100kW混合励磁永磁同步风力发电机的设计与研究
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摘要
混合励磁电机与永磁同步电机以及电励磁同步电机结构不同。该结构类型的电机上既有永磁体又有电励磁绕组,两个磁动势源同时存在。它不仅具有电励磁电机调磁容量小和永磁电机效率高的优点,而且又克服了永磁电机气隙磁密调节难的缺陷,具有较大的推广应用价值。
本课题的研究内容主要有三个部分：变速恒压技术、减小起动阻力矩技术和提高电机效率。相对应的技术难点分别是磁路结构比较复杂、永磁体所带来的齿槽转矩问题以及铜耗对效率的影响,本课题对此提出了解决方案。
针对该磁路结构的电机提出永磁体磁路与电励磁磁路设计的理论依据,并据此完成详细的方案设计。对于该样机的设计,首先从绕组因数、齿槽转矩、定子磁动势谐波、不对称径向磁拉力、容错能力和涡流损耗等方面介绍了极槽配合的选取。而后主要针对40极42槽、40极45槽和40极48槽三种方案进行比较。通过对三种方案在固有电压调整率、效率、稳压特性、有效材料使用量等各种性能的比较,最终选择了40极45槽。在电机的主要尺寸方面,主要介绍了永磁体、定子背轭、气隙、计算极弧系数的确定以及电励磁的设计等。对于本文所采用的准闭口槽结构及模块化结构也做了一定的阐述。在给出电机各部分详细尺寸的基础上,运用Ansoft有限元软件建模,进行了静磁场、瞬态场和外电路的场算分析,以验证设计的合理性。
随后依据所设计的100kW混合励磁永磁同步风力发电机,制造了样机,并对其进行了系统的试验分析。通过对样机的试验数据分析,与磁路计算及有限元仿真结果基本一致,从实践上验证了等效磁路的正确性及有限元分析的准确性,以及准闭口槽结构的可行性。而且在起动阻力矩和电机效率方面也达到预定的目标。在所预计的转速范围内,完全可以实现稳压,甚至可以扩大调速范围。总之,样机很好达到了预定的性能要求。
The hybrid excitation generator differs from the permanent magnet synchronous generator and the traditional electric excitation synchronous machine with structure. This structure has not only magnet but also electric excitation winding. It means that the generator has two MMF sources. It concentrates their advantages:the little adjustable magnetic field capacity and high efficiency, and overcomes the defect that it is difficult to adjust the air-gap flux density for a permanent magnet machine. So the hybrid excitation generator is worthy to be promoted and applied.
The main study contains three parts:to keep constant voltage with variable speed, to decrease the starting resistant moment, to raise efficiency. The corresponding technological difficulties are these:the complicated magnetic circuit structure, the cogging torque caused by permanent magnet and the influence to efficiency by copper loss. The solutions are submitted in this paper.
The theoretical basis of design about permanent-magnetic circuit and electro-magnetic circuit are suggested for this magnetic circuit structure, and the detailed project succeeds. For the design of the prototype, first the choice of slot and pole number combination is done from the winding factor, the cogging torque, harmonic of MMF, asymmetric radial magnetic pull force, fault-tolerant, eddy current losses and so on. Then the combinations of pole and slot as 40 poles 42 slots,40 poles 45 slots and 40 poles 48 slots are compared. The combination of 40 poles 45 slots is selected after comparisons of inherent voltage regulation-rate, efficiency, characteristics of keeping constant voltage and effective material usage. In the area of the main dimensions, the paper mainly introduces the identification of the permanent magnet, back yoke, air gap, pole-arc coefficient, and the design of electro-magnetic, and so on. Some expositions are done for the prospective silent tank structure and the modular structure. On the basis of the detailed sizes of the machine, the model is established from using the finite-element software of Ansoft. The analysis of the magetostatic field, the transient field and the external circuit is done to verify the rationality of the design.
Depending on the design, a prototype of hybrid excitation permanent magnet synchronous generator with rated power 100kW is manufactured, and the systematic test and analysis is done. Through analyzing the test data of prototype and comparing with the results of magnetic circuit calculation and finite element simulation, the correctness of equivalent magnetic circuit and the accuracy of finite element analysis is validated, and the feasibility of the prospective silent tank structure. The starting resistant moment and the efficiency can reach the scheduled targets. It is able to keep exporting a constant voltage for the prototype in the predetermined speed range, even much winder range of speed. In a word, the prototype is done well achieved the performance requirements.
本课题的研究内容主要有三个部分：变速恒压技术、减小起动阻力矩技术和提高电机效率。相对应的技术难点分别是磁路结构比较复杂、永磁体所带来的齿槽转矩问题以及铜耗对效率的影响,本课题对此提出了解决方案。
针对该磁路结构的电机提出永磁体磁路与电励磁磁路设计的理论依据,并据此完成详细的方案设计。对于该样机的设计,首先从绕组因数、齿槽转矩、定子磁动势谐波、不对称径向磁拉力、容错能力和涡流损耗等方面介绍了极槽配合的选取。而后主要针对40极42槽、40极45槽和40极48槽三种方案进行比较。通过对三种方案在固有电压调整率、效率、稳压特性、有效材料使用量等各种性能的比较,最终选择了40极45槽。在电机的主要尺寸方面,主要介绍了永磁体、定子背轭、气隙、计算极弧系数的确定以及电励磁的设计等。对于本文所采用的准闭口槽结构及模块化结构也做了一定的阐述。在给出电机各部分详细尺寸的基础上,运用Ansoft有限元软件建模,进行了静磁场、瞬态场和外电路的场算分析,以验证设计的合理性。
随后依据所设计的100kW混合励磁永磁同步风力发电机,制造了样机,并对其进行了系统的试验分析。通过对样机的试验数据分析,与磁路计算及有限元仿真结果基本一致,从实践上验证了等效磁路的正确性及有限元分析的准确性,以及准闭口槽结构的可行性。而且在起动阻力矩和电机效率方面也达到预定的目标。在所预计的转速范围内,完全可以实现稳压,甚至可以扩大调速范围。总之,样机很好达到了预定的性能要求。
The hybrid excitation generator differs from the permanent magnet synchronous generator and the traditional electric excitation synchronous machine with structure. This structure has not only magnet but also electric excitation winding. It means that the generator has two MMF sources. It concentrates their advantages:the little adjustable magnetic field capacity and high efficiency, and overcomes the defect that it is difficult to adjust the air-gap flux density for a permanent magnet machine. So the hybrid excitation generator is worthy to be promoted and applied.
The main study contains three parts:to keep constant voltage with variable speed, to decrease the starting resistant moment, to raise efficiency. The corresponding technological difficulties are these:the complicated magnetic circuit structure, the cogging torque caused by permanent magnet and the influence to efficiency by copper loss. The solutions are submitted in this paper.
The theoretical basis of design about permanent-magnetic circuit and electro-magnetic circuit are suggested for this magnetic circuit structure, and the detailed project succeeds. For the design of the prototype, first the choice of slot and pole number combination is done from the winding factor, the cogging torque, harmonic of MMF, asymmetric radial magnetic pull force, fault-tolerant, eddy current losses and so on. Then the combinations of pole and slot as 40 poles 42 slots,40 poles 45 slots and 40 poles 48 slots are compared. The combination of 40 poles 45 slots is selected after comparisons of inherent voltage regulation-rate, efficiency, characteristics of keeping constant voltage and effective material usage. In the area of the main dimensions, the paper mainly introduces the identification of the permanent magnet, back yoke, air gap, pole-arc coefficient, and the design of electro-magnetic, and so on. Some expositions are done for the prospective silent tank structure and the modular structure. On the basis of the detailed sizes of the machine, the model is established from using the finite-element software of Ansoft. The analysis of the magetostatic field, the transient field and the external circuit is done to verify the rationality of the design.
Depending on the design, a prototype of hybrid excitation permanent magnet synchronous generator with rated power 100kW is manufactured, and the systematic test and analysis is done. Through analyzing the test data of prototype and comparing with the results of magnetic circuit calculation and finite element simulation, the correctness of equivalent magnetic circuit and the accuracy of finite element analysis is validated, and the feasibility of the prospective silent tank structure. The starting resistant moment and the efficiency can reach the scheduled targets. It is able to keep exporting a constant voltage for the prototype in the predetermined speed range, even much winder range of speed. In a word, the prototype is done well achieved the performance requirements.
引文
[1]唐任远等著.现代永磁电机理论与设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000.
[2]窦一平.组合励磁稀土永磁同步发电机的设计研究：(博士学位论文).南京：南京航空航天大学,2002.
[3]LI Y, LIPO T A. A doubly salient PM motor capable of field weakening[J]. Proceedings of IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference,1995, (6):565-571.
[4]TAP1A J A, LEONARDl F, LIPO T A. Consequent pole permanent magnet machine with field weakening capability [J]. IEEE,2001, (1):126-131.
[5]AYDIN M, HUANGS R, LIPO TA. A new axial fiux surface mounted permanent magnet machine capable of field control [J].1EEE1AS Annual Meeting Pittsburgh,2002, (7):1250-1257.
[6]N. Naoe, T. Fukami. Trial production of a hybrid excitation type synchronous machine. Proceedings of IEMDC 2001,2001(1):545-547.
[7]赵朝会,秦海鸿,严仰光.混合励磁同步电机发展现状及应用前景.电机与控制学报,2006,]0(2)：]]3-117.
[8]AYDNM, HUANGSR, LIPOTA. A new axial flux surface mounted permanent magnet machine capable of field controls. USA:IEEE IAS Annual Meeting Pittsburgh,2002:1250-1257.
[9]Li Y, Lipo T A. A doubly salient permanent magnet motor capable of field weakening.Proceedings of IEEE Power Electronic Specialist Conference, Atlanta, USA,1995,1(6):565-571.
[10]Mizuno T. Basic principle and design of hybrid excitation synchronous machine.Nat. Conf. IEEE, Japan,1994:25.
[11]Juan A. Tapia, Franco Leonardi. Consequent-pole permanent-magnet machine with extended field-weakening capability. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2003,39(6):1704-1710.
[12]王惠军.混合励磁永磁同步发电机的设计研究：(硕士学位论文).沈阳：沈阳工业大学,2006.
[13]徐衍亮,唐任远.混合励磁同步电机的结构原理及参数计算.微特电机,2000,28(1)：16-18.
[14]金万兵,张东,唐任远等.混合励磁永磁同步发电机的分析与设计研究,沈阳工业大学学报,2004,26(1)：26-29.
[15]杨成峰,林鹤云,郭健.混合励磁爪极同步电机磁路结构及其调磁性能.微特电机,2007,35(7)：12-15.
[16]朱孝勇,程明,赵文祥等.混合励磁电机技术综述与发展展望.电工技术学报,2008,23(1)：30-39.
[17]王群京,李国丽,马飞等.具有永磁励磁的混合式爪极发电机空载磁场分析和电感计算,电工技术学报,2002(5)：1-5.
[18]Youyuan Ni, Qunjing Wang, Xiaohua Bao, Weiguo Zhu. Optimal Design of a Hybrid Excitation Claw-pole Alternator Based on a 3-D MEC Method. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems,2005(1):27-29.
[19]Yang Cheng Feng, Lin He Yun, Liu Xi Ping, etal. Electromagnetic Design of Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machine with Asymmetrically Stagger Permanent Magnet. International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems,2007(1):1617-1622.
[20]程树康,裴宇龙,张千帆.轴径向气隙混合磁路多边耦合电机非线性模型及性能参数的定量研究.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(16)：121-125.
[21]Y. Amara, J. Lucidarme, et al. A New Topology of Hybrid Synchronous Machine. IEEE Trans.1A. 2001,37(5):1273-128.
[22]T. Finken, K. Hameyer. Study of Hybrid Excited Synchronous Alternators for Automotive Applications Using Coupled FE and Circuit Simulations. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2008, 44(6):1598-1601.
[23]Yi Longfang, Hu Qiansheng, Yu Li. Static characteristics of a novel two-way hybrid excitation brushless motor. ICEMS2005,2005(1):710-713.
[24]赵朝会,秦海鸿,张卓然等.磁分路式径向结构混合励磁同步发电机的结构及原理分析.中国电机工程学报,2008,28(11)：145-150.
[25]张琪,应红亮,黄苏融等.旁路式混合励磁电机初探.电机与控制应用,2006,33(12)：17-21.
[26]张宏杰,唐任远,励庆孚.混合励磁永磁同步发电机的原理与设计.电工电能新技术,2002,21(1)：29-33.
[27]王秀和.永磁电机.北京：中国电力出版社,2007.
[28]陈世坤.电机设计.北京：机械工业出版社,2000.
[29]卢道英,王宗培.永磁电机的气隙系数.微特电机，1984：19-23.
[30]窦一平.组合励磁永磁同步发电机辅助电励磁部分的设计方法.南京师大学报(工程技术版),2001,1(2)：12-17.
[31]刘宁,徐秀英.直流永磁电机的气隙与计算极弧系数的选取.微电机,1998,31(1)：10-14.
[32]Ki-Chan Kim, Seung-Bin Lim, Ki-Bong Jang, Sung-Gu Lee, Ju Lee,Yeoung-Gyu Son, Young-Kil Yeo, Soo-Hyun Baek. Analysis on the Direct-Driven High Power Permanent Magnet Generator for Wind Turbine. Proceeding of the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems.2005,1:243-247.
[33]A.J. Mitcham, G. Antonopoulos and J.J.A. Cullen. Favourable slot and pole number combinations for fault-tolerant PM machines. Electric Power Applications,2004,151(5):520-525.
[34]N. Bianchi and M. Dai Pr. Use of the star of slots in designing fractional-slot single-layer synchronous motors. The Institution of Engineering and Technology,2006,153(3):459-466.
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[41]谭建成.三相无刷直流电动机分数槽集中绕组槽极数组合规律研究.微电机,2007,40(12)：72-86.
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[45]谭建成.三相无刷直流电动机分数槽集中绕组槽极数组合规律研究之降低永磁无刷直流电动机齿槽转矩的设计措施.微电机,2008,5(41)：72-77.
[46]Z. Q. Zhu, David Howe. Influence of Design Parameters on Cogging Torque in Permanent Magnet Machines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2000,15(4):407-412.
[47]Ramdane Lateb, Noureddine Takarabet, Farid Meibody-Tabar. Effect of Magnet Segmentation on the Cogging Torque in Surface-Mounted Permanent-Magnet Motors. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2006,42(3):442-445.
[48]Nicola Bianchi, Silverio Bolognani. Design Techniques for Reducing the Cogging Torque in Surface-Mounted PM Motors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2002,38(5): 1259-1265.
[2]窦一平.组合励磁稀土永磁同步发电机的设计研究：(博士学位论文).南京：南京航空航天大学,2002.
[3]LI Y, LIPO T A. A doubly salient PM motor capable of field weakening[J]. Proceedings of IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference,1995, (6):565-571.
[4]TAP1A J A, LEONARDl F, LIPO T A. Consequent pole permanent magnet machine with field weakening capability [J]. IEEE,2001, (1):126-131.
[5]AYDIN M, HUANGS R, LIPO TA. A new axial fiux surface mounted permanent magnet machine capable of field control [J].1EEE1AS Annual Meeting Pittsburgh,2002, (7):1250-1257.
[6]N. Naoe, T. Fukami. Trial production of a hybrid excitation type synchronous machine. Proceedings of IEMDC 2001,2001(1):545-547.
[7]赵朝会,秦海鸿,严仰光.混合励磁同步电机发展现状及应用前景.电机与控制学报,2006,]0(2)：]]3-117.
[8]AYDNM, HUANGSR, LIPOTA. A new axial flux surface mounted permanent magnet machine capable of field controls. USA:IEEE IAS Annual Meeting Pittsburgh,2002:1250-1257.
[9]Li Y, Lipo T A. A doubly salient permanent magnet motor capable of field weakening.Proceedings of IEEE Power Electronic Specialist Conference, Atlanta, USA,1995,1(6):565-571.
[10]Mizuno T. Basic principle and design of hybrid excitation synchronous machine.Nat. Conf. IEEE, Japan,1994:25.
[11]Juan A. Tapia, Franco Leonardi. Consequent-pole permanent-magnet machine with extended field-weakening capability. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2003,39(6):1704-1710.
[12]王惠军.混合励磁永磁同步发电机的设计研究：(硕士学位论文).沈阳：沈阳工业大学,2006.
[13]徐衍亮,唐任远.混合励磁同步电机的结构原理及参数计算.微特电机,2000,28(1)：16-18.
[14]金万兵,张东,唐任远等.混合励磁永磁同步发电机的分析与设计研究,沈阳工业大学学报,2004,26(1)：26-29.
[15]杨成峰,林鹤云,郭健.混合励磁爪极同步电机磁路结构及其调磁性能.微特电机,2007,35(7)：12-15.
[16]朱孝勇,程明,赵文祥等.混合励磁电机技术综述与发展展望.电工技术学报,2008,23(1)：30-39.
[17]王群京,李国丽,马飞等.具有永磁励磁的混合式爪极发电机空载磁场分析和电感计算,电工技术学报,2002(5)：1-5.
[18]Youyuan Ni, Qunjing Wang, Xiaohua Bao, Weiguo Zhu. Optimal Design of a Hybrid Excitation Claw-pole Alternator Based on a 3-D MEC Method. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems,2005(1):27-29.
[19]Yang Cheng Feng, Lin He Yun, Liu Xi Ping, etal. Electromagnetic Design of Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machine with Asymmetrically Stagger Permanent Magnet. International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems,2007(1):1617-1622.
[20]程树康,裴宇龙,张千帆.轴径向气隙混合磁路多边耦合电机非线性模型及性能参数的定量研究.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(16)：121-125.
[21]Y. Amara, J. Lucidarme, et al. A New Topology of Hybrid Synchronous Machine. IEEE Trans.1A. 2001,37(5):1273-128.
[22]T. Finken, K. Hameyer. Study of Hybrid Excited Synchronous Alternators for Automotive Applications Using Coupled FE and Circuit Simulations. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2008, 44(6):1598-1601.
[23]Yi Longfang, Hu Qiansheng, Yu Li. Static characteristics of a novel two-way hybrid excitation brushless motor. ICEMS2005,2005(1):710-713.
[24]赵朝会,秦海鸿,张卓然等.磁分路式径向结构混合励磁同步发电机的结构及原理分析.中国电机工程学报,2008,28(11)：145-150.
[25]张琪,应红亮,黄苏融等.旁路式混合励磁电机初探.电机与控制应用,2006,33(12)：17-21.
[26]张宏杰,唐任远,励庆孚.混合励磁永磁同步发电机的原理与设计.电工电能新技术,2002,21(1)：29-33.
[27]王秀和.永磁电机.北京：中国电力出版社,2007.
[28]陈世坤.电机设计.北京：机械工业出版社,2000.
[29]卢道英,王宗培.永磁电机的气隙系数.微特电机，1984：19-23.
[30]窦一平.组合励磁永磁同步发电机辅助电励磁部分的设计方法.南京师大学报(工程技术版),2001,1(2)：12-17.
[31]刘宁,徐秀英.直流永磁电机的气隙与计算极弧系数的选取.微电机,1998,31(1)：10-14.
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