平原水库土工膜防渗及围坝稳定性分析
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摘要
沿黄地区的平原水库由于土质的影响存在比较严重的渗漏问题,采用土工膜防渗已成为一种普遍的工程措施。虽然土工膜具有防渗性能好、适应变形能力高、耐腐蚀、抗冻性能好等优点,但是土工膜在铺设以及使用过程中容易出现土工膜缺陷,而土工膜缺陷尺寸非常小并且在工程中难以查找,对水库渗流分析以及稳定性分析造成诸多不便。国内对于土工膜渗漏对坝体的影响研究较晚,特别是对土工膜缺陷渗漏量的研究从20世纪80中期才开始,仍处于半经验半理论的状态。
本文在查阅大量国内外有关文献、总结和分析前人研究成果的基础上,通过研究土工膜缺陷各种影响因素对渗流分析、稳定性分析的影响,通过有限单元法对平原水库土工膜防渗进行渗流分析及稳定性分析,主要做了以下工作：
1、研究了饱和-非饱和渗流分析方法,详细介绍了国外土水特征曲线及渗透系数方程估算方法。
2、根据土工膜缺陷渗漏的各种影响因素,应用土工膜厚度等效变换理论对土工膜进行有限单元划分,解决了土工膜厚度小难以数值模拟的困难,建立了土工膜防渗的渗流有限元模型。通过数值模拟计算,探讨了土工膜防渗的围坝稳定渗流场,在考虑和不考虑非饱和区域对渗流分析结果上的区别。
3、对坝体坝基进行了渗流分析及稳定性分析,分别采用经验公式法和有限元法进行了计算,并与工程实际测量数据进行了对比,分析各种方法的优缺点及精确度,通过计算分析了土工膜在防渗中的优点。
4、研究了土工膜缺陷对渗漏量、浸润线等渗流要素及坝坡稳定性的影响。分别分析了土工膜缺陷位置、大小、密集程度及土工膜与下面土层接触情况对渗流要素及稳定性的影响,分析了坝体排水层对稳定性影响。
Because of the influence of the soil, the plain reservoirs along the Yellow River have serious problems of leakage; geomembrane used in seepage control has become a common engineering measure. Although the geomembrane has the advantages of well seepage control, high capacity adapting to the deformation, corrosion resistance, frost resistance.etc, it performances geomembrane defects easily in laying and using. These geomembrane defects are very small and hard to be found, causing inconvenience to reservoir seepage and stability analysis. The influence of geomembrane seepage to dam studied lately in Domestic, especially the study of geomembrane defect leakage was from1980s and still in a state of half experience and half theory.
Based on referring to a large number of domestic and foreign references, summarizing and analyzing predecessors' research results, this paper studied the impact of various factors of geomembrane defects to seepage and stability analysis. The seepage and stability of geomembrane in seepage control is studied by finite element method, mainly for the following:
1、The saturated-unsaturated seepage analysis method is discussed, and the soil water characteristic curve and the estimation method of osmotic coefficient equation abroad is introduced in detail.
2、Based on all kinds of influence factors to geomembrane defects leakage, the theory of geomembrane thickness equivalent transformation is used to build finite element. The hardness of numerical simulation of thickness geomembrane is solved. The finite element model of geomembrane in seepage control is established. Discussing the dam's steady seepage field with geomembrane by numerical simulation, and the difference of seepage analysis results between considering the ansaturated seepage field or not.
3、Seepage and stability analysis is done to the dam and its foundation by using experience formula method and finite element method. Compared with the engineering practice, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of various methods, and analyzes the advantages of the geomembrane in seepage control by calculation.
4、The influence of geomembrane defect to leakage fluxes,seepage line, as well as the stability of the dam slope is studied. The influence of geomembrane defect location, size, intensity and the condition of geomembrane in contact with layer soil to seepage parameters as well as stability respectively is analyzed. The influence of dam drainage layer to stability is researched.
本文在查阅大量国内外有关文献、总结和分析前人研究成果的基础上,通过研究土工膜缺陷各种影响因素对渗流分析、稳定性分析的影响,通过有限单元法对平原水库土工膜防渗进行渗流分析及稳定性分析,主要做了以下工作：
1、研究了饱和-非饱和渗流分析方法,详细介绍了国外土水特征曲线及渗透系数方程估算方法。
2、根据土工膜缺陷渗漏的各种影响因素,应用土工膜厚度等效变换理论对土工膜进行有限单元划分,解决了土工膜厚度小难以数值模拟的困难,建立了土工膜防渗的渗流有限元模型。通过数值模拟计算,探讨了土工膜防渗的围坝稳定渗流场,在考虑和不考虑非饱和区域对渗流分析结果上的区别。
3、对坝体坝基进行了渗流分析及稳定性分析,分别采用经验公式法和有限元法进行了计算,并与工程实际测量数据进行了对比,分析各种方法的优缺点及精确度,通过计算分析了土工膜在防渗中的优点。
4、研究了土工膜缺陷对渗漏量、浸润线等渗流要素及坝坡稳定性的影响。分别分析了土工膜缺陷位置、大小、密集程度及土工膜与下面土层接触情况对渗流要素及稳定性的影响,分析了坝体排水层对稳定性影响。
Because of the influence of the soil, the plain reservoirs along the Yellow River have serious problems of leakage; geomembrane used in seepage control has become a common engineering measure. Although the geomembrane has the advantages of well seepage control, high capacity adapting to the deformation, corrosion resistance, frost resistance.etc, it performances geomembrane defects easily in laying and using. These geomembrane defects are very small and hard to be found, causing inconvenience to reservoir seepage and stability analysis. The influence of geomembrane seepage to dam studied lately in Domestic, especially the study of geomembrane defect leakage was from1980s and still in a state of half experience and half theory.
Based on referring to a large number of domestic and foreign references, summarizing and analyzing predecessors' research results, this paper studied the impact of various factors of geomembrane defects to seepage and stability analysis. The seepage and stability of geomembrane in seepage control is studied by finite element method, mainly for the following:
1、The saturated-unsaturated seepage analysis method is discussed, and the soil water characteristic curve and the estimation method of osmotic coefficient equation abroad is introduced in detail.
2、Based on all kinds of influence factors to geomembrane defects leakage, the theory of geomembrane thickness equivalent transformation is used to build finite element. The hardness of numerical simulation of thickness geomembrane is solved. The finite element model of geomembrane in seepage control is established. Discussing the dam's steady seepage field with geomembrane by numerical simulation, and the difference of seepage analysis results between considering the ansaturated seepage field or not.
3、Seepage and stability analysis is done to the dam and its foundation by using experience formula method and finite element method. Compared with the engineering practice, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of various methods, and analyzes the advantages of the geomembrane in seepage control by calculation.
4、The influence of geomembrane defect to leakage fluxes,seepage line, as well as the stability of the dam slope is studied. The influence of geomembrane defect location, size, intensity and the condition of geomembrane in contact with layer soil to seepage parameters as well as stability respectively is analyzed. The influence of dam drainage layer to stability is researched.
引文
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[3]Giroud, J. P, Badu-Tweneboah, K. Evaluation of landfill liners[C].5th Int. Conf. on Geotextiles, Geomembranes, and Related Products, International Geosynthetics Society,Minneapolis,1994,981-986.
[4]Benson, C.H., Tinjum, J.M. Leakage rates from geomembrane liners containing holes[J]. Industrial Fabrics Association International,1995,745-758.
[5]Walton, J., Rahman, M., Casey, D., Picornell, M. Leakage through flaws in geomembrane liners[J]. Geotech and Geoenvir ASCE,2001,123(6),534-539.
[6]Foose, G. J, Tachavises, C. Using MODFLOW to analyze geoenvironmental engineering problems [J].International Groundwater Modeling Center Golden Colo, 1998,81-88.
[7]Giroud, J. P. Equations for calculating the rate of liquid migration through composite liners due to geomembrane defects [J]. Geosynthetics Industrial Fabrics Association International, Minneapolis,1997,4(3-4):335-348.
[8]Van Genuchten, M.T. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,44:892-898.
[9]Van Genuchten. A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils [J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44:892-898.
[10]Fredlund D G, XING Anqing, HUANG Shangyan. Predicting the permeability function for unsaturated soils using the soil water characteristic curve [J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 1994,31:533-546.
[11]Arya L M, Pa ris J F. A physic empirical model to predict the soil moisture characteristic from particle size distribution and bulk density data[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1981,45:1023-1030.
[12]FrealundM D, Wilson G W, Fredlund D G. Use of the grain sizedistribution for estimation of the soil water characteristic curve [J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2002,39(5):11031-1117.
[13]Green R E, Corey J C. Calculation of Hydraulic Conductivity:A Further Evaluation o f Some Predictive Methods [A]. Soil Science Society of America Pro ceedings [C],1971,35:3-8.
[14]C.T. Weber,J.G. Zornberg.Numerical Analysis of Leakage through Geomembrane Lining Systems for Dams[C]. The First Pan American Geosynthetics Conference & Exhibition,2008.
[15]Foose, G.J., Benson, C.H., and Edil, T.B. Predicting Leakage through Composite Landfill Liners [J]. Geotech. and Geoenvir Engrg,2001,127(6),534-539.
[16]Touze-Foltz, N., Rowe, R.K. Liquid flow through composite liners due to geomembrane defects:nonuniform hydraulic transmissivity at the liner interface [J]. Geosynthetics International,2001,8 (1),1-26.
[17]Giroud, J.P, Touze-Foltz, N. Geomembranes in landfills[C].The 7th International Conference on Geosynthetics,2003,10 (4),124-133.
[18]Giroud, Badu-Tweneboah. Rate of leakage through a composite liner due to geomembrane defects [J]. Geotextiles and Geomembranes,2001,11(1):1-28.
[19]Rowe, R.K. Geosynthetics and the minimization of contaminant migration through barrier systems beneath solid waste [C].The 6th Int. Conf. on Geosynthetics, International Geosynthetics Society,2002,27-102.
[20]Aubertin M. M bonimpa B, Bussiere, Chapu is R P. A physically based model to predict the water retention curve from basic geotechnical properties [M]. Submitted to the Canadian Geotechnical Journal for Publication,2001.
[21]Touze-Foltz, N, Giroud, J.P. Empirical equations for calculating the rate of liquid flow through composite liners due to geomembrane defects[J]. Geosynthetics nternational,2003,10 (6),215-233.
22] Cartaud, F., Duval, Y., Touze-Foltz, N. Experimental investigation of the nfluence of a geotextile beneath the geomembrane in a composite liner on the eakage through a hole in the geomembrane[J]. Geotextiles and Geomembranes,2005,23,117-143.
[23]Colucci, P., Lavagnolo, M.C. Three years field experience in electrical control of synthetic landfill liners[C]. Proceedings of the Sardinia 95 Conference, Cagliari, Italy, 1995(2),437-452.
[24]Hakami, E., Larsson, E. Aperture measurements and flow experiments on a single natural fracture [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanic Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1996,33 (4),395-404.
[25]顾淦臣.复合上工膜上石坝的设计和计算[J].水利规划设计,2000,(4).
[26]束一鸣.土工膜连接和缺陷渗漏量计算与缺陷渗流影响[J].人民长江2002,(3).
[27]廖志来,魏东,侍克斌.坝体土工膜防渗结构抗滑稳定研究现状和前景[J].中国水利,2008,(18).
[28]毛昶熙.渗流计算分析与控制(第二版)[M].北京：中国水利水电出版,2003.
[29]顾慰慈.渗流计算原理及应用[M].北京：中国建材工业出版社,2001.
[30]毛昶熙,段祥宝,李祖贻.渗流数值计算与程序应用[M].南京,河海大学出版社,1999.
[31]曹先玉,钱双强,路世贵.均质坝土工膜防渗渗流有限元计算[J].山东水利,1999,(5)：29-30.
[32]刘洁,毛昶熙.堤坝饱和与非饱和渗流计算的有限单元法[J].水利水运科学研究,1997,(9)：242-252.
[33]刘洁,毛昶熙.堤坝饱和与非饱和渗流计算的有限单元法[J].水利水运科学研宄,1997,(9)：242-252.
[34]程伟平.动态模型在土石坝长期渗流稳定性分析中的研究[J].水力发电学报,2005,2-4(4).
[35]牛文杰,叶为民,刘绍刚,禹海涛.考虑饱和-非饱和渗流的土坡极限分析[J].岩土力学,2009,(8).
[36]陈祖煜.上质边坡稳定分析-原理方法程序[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[37]岑威严钧,(?)长松.复合土工膜防渗土坝坝坡的抗滑稳定性研究[J].水利规划设计,2002,(4).
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