新型混合励磁同步电机特性研究
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摘要
混合励磁是永磁励磁与电励磁两种励磁方式的有机结合。混合励磁同步电机(HESM)力求继承永磁同步电机的优点,同时使其具有气隙磁场调节能力,在航空航天、新能源发电与驱动等领域具有重要的潜在应用前景。探索合理的HESM结构型式是推动混合励磁电机技术发展和应用的重要环节。本文致力于新型HESM本体结构拓扑研究,在电机的磁路计算、三维有限元分析、结构优化、建模方法等方面开展深入的研究,并进行实验验证与分析。
论述了混合励磁电机励磁方式的特点,并总结其共性的基本要求。针对两种典型结构永磁同步电机,提出转子磁分路径向磁钢HESM与切向磁钢HESM结构型式,详细阐述了两种电机的结构特点与运行原理,在分析电机内径/轴向磁路分布特点的基础上,论述其气隙磁场调节原理和工作特性。
建立了转子磁分路HESM不同励磁状态下的等效磁路模型,完成等效磁路计算程序,计算得到电机内磁路状态和空载特性。推导出影响该新型电机磁分路作用的基本约束关系,系统研究了转子长径比、极对数、永磁体结构参数、主气隙/附加气隙长度以及转子导磁体延伸段截面积等关键结构参数对电机调磁特性的影响规律。研究了基于电枢反应计算确定电机励磁磁势的基本方法,得到电机不同性质负载下的调节特性曲线。
在MAXWELL3D中建立新型转子磁分路HESM的三维有限元模型,通过全面的静磁场分析验证了电机具有良好的气隙磁场调节能力,得到双向励磁磁势作用下电机内部磁场分布的变化情况和规律,并给出导磁桥、转子导磁体等结构的优化方法和原则。针对转子导磁体间漏磁问题,提出了增设补偿磁钢的方法,研究结果表明补偿磁钢能够有效提升气隙磁密,且对磁场调节范围影响很小。建立了切向磁钢HESM三维瞬态场路耦合分析模型,完成了电机空载特性、外特性和短路特性的仿真分析,并进行了实验验证。研究了基于瞬态场分析计算电机同步电抗的方法,结合静磁场计算结果,根据电机电压方程,建立了切向磁钢HESM的MATLAB/SIMULINK数学模型,为该新型电机的闭环系统仿真分析、快速计算提供了重要的分析手段。
提出新型并列结构HESM结构,通过三维有限元计算得到电机内磁场分布特点,并对比分析出铁心长度的设计原则。指出并列结构HESM中存在轴向漏磁现象的特殊问题,并通过三维静磁场分析揭示了双向励磁作用下轴向漏磁通的变化规律,为电机内永磁及电励磁部分之间的轴向距离选择提供了理论依据。
提出同步发电机采用共阳极12相零式整流输出以构成无刷直流发电机的结构方案。系统地对比研究了6相双Y整流输出和12相零式整流输出结构下的发电机损耗、整流二极管电流应力和容错能力等特性,验证了12相零式整流输出无刷直流发电机在低压直流电源系统中的应用优势。并完成并列结构混合励磁无刷直流发电机的三维场路耦合分析和实验验证,表明该电机继承了永磁电机电压调整率较低的优点,且励磁电流能实现良好的辅助调节功能。指出并列结构HESM中转子磁极应轴向完全对齐,以避免相电势波形畸变影响输出电压质量。
Hybrid excitation is an organic combination of permanent magnet excitation and electric excitation. While maintaining the merits of permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), hybrid excitation synchronous machine (HESM) also combines the regulation capacity of air gap magnetic field and has important potential application prospects in aviation and space, alternative energy power generation, motor drive and other fields. Study of reasonable HESM structure is an important part in promoting the development and application of HESM technology. New HESM structure and topology is discussed in this paper. In-depth study into magnetic circuit calculation, 3D finite element analysis, structure optimization, modeling methods are presented and verified by experiments and analysis.
Excitation features of hybrid excitation machines are described and common requirements are summarized. Based on two typical structures of PMSM, magnet-shunting radial structure HESM and magnet-shunting tangential structure HESM are proposed. Detailed elaboration of structure characteristics and operational principles are given. Regulation principle and operational feature of the air gap magnetic field are analyzed according to the radial/axial distribution of magnetic field.
Equivalent magnetic circuit models of magnet-shunting HESM under different excitation are constructed and equivalent magnetic circuit calculation program are completed to get the magnetic circuit state and no-load output characteristics of the machine. Basic constraint relation affecting the new type of machine is deduced and systematic research of influence law on magnet regulation features by key structure parameters, such as rotor length-diameter ratio, pole number, permanent magnet structure parameters, main air gap/additional air gap length, section area of rotor magnetizer extension, are carried out. Basic methods of determining excitation magnetic potential based on armature reaction calculation is studied and regulation characteristics curve under loads with different features.
A 3D finite element model of the new magnet-shunting HESM is constructed with MAXWELL 3D. Through comprehensive analysis of static magnetic field, good air gap magnetic field regulation capacity is verified; variation characteristics and rules of internal magnetic field distribution under bi-directional excitation magnetic potential is deduced; optimization methods and principles of magnetic bridge, rotor magnetizer and some other structures are introduced. The method of adding compensation alnico is proposed to address flux linkage of rotor magnetizer. Research findings indicate that compensation alnico can effectively increase air gap flux density and has little influence on magnetic field regulation range. A 3D transient field circuit coupled analysis model of magnet-shunting tangential structure HESM is constructed. Simulation analysis and experiment verification of no-load output characteristics, external characteristics and short-circuit characteristics are carried out. Methods of calculating synchronous reactance based on transient field analysis are studied and MATLAB/SIMULINK model of tangential structure HESM are built with calculation results of static magnetic field and voltage equation, which provide important analysis means to simulation analysis and rapid calculation of closed-loop systems of this new type of machine.
A novel coordinate structure HESM is proposed. Internal magnetic field distribution features are studied by 3D finite element calculation and design principles of iron core length are reached by comparison analysis. Axial flux leakage, a problem unique to coordinate structure HESM is pointed out and variation principle of axial flux linkage under bi-directional excitation is revealed by 3D static magnetic field analysis, providing theoretical references for determining the axial distance between permanent magnet and electric excitation.
A BLDC generator structure is proposed consisted of a synchronous generator with common-anode 12-phase half-wave rectified output. Systematic comparison of features such as generator losses, rectifier diode current stresses and fault-torelent ability are carried out under 6-phase double-star rectified output and 12-phase zero-type rectified output structures, which demonstrate the superiority of 12-phase zero-type rectified output BLDC generator’s application in low voltage DC power system. 3D field-circuit coupled analysis and experiment verification of coordinate structure hybrid excitation BLDC machine are presented, which shows that the machine inherits permanent magnet machine advantages of low voltage regulation ratio and good complementary regulation capacity of excitation current. It also has been pointed out that with the coordinate structure HESM, rotor magnetic poles should be precisely even, so as to avoid phase electric potential distortion, which will undermine output voltage quality.
论述了混合励磁电机励磁方式的特点,并总结其共性的基本要求。针对两种典型结构永磁同步电机,提出转子磁分路径向磁钢HESM与切向磁钢HESM结构型式,详细阐述了两种电机的结构特点与运行原理,在分析电机内径/轴向磁路分布特点的基础上,论述其气隙磁场调节原理和工作特性。
建立了转子磁分路HESM不同励磁状态下的等效磁路模型,完成等效磁路计算程序,计算得到电机内磁路状态和空载特性。推导出影响该新型电机磁分路作用的基本约束关系,系统研究了转子长径比、极对数、永磁体结构参数、主气隙/附加气隙长度以及转子导磁体延伸段截面积等关键结构参数对电机调磁特性的影响规律。研究了基于电枢反应计算确定电机励磁磁势的基本方法,得到电机不同性质负载下的调节特性曲线。
在MAXWELL3D中建立新型转子磁分路HESM的三维有限元模型,通过全面的静磁场分析验证了电机具有良好的气隙磁场调节能力,得到双向励磁磁势作用下电机内部磁场分布的变化情况和规律,并给出导磁桥、转子导磁体等结构的优化方法和原则。针对转子导磁体间漏磁问题,提出了增设补偿磁钢的方法,研究结果表明补偿磁钢能够有效提升气隙磁密,且对磁场调节范围影响很小。建立了切向磁钢HESM三维瞬态场路耦合分析模型,完成了电机空载特性、外特性和短路特性的仿真分析,并进行了实验验证。研究了基于瞬态场分析计算电机同步电抗的方法,结合静磁场计算结果,根据电机电压方程,建立了切向磁钢HESM的MATLAB/SIMULINK数学模型,为该新型电机的闭环系统仿真分析、快速计算提供了重要的分析手段。
提出新型并列结构HESM结构,通过三维有限元计算得到电机内磁场分布特点,并对比分析出铁心长度的设计原则。指出并列结构HESM中存在轴向漏磁现象的特殊问题,并通过三维静磁场分析揭示了双向励磁作用下轴向漏磁通的变化规律,为电机内永磁及电励磁部分之间的轴向距离选择提供了理论依据。
提出同步发电机采用共阳极12相零式整流输出以构成无刷直流发电机的结构方案。系统地对比研究了6相双Y整流输出和12相零式整流输出结构下的发电机损耗、整流二极管电流应力和容错能力等特性,验证了12相零式整流输出无刷直流发电机在低压直流电源系统中的应用优势。并完成并列结构混合励磁无刷直流发电机的三维场路耦合分析和实验验证,表明该电机继承了永磁电机电压调整率较低的优点,且励磁电流能实现良好的辅助调节功能。指出并列结构HESM中转子磁极应轴向完全对齐,以避免相电势波形畸变影响输出电压质量。
Hybrid excitation is an organic combination of permanent magnet excitation and electric excitation. While maintaining the merits of permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), hybrid excitation synchronous machine (HESM) also combines the regulation capacity of air gap magnetic field and has important potential application prospects in aviation and space, alternative energy power generation, motor drive and other fields. Study of reasonable HESM structure is an important part in promoting the development and application of HESM technology. New HESM structure and topology is discussed in this paper. In-depth study into magnetic circuit calculation, 3D finite element analysis, structure optimization, modeling methods are presented and verified by experiments and analysis.
Excitation features of hybrid excitation machines are described and common requirements are summarized. Based on two typical structures of PMSM, magnet-shunting radial structure HESM and magnet-shunting tangential structure HESM are proposed. Detailed elaboration of structure characteristics and operational principles are given. Regulation principle and operational feature of the air gap magnetic field are analyzed according to the radial/axial distribution of magnetic field.
Equivalent magnetic circuit models of magnet-shunting HESM under different excitation are constructed and equivalent magnetic circuit calculation program are completed to get the magnetic circuit state and no-load output characteristics of the machine. Basic constraint relation affecting the new type of machine is deduced and systematic research of influence law on magnet regulation features by key structure parameters, such as rotor length-diameter ratio, pole number, permanent magnet structure parameters, main air gap/additional air gap length, section area of rotor magnetizer extension, are carried out. Basic methods of determining excitation magnetic potential based on armature reaction calculation is studied and regulation characteristics curve under loads with different features.
A 3D finite element model of the new magnet-shunting HESM is constructed with MAXWELL 3D. Through comprehensive analysis of static magnetic field, good air gap magnetic field regulation capacity is verified; variation characteristics and rules of internal magnetic field distribution under bi-directional excitation magnetic potential is deduced; optimization methods and principles of magnetic bridge, rotor magnetizer and some other structures are introduced. The method of adding compensation alnico is proposed to address flux linkage of rotor magnetizer. Research findings indicate that compensation alnico can effectively increase air gap flux density and has little influence on magnetic field regulation range. A 3D transient field circuit coupled analysis model of magnet-shunting tangential structure HESM is constructed. Simulation analysis and experiment verification of no-load output characteristics, external characteristics and short-circuit characteristics are carried out. Methods of calculating synchronous reactance based on transient field analysis are studied and MATLAB/SIMULINK model of tangential structure HESM are built with calculation results of static magnetic field and voltage equation, which provide important analysis means to simulation analysis and rapid calculation of closed-loop systems of this new type of machine.
A novel coordinate structure HESM is proposed. Internal magnetic field distribution features are studied by 3D finite element calculation and design principles of iron core length are reached by comparison analysis. Axial flux leakage, a problem unique to coordinate structure HESM is pointed out and variation principle of axial flux linkage under bi-directional excitation is revealed by 3D static magnetic field analysis, providing theoretical references for determining the axial distance between permanent magnet and electric excitation.
A BLDC generator structure is proposed consisted of a synchronous generator with common-anode 12-phase half-wave rectified output. Systematic comparison of features such as generator losses, rectifier diode current stresses and fault-torelent ability are carried out under 6-phase double-star rectified output and 12-phase zero-type rectified output structures, which demonstrate the superiority of 12-phase zero-type rectified output BLDC generator’s application in low voltage DC power system. 3D field-circuit coupled analysis and experiment verification of coordinate structure hybrid excitation BLDC machine are presented, which shows that the machine inherits permanent magnet machine advantages of low voltage regulation ratio and good complementary regulation capacity of excitation current. It also has been pointed out that with the coordinate structure HESM, rotor magnetic poles should be precisely even, so as to avoid phase electric potential distortion, which will undermine output voltage quality.
引文
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