量为4 mg/L(以Fe3+计)时,可将As(Ⅴ)的浓度从100μg/L左右降至小于10μg/L,出水平均值为4.40μg/L,能够满足标准的要求,砷的去除率为92.8%~98.2%;同时,MCR出水其他各项指标也符合标准要求,对原水的UV254等水质指标有一定的改善作用。混凝-微滤除砷的影响试验表明:原水中的不同组分对混凝-微滤除砷效果的影响各不相同:F-、Cl-、NO3-和SO42-对除砷的影响并不显著,在试验条件下几乎对除砷效果没有影响;原水中HCO3-、HPO42-浓度的增加会减弱混凝-微滤工艺的除砷效果;原水中K+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的浓度变化对混凝-微滤除砷的效果没有明显的影响;原水中Si的含量越高,砷的去除率越低;pH值对混凝-微滤除砷效果的影响显著,同等试验条件下降低原水的pH值可以明显提高砷的去除率。膜污染研究表明,膜污染阻力的增加是膜比通量下降的主要原因,通过物理清洗和化学清洗可使膜比通量恢复到新膜的87.8%;膜污染的主要成分为有机污染,占总量的67.2%;浓差极化可以借助曝气搅动得到部分消除。
含砷污泥试验表明:混凝-微滤除砷工艺的浓缩倍率可达3668;污泥的自然沉降性能良好;自然干化后的污泥含水率可降低到95.4%;含砷干污泥的主要结晶成分为CaCO3和FeO(OH)。
In the year of 2006,the Chinese government promulgated the new Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006) and set the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for arsenic at 10μg/L for the first time. However, the available methods for arsenic removal in drinking water are very few, and most of them are less cost-effective. There is therefore a great need to develop new methods for arsenic removal from drinking water.
In recent years, membrane separation technology has been used for arsenic removal from drinking water in many countries. As to China, there are few research reports about this application. Considering that endemic arsenic toxicosis occurs mainly in the rural areas, the feasibility of membrane coagulation reactor (MCR) was investigated for removing arsenate from drinking water.
The whole MCR test could be divided into three parts: the jar test, the bench test and the disposal test of arsenical sludge. The jar test has studied the arsenic removal efficiency by coagulation and microfiltration from synthetic tap water. In addition, the factors affecting arsenic removal were also explored. The bench test was conducted through operation of a MCR, in which the removal efficiency of arsenic and the membrane fouling characteristic were investigated. Furthermore, the influence of various factors in the jar test was verified in the bench test. In the disposal test of arsenical sludge, the characteristics of arsenical sludge were studied through a series of experiments.
The results showed that arsenic removal efficiency ranged from 92.8% to 98.2%. Arsenic removal to low levels (<10μg/L) was achieved using a coagulant dose of 4 mg/L (calculated as Fe3+) when the concentration of arsenic in raw water was about 100μg/L, and the average concentration of arsenic in treated water was 4.40μg/L. The quality of treated water satisfies new Standards for Drinking Water Quality. Also, it was observed that MCR improved the quality of treated water by reducing the concentration of organics measured by TOC and UV254.
Tests about the effects of different factors on the MCR showed that different co-occurring substances in raw water could exert different influence on the removal efficiency of arsenic. F-, Cl-, NO3- and SO42- had a negligible effect on the removal of arsenic in the test conditions. The increasing of HCO3- and HPO42- in raw water would decrease the removal efficiency of arsenic. When the concentrations of K+, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) increased, no apparent changes in arsenic removal were observed. The removal efficiency of arsenic was significantly reduced with the increasing of Si in raw water. The effect of pH on arsenic removal was studied by applying a constant ferric dose of 2.0 mg/L (calculated as Fe3+). The result showed that arsenic removal performance improved obviously with decreasing pH.
The results of membrane cleaning showed that the membrane specific flux could recover to 87.8% of the initial value after physical and chemical cleaning. The membrane fouling was mainly caused by organic matters in raw water which contributed to 67.2% of the total membrane resistance. Concentration polarization could be attenuated to some extent by air agitation in the submerged system.
The disposal test of arsenical sludge showed that arsenic could be well removed using MCR process with an enrichment coefficient of 3668. The sludge volume was acceptable after free sedimentation, and the water-content of the naturally dehydrated sludge could be reduced to 95.4%. The crystalloid components of dried arsenical sludge were CaCO3 and FeO(OH).
膜法饮用水除砷技术已经开始在国际上应用,而我国目前关于膜法除砷的研究报道比较少,针对中国高砷饮水区主要分布在经济欠发达的农村地区这一现状,本课题进行了混凝-微滤工艺的饮用水除砷(Ⅴ)研究。
混凝-微滤除砷试验主要分为烧杯试验、小试试验和含砷污泥处置试验三部分。烧杯试验采用人工配置的含砷原水,通过FeCl3混凝和微孔膜过滤器抽滤试验,考察混凝-微滤工艺的除砷效果和原水水质等因素对除砷效果的影响;小试试验通过膜混凝反应器(MCR)的实际运行考察混凝-微滤工艺的除砷效果,研究膜污染特性,并进一步验证原水水质等因素对除砷效果的影响;污泥的处置试验主要通过含砷污泥的沉降、干化等试验研究了污泥的特性。
研究结果表明,MCR的除砷效果很好,在FeCl3投量为4 mg/L(以Fe3+计)时,可将As(Ⅴ)的浓度从100μg/L左右降至小于10μg/L,出水平均值为4.40μg/L,能够满足标准的要求,砷的去除率为92.8%~98.2%;同时,MCR出水其他各项指标也符合标准要求,对原水的UV254等水质指标有一定的改善作用。混凝-微滤除砷的影响试验表明:原水中的不同组分对混凝-微滤除砷效果的影响各不相同:F-、Cl-、NO3-和SO42-对除砷的影响并不显著,在试验条件下几乎对除砷效果没有影响;原水中HCO3-、HPO42-浓度的增加会减弱混凝-微滤工艺的除砷效果;原水中K+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的浓度变化对混凝-微滤除砷的效果没有明显的影响;原水中Si的含量越高,砷的去除率越低;pH值对混凝-微滤除砷效果的影响显著,同等试验条件下降低原水的pH值可以明显提高砷的去除率。膜污染研究表明,膜污染阻力的增加是膜比通量下降的主要原因,通过物理清洗和化学清洗可使膜比通量恢复到新膜的87.8%;膜污染的主要成分为有机污染,占总量的67.2%;浓差极化可以借助曝气搅动得到部分消除。
含砷污泥试验表明:混凝-微滤除砷工艺的浓缩倍率可达3668;污泥的自然沉降性能良好;自然干化后的污泥含水率可降低到95.4%;含砷干污泥的主要结晶成分为CaCO3和FeO(OH)。
In the year of 2006,the Chinese government promulgated the new Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006) and set the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for arsenic at 10μg/L for the first time. However, the available methods for arsenic removal in drinking water are very few, and most of them are less cost-effective. There is therefore a great need to develop new methods for arsenic removal from drinking water.
In recent years, membrane separation technology has been used for arsenic removal from drinking water in many countries. As to China, there are few research reports about this application. Considering that endemic arsenic toxicosis occurs mainly in the rural areas, the feasibility of membrane coagulation reactor (MCR) was investigated for removing arsenate from drinking water.
The whole MCR test could be divided into three parts: the jar test, the bench test and the disposal test of arsenical sludge. The jar test has studied the arsenic removal efficiency by coagulation and microfiltration from synthetic tap water. In addition, the factors affecting arsenic removal were also explored. The bench test was conducted through operation of a MCR, in which the removal efficiency of arsenic and the membrane fouling characteristic were investigated. Furthermore, the influence of various factors in the jar test was verified in the bench test. In the disposal test of arsenical sludge, the characteristics of arsenical sludge were studied through a series of experiments.
The results showed that arsenic removal efficiency ranged from 92.8% to 98.2%. Arsenic removal to low levels (<10μg/L) was achieved using a coagulant dose of 4 mg/L (calculated as Fe3+) when the concentration of arsenic in raw water was about 100μg/L, and the average concentration of arsenic in treated water was 4.40μg/L. The quality of treated water satisfies new Standards for Drinking Water Quality. Also, it was observed that MCR improved the quality of treated water by reducing the concentration of organics measured by TOC and UV254.
Tests about the effects of different factors on the MCR showed that different co-occurring substances in raw water could exert different influence on the removal efficiency of arsenic. F-, Cl-, NO3- and SO42- had a negligible effect on the removal of arsenic in the test conditions. The increasing of HCO3- and HPO42- in raw water would decrease the removal efficiency of arsenic. When the concentrations of K+, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) increased, no apparent changes in arsenic removal were observed. The removal efficiency of arsenic was significantly reduced with the increasing of Si in raw water. The effect of pH on arsenic removal was studied by applying a constant ferric dose of 2.0 mg/L (calculated as Fe3+). The result showed that arsenic removal performance improved obviously with decreasing pH.
The results of membrane cleaning showed that the membrane specific flux could recover to 87.8% of the initial value after physical and chemical cleaning. The membrane fouling was mainly caused by organic matters in raw water which contributed to 67.2% of the total membrane resistance. Concentration polarization could be attenuated to some extent by air agitation in the submerged system.
The disposal test of arsenical sludge showed that arsenic could be well removed using MCR process with an enrichment coefficient of 3668. The sludge volume was acceptable after free sedimentation, and the water-content of the naturally dehydrated sludge could be reduced to 95.4%. The crystalloid components of dried arsenical sludge were CaCO3 and FeO(OH).
引文
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