钢纤维三维编织增强混凝土（3D-BSFC）的静动态力学性能的试验研究与数值模拟
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摘要
混凝土是目前应用最广泛的工程材料，存在抗拉强度低、韧性差等固有弱点，改进的主要方法是掺加钢纤维，已有研究证明，混凝土的强度等级越高、钢纤维的掺量越大，纤维的长径比越大，在基体中的分布越均匀，钢纤维增强混凝土的强度也越高，其抗冲击、抗侵彻、抗爆炸和抗震塌能力越强。本文尝试将三维编织技术和SFRC相结合，开发三维编织钢纤维增强混凝土（3-Dbraided steel fiber reinforced concrete，简写为3D-BSFC），提高混凝土中钢纤维的含量，控制钢纤维的分布和取向，形成3-D钢纤维网络结构，充分发挥钢纤维在混凝土中的增强增韧效能，得到性能优越的3D-BSFC，为防护工程提供了一种新的优质混凝土工程材料。本文取得的主要研究成果如下：
1、首先采用分层铺放－浇注工艺及钢纤维三维骨架编织—浇注工艺方法，成功制备出钢纤维体积率V f为5％、10％的三维正交3D-BSFC材料，以及相应V f的二维正交2D-BSFC材料，其砂浆体积填充率达到100％。
2、采用微机控制电液伺服万能试验机对3D-BSFC试件进行了2种低应变率（10~(-4)s-1和10~(-2)s~(-1)）下的准静态单轴压缩试验，获得了应力—应变全曲线，研究了其强度、压缩韧性以及弹性模量等基本力学特性，探讨了钢纤维掺量和应变率对其基本力学性能的影响规律。结果表明，高掺量3-D正交钢纤维对混凝土的强度可提高3倍以上，同时改善其变形能力，使韧性增强3.87倍；在较低应变率状态下，强度和弹性模量随着应变率的增大而增大，范围为10%～30%。根据力学性能和增强增韧效果，获得了力学性能最优的3D-BSFC材料。
3、采用直径为75mm的分离式霍普金森压杆(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar，SHPB)装置研究了混凝土基体材料及其相应的3D-BSFC试件的冲击压缩力学性能，得到了不同应变率下3D-BSFC材料的应力应变关系和动态强度增长因子（Dynamic Increasing Factor,简称DIF），观察了试件的破坏形态，研究了纤维体积率和纤维种类对3D-BSFC的动态性能的影响规律。结果表明，3D-BSFC的冲击抗压强度具有明显的应变率硬化效应，其冲击抗压强度和弹性模量随应变率增大而增大，峰值应变随应变率的增长而逐渐减小。3D-BSFC的DIF与应变率对数成双直线函数关系。在冲击压缩条件下，3D-BSFC的韧性基本上是随着应变率的增大而递增，在相同应变率下，钢纤维体积率越大，其韧性越强。混凝土类材料的冲击抗压强度与应变率之间的关系存在一个临界应变率k，当应变率超过k时其DIF显著增加，研究发现，混凝土类材料的动态应变率临界值k随其静态抗压强度的增大而增加。由于3-D钢纤维网络结构有效地限制了材料在冲击压缩作用下的侧向拉伸破坏，3D-BSFC具有很强的抗动态破坏能力，冲击后试件的完整性好。
4、首次将高速摄像系统与SHPB冲击实验系统综合运用，获得了3D-BSFC试件高速冲击过程中的变形场与应变场。结果表明，结果表明，在冲击过程中试件沿冲击方向的位移场和应变场都不是均匀的，而且试件相同横截面径向方向不同点的位移方向是随着时间变化的。在SHPB实验中，难以避免试件的端面摩擦效应、弥散效应和惯性效应对实验结果的影响。冲击过程中变形场和应变场的精确分析，有利于改进实验的软硬件环境，推动混凝土类材料的SHPB实验技术发展。
5、基于实测的准静态和动态力学数据，采用考虑损伤的ZWT本构模型拟合了3D-BSFC的动态本构关系。结果表明，ZWT本构模型能够较准确地反映3D-BSFC试件的动态应力应变曲线的上升段。
6、用HJC模型使用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件对3D-BSFC抗冲击和抗侵彻进行了数值模拟，抗冲击数值计算给出的试件强度与实测值比较接近，从数值角度验证了本文SHPB实验的有效性。同时模拟金属炮弹对SC0靶板、SC05靶板和SC10靶板的侵彻过程，结果表明：炮弹贯穿靶板时，相同初始速度及板厚，靶板材料的V f越高，炮弹的速度下降越明显，材料的抗侵彻越好；同时，炮弹残片越小，炮弹越容易产生破碎，靶板的贯穿孔越小，孔缘的残余应变越大，靶板的变形性能越好。入射角较小时，由贯穿通道较长，贯穿时间较长，炮弹剩余速度也较小，贯穿难度越大，但是60°倾斜入射比90°垂直入射产生的残余应变更大，破坏更严重。考察炮弹对厚板的垂直侵彻深度：炮弹对SC10靶板和SC05靶板的侵彻深度分别是SC0靶板的57%和80%，即相同初始条件下，靶板材料的V f越高，侵彻深度越小；而且残余应变越大，塑性变形能力越强，吸能效果越好；同时，炮弹速度减小越快，靶板的抗侵彻能力越强。以上结论对工程防护、抗侵彻、抗震塌等有非常重要的指导意义。
As one of the most widely used engineering materials, concrete are characterised by the inherentlow tensile strength and brittleness. Research has shown that high fiber content, large fiberlength-diameter ratio and well-proportioned distribution are beneficial to the strength and toughness ofsteel fiber reinforced concrete(SFRC), which consequently result in excellent anti-blast andanti-penetration performance, and obvious reduction of explosion induced spalling This research aimsat integrating3D braiding technique with SFRC and developing3-D braided steel fiber reinforcedconcrete (3D-BSFC).. Since fibers are not mixed in, fiber content in BSFC is not limited by the mixprocess as in SFRC, and the fiber orientation and distribution can also be designed. Furthermore, asbraided steel fibers can work integrally. It provides a new concrete material with high quality forvarious national defense and civil engineering. This paper obtained the main research results are asfollows:
The manufacturing procedures of making3D-BSFC include： Layered placement-castingtechnology and three-dimensional skeleton of steel fibers woven-casting technology.Then specimens of3D-BSFC and2D-BSFC with steel fiber volume content (V f) of0(SC0),5%(SC05)and10%(SC10) were prepared, and the mortar volume filling rate was100%.
Specimens with matrix strength of the C50were tested uniaxially by a multifunctionservo-controlled testing machine under three types of quasi-static low strain rate (10~(-4)s-1and10~(-2)s~(-1)).The whole stress-strain curve, strength, toughness and compression elasticity modulus were obtained.Compressive characteristics of3D-BSFC and influences of steel fiber content and strain rate on thebasic mechanical performances were investigated. The results show that the strength of3D-BSFCaresignificantly increased to3times as the matrix，and the ability of deformation is also improved withcompressive ductility increased to3.87times as the matrix. With the increase of strain rates, strengthand elastic modulus increase10%~30%respectively. At the same time, according to the mechanicalproperties of different fiber volume ratio, different fiber types and different fiber permutation,3D-BSFC is optimized,3D-BSFC specimens with superior performance were prepared.
Dynamic compressive properties of3D-BSFC specimens were tested by a75mm Split HopkinsonPressure Bar (SHPB), dynamic increasing factors(DIF) and stress-strain relations were obtained underdifferent strain rates, and dynamic failure modes were observed. And the effect of fiber-content andtype of fiber on the dynamic properties of materials were discussed. The results show that, Impactcompressive strength of3D-BSFC had a significant strain rate hardening effect, the impactcompressive strength and elastic modulus increased when the strain rate increased, but the peak straindecreased.The DIF of3D-BSFC and the logarithm of strain rate was double linear function; Thenotable contribution of steel fiber to3D-BSFC was toughening in shock compression, the toughnessbasically increased when the strain rate increased. In the same strain rate, the bigger of steel fibervolume ratio, the greater of the toughness. There is a critical strain rate k between strain rate and theimpact compressive strength of concrete materials, when the strain rate exceeds k, the DIF increasedsignificantly. It was found that the dynamic strain rate critical value of3D-BSFC increased when thestatic compression strength increased. The3D braid steel fiber skeleton played an enhanced role inanti-cracking resistance, effectively limited the destruction of materials under the action of lateral tensile damage.3D-BSFC had ability of strong resistance to dynamic destructive capacities. Shaperemains intact, only a few edge falls off, three-dimensional steel fiber complete still, did not loose.Dynamic strain rate critical value of concrete materials increased when its static compression strengthincreased.
For the first time, high-speed camera system and SHPB impact experiment system workedtogether, deformation fields and strain fields of specimens in the process of the high-speed impactwere obtained. By analying displacement field and strain field of the3D-BSFC specimens of impactduring compression, the results show that,in the impact process,the displacement field and strain fieldof the specimen along the impact direction is not uniform, and the displacement direction of differentpoints in the same radial cross section of the specimen change over time. Then it was found that frictioneffect, dispersion effect and the inertia effect of experimental impact of SHPB experiments wereunavoidable. In later study, the hardware and software environment would be changed through accurateanalysis of deformation fields and strain field, then the development of SHPB experiments theory ofconcrete materials would also be pushed forward.
Based on the experimental research work,3D-BSFC dynamic simulation of stress-strain curvecan be achieved by choosing ZWT considering damage constitutive model, The results show that, ZWTconstitutive model can accurately reflect of the the rising phase of dynamic stress-strain curve of the3D-BSFC specimens.
Using the HJC model, ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software was chosen to simulate theprocess of impact and anti-penetration of3D-BSFC. Impact strength of numerical calculation is closeto measured value of experiments, and the effectiveness of experiment is verified from the numericalperspective. Then the process of projectiles penetrating targets of3D-BSFC were simulated, resultsshowed that: when the projectiles went through the targets, under the same initial velocities ofprojectiles and the same thickness of the targets, the higherV fof the targets, the greater decline of thevelocity, the better anti-penetration characteristic, the smaller the shrapnel, the greater residual strain ofthe hole edge, and the better deformation performance of targets; and the smaller the angle of incidencewith the longer distance and duration,the smaller residual velocity, the greater difficulty going through;compared the oblique incidence of60°and the vertical incidence of90°, the former had the greaterresidual strain than the latter, and which produced more serious damage. When the projectiles verticallypenetrated the thick targets, the penetration depth of targets of SC10and SC05were57%and80%ofSC0; as the initial conditions were same, the higherV fof the targets,the smaller the penetrationdepth, the greater the residual strain, the better the plastic deformation performance, the stronger theenergy absorption; the faster the projectile velocity decreases, the stronger the anti-penetrationability.The conclusions above were very important guiding significance for the protection engineering,anti-penetration, and anti-collapse.
1、首先采用分层铺放－浇注工艺及钢纤维三维骨架编织—浇注工艺方法，成功制备出钢纤维体积率V f为5％、10％的三维正交3D-BSFC材料，以及相应V f的二维正交2D-BSFC材料，其砂浆体积填充率达到100％。
2、采用微机控制电液伺服万能试验机对3D-BSFC试件进行了2种低应变率（10~(-4)s-1和10~(-2)s~(-1)）下的准静态单轴压缩试验，获得了应力—应变全曲线，研究了其强度、压缩韧性以及弹性模量等基本力学特性，探讨了钢纤维掺量和应变率对其基本力学性能的影响规律。结果表明，高掺量3-D正交钢纤维对混凝土的强度可提高3倍以上，同时改善其变形能力，使韧性增强3.87倍；在较低应变率状态下，强度和弹性模量随着应变率的增大而增大，范围为10%～30%。根据力学性能和增强增韧效果，获得了力学性能最优的3D-BSFC材料。
3、采用直径为75mm的分离式霍普金森压杆(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar，SHPB)装置研究了混凝土基体材料及其相应的3D-BSFC试件的冲击压缩力学性能，得到了不同应变率下3D-BSFC材料的应力应变关系和动态强度增长因子（Dynamic Increasing Factor,简称DIF），观察了试件的破坏形态，研究了纤维体积率和纤维种类对3D-BSFC的动态性能的影响规律。结果表明，3D-BSFC的冲击抗压强度具有明显的应变率硬化效应，其冲击抗压强度和弹性模量随应变率增大而增大，峰值应变随应变率的增长而逐渐减小。3D-BSFC的DIF与应变率对数成双直线函数关系。在冲击压缩条件下，3D-BSFC的韧性基本上是随着应变率的增大而递增，在相同应变率下，钢纤维体积率越大，其韧性越强。混凝土类材料的冲击抗压强度与应变率之间的关系存在一个临界应变率k，当应变率超过k时其DIF显著增加，研究发现，混凝土类材料的动态应变率临界值k随其静态抗压强度的增大而增加。由于3-D钢纤维网络结构有效地限制了材料在冲击压缩作用下的侧向拉伸破坏，3D-BSFC具有很强的抗动态破坏能力，冲击后试件的完整性好。
4、首次将高速摄像系统与SHPB冲击实验系统综合运用，获得了3D-BSFC试件高速冲击过程中的变形场与应变场。结果表明，结果表明，在冲击过程中试件沿冲击方向的位移场和应变场都不是均匀的，而且试件相同横截面径向方向不同点的位移方向是随着时间变化的。在SHPB实验中，难以避免试件的端面摩擦效应、弥散效应和惯性效应对实验结果的影响。冲击过程中变形场和应变场的精确分析，有利于改进实验的软硬件环境，推动混凝土类材料的SHPB实验技术发展。
5、基于实测的准静态和动态力学数据，采用考虑损伤的ZWT本构模型拟合了3D-BSFC的动态本构关系。结果表明，ZWT本构模型能够较准确地反映3D-BSFC试件的动态应力应变曲线的上升段。
6、用HJC模型使用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件对3D-BSFC抗冲击和抗侵彻进行了数值模拟，抗冲击数值计算给出的试件强度与实测值比较接近，从数值角度验证了本文SHPB实验的有效性。同时模拟金属炮弹对SC0靶板、SC05靶板和SC10靶板的侵彻过程，结果表明：炮弹贯穿靶板时，相同初始速度及板厚，靶板材料的V f越高，炮弹的速度下降越明显，材料的抗侵彻越好；同时，炮弹残片越小，炮弹越容易产生破碎，靶板的贯穿孔越小，孔缘的残余应变越大，靶板的变形性能越好。入射角较小时，由贯穿通道较长，贯穿时间较长，炮弹剩余速度也较小，贯穿难度越大，但是60°倾斜入射比90°垂直入射产生的残余应变更大，破坏更严重。考察炮弹对厚板的垂直侵彻深度：炮弹对SC10靶板和SC05靶板的侵彻深度分别是SC0靶板的57%和80%，即相同初始条件下，靶板材料的V f越高，侵彻深度越小；而且残余应变越大，塑性变形能力越强，吸能效果越好；同时，炮弹速度减小越快，靶板的抗侵彻能力越强。以上结论对工程防护、抗侵彻、抗震塌等有非常重要的指导意义。
As one of the most widely used engineering materials, concrete are characterised by the inherentlow tensile strength and brittleness. Research has shown that high fiber content, large fiberlength-diameter ratio and well-proportioned distribution are beneficial to the strength and toughness ofsteel fiber reinforced concrete(SFRC), which consequently result in excellent anti-blast andanti-penetration performance, and obvious reduction of explosion induced spalling This research aimsat integrating3D braiding technique with SFRC and developing3-D braided steel fiber reinforcedconcrete (3D-BSFC).. Since fibers are not mixed in, fiber content in BSFC is not limited by the mixprocess as in SFRC, and the fiber orientation and distribution can also be designed. Furthermore, asbraided steel fibers can work integrally. It provides a new concrete material with high quality forvarious national defense and civil engineering. This paper obtained the main research results are asfollows:
The manufacturing procedures of making3D-BSFC include： Layered placement-castingtechnology and three-dimensional skeleton of steel fibers woven-casting technology.Then specimens of3D-BSFC and2D-BSFC with steel fiber volume content (V f) of0(SC0),5%(SC05)and10%(SC10) were prepared, and the mortar volume filling rate was100%.
Specimens with matrix strength of the C50were tested uniaxially by a multifunctionservo-controlled testing machine under three types of quasi-static low strain rate (10~(-4)s-1and10~(-2)s~(-1)).The whole stress-strain curve, strength, toughness and compression elasticity modulus were obtained.Compressive characteristics of3D-BSFC and influences of steel fiber content and strain rate on thebasic mechanical performances were investigated. The results show that the strength of3D-BSFCaresignificantly increased to3times as the matrix，and the ability of deformation is also improved withcompressive ductility increased to3.87times as the matrix. With the increase of strain rates, strengthand elastic modulus increase10%~30%respectively. At the same time, according to the mechanicalproperties of different fiber volume ratio, different fiber types and different fiber permutation,3D-BSFC is optimized,3D-BSFC specimens with superior performance were prepared.
Dynamic compressive properties of3D-BSFC specimens were tested by a75mm Split HopkinsonPressure Bar (SHPB), dynamic increasing factors(DIF) and stress-strain relations were obtained underdifferent strain rates, and dynamic failure modes were observed. And the effect of fiber-content andtype of fiber on the dynamic properties of materials were discussed. The results show that, Impactcompressive strength of3D-BSFC had a significant strain rate hardening effect, the impactcompressive strength and elastic modulus increased when the strain rate increased, but the peak straindecreased.The DIF of3D-BSFC and the logarithm of strain rate was double linear function; Thenotable contribution of steel fiber to3D-BSFC was toughening in shock compression, the toughnessbasically increased when the strain rate increased. In the same strain rate, the bigger of steel fibervolume ratio, the greater of the toughness. There is a critical strain rate k between strain rate and theimpact compressive strength of concrete materials, when the strain rate exceeds k, the DIF increasedsignificantly. It was found that the dynamic strain rate critical value of3D-BSFC increased when thestatic compression strength increased. The3D braid steel fiber skeleton played an enhanced role inanti-cracking resistance, effectively limited the destruction of materials under the action of lateral tensile damage.3D-BSFC had ability of strong resistance to dynamic destructive capacities. Shaperemains intact, only a few edge falls off, three-dimensional steel fiber complete still, did not loose.Dynamic strain rate critical value of concrete materials increased when its static compression strengthincreased.
For the first time, high-speed camera system and SHPB impact experiment system workedtogether, deformation fields and strain fields of specimens in the process of the high-speed impactwere obtained. By analying displacement field and strain field of the3D-BSFC specimens of impactduring compression, the results show that,in the impact process,the displacement field and strain fieldof the specimen along the impact direction is not uniform, and the displacement direction of differentpoints in the same radial cross section of the specimen change over time. Then it was found that frictioneffect, dispersion effect and the inertia effect of experimental impact of SHPB experiments wereunavoidable. In later study, the hardware and software environment would be changed through accurateanalysis of deformation fields and strain field, then the development of SHPB experiments theory ofconcrete materials would also be pushed forward.
Based on the experimental research work,3D-BSFC dynamic simulation of stress-strain curvecan be achieved by choosing ZWT considering damage constitutive model, The results show that, ZWTconstitutive model can accurately reflect of the the rising phase of dynamic stress-strain curve of the3D-BSFC specimens.
Using the HJC model, ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software was chosen to simulate theprocess of impact and anti-penetration of3D-BSFC. Impact strength of numerical calculation is closeto measured value of experiments, and the effectiveness of experiment is verified from the numericalperspective. Then the process of projectiles penetrating targets of3D-BSFC were simulated, resultsshowed that: when the projectiles went through the targets, under the same initial velocities ofprojectiles and the same thickness of the targets, the higherV fof the targets, the greater decline of thevelocity, the better anti-penetration characteristic, the smaller the shrapnel, the greater residual strain ofthe hole edge, and the better deformation performance of targets; and the smaller the angle of incidencewith the longer distance and duration,the smaller residual velocity, the greater difficulty going through;compared the oblique incidence of60°and the vertical incidence of90°, the former had the greaterresidual strain than the latter, and which produced more serious damage. When the projectiles verticallypenetrated the thick targets, the penetration depth of targets of SC10and SC05were57%and80%ofSC0; as the initial conditions were same, the higherV fof the targets,the smaller the penetrationdepth, the greater the residual strain, the better the plastic deformation performance, the stronger theenergy absorption; the faster the projectile velocity decreases, the stronger the anti-penetrationability.The conclusions above were very important guiding significance for the protection engineering,anti-penetration, and anti-collapse.
引文
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