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支撑西北干旱地区经济可持续发展的水资源承载力评价与模拟研究
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摘要
水资源是经济社会发展的基础性资源,它与石油资源、粮食资源一起并称为三大战略资源。随着中国经济、社会的快速发展,需水量迅速增加,水资源供需矛盾已经成为我国经济增长与环境保护所面临的最突出的问题之一。同时,水资源也是影响生态平衡的重要因素,随着水资源的过度使用,水土流失、水环境恶化也愈发突出。而这些问题在干旱缺水的西北地区显得更加突出,西北地区水资源形势具有自身的特点,如水资源量先天不足、水资源开发率较高、用水效率较低、过量开发导致水环境恶化、水环境污染导致水资源可供给量减少等等。面对着西北地区落后的发展现状与未来的发展机遇,西北干旱地区发展的压力依然巨大。因此,如何处理好西北干旱地区水资源与环境、经济和社会之间的可持续发展关系,加速改变经济增长方式,推动水资源高效利用,促进水环境保护,加快生态文明建设便成为社会的普遍关注焦点,也成为研究的热点。本文正是基于以上目的,以陕西省为例,对西北干旱地区水资源承载力进行研究,主要包括:
     (1)完善水资源生态经济社会循环机理。突破原有水资源量承载局限,将绿水资源与生态环境需水纳入到整个水循环过程体系,实现对自然生态系统的拓展;以虚拟水理论为基础,通过商品贸易将水资源纳入到社会经济系统的贸易循环中,实现对社会经济系统的拓展。
     (2)构建了水资源承载力静态评价模型。论文以河流生态需水条件下水资源生态经济社会循环机理研究为基础,运用虚拟水理论和水足迹理论,建立以水资源承载力赤字、经济承载力、社会承载力以及生态承载力为指标的水资源现状承载力评价应用模型;以河流生态需水条件下水资源生态经济社会循环机理研究为基础,对快速工业化和城市化背景下水资源承载力的水资源系统、生态环境系统、社会人口系统以及经济发展系统中的影响因子进行搜索归纳和整理,建立水资源相对承载力评价应用模型。基于水资源承载力中水资源系统、生态环境系统、社会人口系统以及经济发展系统的分析,构建水资源承载力的多目标规划模型,探索在一定社会水平及技术条件下,水资源承载力的边界。
     (3)构建水资源承载力的动态分析框架。论文构建了水资源载力动态变化规律分析的SD模型,并将河流生态需水以及水资源承载力静态评价指标纳入SD模型。在SD模型构建中,结合水资源利用的特点,考虑经济系统中污水资源化、经济结构调整以及内外水循环交易的影响,建立经济系统的反馈回路,使系统更加符合现实和完备。在水资源承载力动态分析中,构建传统型、高速发展型、资源环境保护型和经济环境协调型四种不同的发展模式模拟方案。
     (4)水资源承载力现状检验及动态分析的实证研究。论文以陕西省为例进行实证研究,主要结果如下:
     ①现状承载力计算结果表明,水资源对经济、社会以及生态的发展仍然处于可支撑的范围之内。但是,由于目前的技术水平以及开发条件、开发理念的限制,对蓝水资源开发利用较大,这已经造成了水资源局部承载力不足,也挤占了生态环境用水,成为造成水生态环境恶化的主要因素。
     ②相对承载力计算结果表明,近10年来,陕西省水资源承载力水平均处于Ⅱ级与Ⅲ级之间,水资源利用还有潜力可挖。但是水资源相对承载力呈现明显的下降趋势。因此,提高水资源利用效率,转变经济增长方式,保持可持续发展已经成为一件迫在眉睫的事情。
     ③极限承载力计算结果表明,水资源承载能力受自然环境较大的影响,但是在水量一定的情况下,承载能力会随着水资源利用水平的提高而迅速提高。同时,在技术一定的情况下,产业结构及用水结构的调整会对水资源利用的效益产生影响,会部分程度上优化水资源的利用,从而提高水资源的承载能力。这为水资源承载力的动态发展与利用优化指出了一个可实行的方向。
     ④通过SD系统分析,TDS和HES发展模式对水资源的需求极大,但由于发展方式的粗犷,造成经济社会的不可持续发展。REPS和EECS模式减小了水资源的需求,发展速度与技术进步相匹配,使得水资源相对承载力水平有所好转,随着利用水平、技术水平的进一步发展,水资源承载力还有一定提高的潜力。
Water resources are the basis resources for the economic and social development.It with resources of petroleum and food is called three strategic resources. With therapid development of China's economy and society, the demand of water is increasingrapidly; the contradiction between supply and demand of water has become one of themost prominent issues in China's economic growth and environmental protection. Thesame time, water is important factors that affect the ecological balance. The problems ofexcessive use of water resources and soil and water loss become more prominent. Theseproblems in the northwest region is even more prominent, and the water resourcessituation in the northwest region has its own characteristics, such as the quantity ofwater is congenitally deficient, a higher rate of water resources development, the lowerefficiency of water use, excessive development led to the deterioration of waterenvironment, water pollution caused reduced supply, and so on. Face the developmentstatus and opportunities of northwest region; the development pressure is still huge.Therefore, how to deal with the relationship between environmental, economic andsocial sustainable development, and to promote the efficient use of water, the protectionof environment, and speed up the construction of ecological civilization became socialfocus and research hotspots. This paper is based on the above objective, taking ShanxiProvince as an example, research on the water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) innorthwestern region. Mainly includes:
     (1)Improve the water circulation mechanism. Breakthrough the amount of waterresources bearing limited, the green water resources and water of environmentalrequirement were into the whole process of water circulation system, realizes thedevelopment of the natural-ecological system. Based on virtual water theory, water resource has into the trade cycle of social and economic system. It realize thedevelopment of social-economy system.
     (2) Build the static evaluation model of WRCC. Papers by theecological-economic and water resources circulation mechanism as the foundation, onthe basis of the virtual water theory and water footprint, establish a present situation ofWRCC evaluation model; including its indicators: deficit of the WRCC, economycarrying capacity, social carrying capacity and ecological carrying capacity. By theecological-economic and water resources circulation mechanism as the foundation, onthe background of the rapid industrialization and urbanization, to search and sorting theimpact factors of ecological-environmental system, society, population and economicdevelopment system, establish a relative situation of WRCC evaluation model. Basedon analysis water resources system, ecological-environmental system, society,population and economic development system, and build a multi-objectiveprogramming model of the WRCC exploration to a certain level of social and technicalconditions, the boundary of the WRCC.
     (3) The construction of WRCC of dynamic analysis framework. Thesis build theSD model of WRCC dynamic change, and the river ecological water requirement andWRCC static evaluation index into the SD model. In SD model building, combiningwith the characteristics of water resource utilization, wastewater reuse in economicsystems, economic structure adjustment and the influence of inside and outside watercirculation transactions, to establish economic feedback loops in the system, make thesystem more realistic and complete. In dynamic analysis of the WRCC, Paper builds thesimulation scheme of four kinds of different development models. It was TraditionalDevelopment Scheme (TDS); High Economical Scheme (HES); Resource-EnvironmentProtected Scheme (REPS); Economical-Environment Coordinate Scheme (EECS).
     (4)WRCC status inspection and dynamic analysis of empirical research. Thepaper takes Shanxi Province as an example, through the analysis of the results:
     ①The results of the carrying capacity showed that, on the economic, social andecological development is still within the range of support; Shanxi province also has alarger space for development and growth. However, due to the current level oftechnology and development conditions, the limit of development concept, the larger development and utilization of blue water resources, has caused the water resource ofthe local bearing capacity is insufficient, also diverted the water ecological environment,become the main factors causing the deterioration of ecological environment water.Future expansion of green water resources utilization, for effective utilization of waterresources, including the utilization of reclaimed water, is one of the effective ways toimprove the WRCC.
     ②The status quo capacity calculation results show that nearly10years, theaverage Shanxi Province WRCC in between class II and III level, the use of waterresources, there is potential to be tapped. However, the relative carrying capacity ofwater resources presents a significant downward trend. Therefore, to improve water useefficiency, change the mode of economic growth, and maintain the sustainabledevelopment has become an urgent thing.
     ③The results of ultimate carrying capacity show that, WRCC affected by naturalenvironment greatly. At the same time, the technology of water, industrial structure andstructural adjustment will affect the utilization of water resource utilization efficiency;will optimize water resources to some extent, so as to improve the bearing capacity ofwater resources. The dynamic development of the bearing capacity of water resourcesand using optimization points out a feasible direction.
     ④Through the analysis of SD system, TDS and HES mode needs more waterresources, but because of the coarse development, the economic development is notsustainable. The REPS and EECS mode reduces the demand for water, the developmentspeed and technical progress to match, so the WRCC of relative level has improved,with the further development of utilization level, technical level, the WRCC hasimproved potential.
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