关于我国港口定价问题的研究
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摘要
港口产业不仅是维系社会经济正常运行的一个重要基础产业,而且作为国际集装箱、散货运输体系的枢纽和对外交流的窗口,在促进国际贸易和地区经济发展中起着重要的作用。因此各个国家和地区对各自的港口在国际集装箱和散货运输体系中的作用和地位都十分重视。
在全球经济和国际贸易持续增长以及船舶大型化的今天,由于船公司对港口的使用更加集中,我国各省市港口为争夺区域性中心港的地位,纷纷采取低价揽取货源,盲目扩大市场份额,使得价格竞争愈演愈烈。政府作为对市场机制有力的补充,如何设计合理的价格机制、调控港口费率以防止港口间的恶性竞争、实现港口间资源的合理配置、港口设备的充分利用都是政府宏观调控机构所要面临的问题。
本文首先给出港口定价及两种定价理论的概念,介绍了国内外流行的四种港口定价的方法,并对以上几种方法的优缺点进行了分析。接着,对改革开放前后我国港口定价方法的沿革进行了回顾。在港口内贸价格放开后,港口问价格战使得交通部制定了行业自律公约,本文运用现代产业组织理论的分析方法对价格联盟这一组织形式的效率和不稳定性进行了分析,并提出解决这一问题的几点建议。本文不仅针对制定自律价这一举动提出了改进意见,而且对我国港口外贸定价的改革前景进行了探讨。
通过本文的研究及分析,希望能给港口、码头经营者以启迪。在文章的结尾作者展望了港口外贸定价的改革前景,并对今后政府和市场在我国港口定价的问题上如何相继抉择提出了展望。
Port industry is not only to maintain the normal operation of the economy and an important foundation for industry, but also as international container and bulk cargo transport hub system of foreign exchange and the window, it plays an important role in the promotion of international trade and regional economic development. Thus, all countries and regions are very concerned about the role and status of the respective ports in international container and bulk cargo transport system. In the background of global economy and international trade has continued to grow and the size of the ships are bigger, Due to the use of the Port are more concentrated by shipping company, for becoming the regional center, all ports are in the effort to expand market share, then growing competition comes.
Currently, in our ports of the actual operation, the government-funded, large state-owned enterprises owned, joint ventures, social capital ports occupy a certain percentage, even in the same port has a different operating company. As a port operational supervisor, the government of the port has control over pricing. From the government's highly example, the government's macro-control agencies have to answer the question how to design a reasonable price mechanism and port rate to prevent the vicious inter-port competition between ports and realize the rational allocation of resources, whether port facilities are fully utilized.
The purpose of this thesis is through introducing four kinds of domestic and foreign port pricing model, in the hope of giving the government and the port, Terminal operators enlightenment of our ports in the pricing strategy of a deeper level of understanding, working out a more reasonable port charges admission policy as soon as possible for the port charges with international practice. In the background of Internal trade ports in China have gradually liberalized prices and the Ministry of Communications makes self-regulatory price for controlling the price war between the ports, This paper not only moves suggesting improvements against the self-price, and the port pricing reforms were discussed.
The paper presents the definition of port pricing and two pricing theory, the concepts of four international popular port pricing methods as well as several methods were compared. Then the history of the reform and opening up of China's port pricing methods for the evolution has been recalled. After the opening of domestic prices in the port, the price war between ports makes the Ministry of Communications formulate a self-discipline convention. In this paper, the efficiency and stability of industrial enterprises Union as a form of organization has been anglicized by the application of modern economic theory, and propose solutions to the problem have been proposed. Finally, we looked forward to the foreign trade port pricing in the prospect of reform, and pricing methods are discussed.
在全球经济和国际贸易持续增长以及船舶大型化的今天,由于船公司对港口的使用更加集中,我国各省市港口为争夺区域性中心港的地位,纷纷采取低价揽取货源,盲目扩大市场份额,使得价格竞争愈演愈烈。政府作为对市场机制有力的补充,如何设计合理的价格机制、调控港口费率以防止港口间的恶性竞争、实现港口间资源的合理配置、港口设备的充分利用都是政府宏观调控机构所要面临的问题。
本文首先给出港口定价及两种定价理论的概念,介绍了国内外流行的四种港口定价的方法,并对以上几种方法的优缺点进行了分析。接着,对改革开放前后我国港口定价方法的沿革进行了回顾。在港口内贸价格放开后,港口问价格战使得交通部制定了行业自律公约,本文运用现代产业组织理论的分析方法对价格联盟这一组织形式的效率和不稳定性进行了分析,并提出解决这一问题的几点建议。本文不仅针对制定自律价这一举动提出了改进意见,而且对我国港口外贸定价的改革前景进行了探讨。
通过本文的研究及分析,希望能给港口、码头经营者以启迪。在文章的结尾作者展望了港口外贸定价的改革前景,并对今后政府和市场在我国港口定价的问题上如何相继抉择提出了展望。
Port industry is not only to maintain the normal operation of the economy and an important foundation for industry, but also as international container and bulk cargo transport hub system of foreign exchange and the window, it plays an important role in the promotion of international trade and regional economic development. Thus, all countries and regions are very concerned about the role and status of the respective ports in international container and bulk cargo transport system. In the background of global economy and international trade has continued to grow and the size of the ships are bigger, Due to the use of the Port are more concentrated by shipping company, for becoming the regional center, all ports are in the effort to expand market share, then growing competition comes.
Currently, in our ports of the actual operation, the government-funded, large state-owned enterprises owned, joint ventures, social capital ports occupy a certain percentage, even in the same port has a different operating company. As a port operational supervisor, the government of the port has control over pricing. From the government's highly example, the government's macro-control agencies have to answer the question how to design a reasonable price mechanism and port rate to prevent the vicious inter-port competition between ports and realize the rational allocation of resources, whether port facilities are fully utilized.
The purpose of this thesis is through introducing four kinds of domestic and foreign port pricing model, in the hope of giving the government and the port, Terminal operators enlightenment of our ports in the pricing strategy of a deeper level of understanding, working out a more reasonable port charges admission policy as soon as possible for the port charges with international practice. In the background of Internal trade ports in China have gradually liberalized prices and the Ministry of Communications makes self-regulatory price for controlling the price war between the ports, This paper not only moves suggesting improvements against the self-price, and the port pricing reforms were discussed.
The paper presents the definition of port pricing and two pricing theory, the concepts of four international popular port pricing methods as well as several methods were compared. Then the history of the reform and opening up of China's port pricing methods for the evolution has been recalled. After the opening of domestic prices in the port, the price war between ports makes the Ministry of Communications formulate a self-discipline convention. In this paper, the efficiency and stability of industrial enterprises Union as a form of organization has been anglicized by the application of modern economic theory, and propose solutions to the problem have been proposed. Finally, we looked forward to the foreign trade port pricing in the prospect of reform, and pricing methods are discussed.
引文
[1]聂琦.从市场营销角度反思港口码头定价政策[J].港口价格研究,2003:38-39
[2]李耀鼎,郑士源.港口定价策略[J].CWT,2005,12:40-41
[3]杨靳.集装箱港口装卸费率探讨[J].中国港口,2003:35-36
[4]陈筱.论港口企业的费率策略[J].中国水运,1999.6:12-13
[5]邹俊善.论现代港口经济学性质及研究取向[J].上海海运学院学报,1997,18(1):18-23
[6]杨华龙.集装箱港口订价策略探讨[J].中国港口,1995,4:38
[7]林晓冬.成本加成定价法的弊端分析及其改革[J].引进与咨询,2005:11-12
[8]张培林.应用排队模型研究港口定价方法初探[J].武汉水运工程学院学报,2001,3:22-26
[9]曹卫群.集装箱港口竞争的博弈模型及基于神经网络的吞吐量预测研究:[学位论文].大连:大连理工大学,2003
[10]施欣.港口竞争对策模型比较研究[J].管理工程学报,1998,12:17-22
[11]邓福林.我国港口费收规则改革的回顾与思考[J].中国港口,1999,10:25-26
[12]中华人民共和国交通部港口收费规则(外贸部分)[S],2001年交通部令第11号
[13]中华人民共和国港口收费规则(内贸部分)[S],交通部令2005年第8号
[14]罗诗刚.新内贸港口收费规则的特点及主要内容.中国港口,2005,10:46-47
[15]李兴湖,陈馨.实施新《内贸费规》的若干思考[J].中国港口,2005,10:43-45
[16]梁三金.新《内贸费规》贯彻执行情况综述[J].中国港口,2005,12:11-12
[17]孙阿雪.在港航博弈中港口定价策略的研究[J].水运科学研究,2005,4:7-11
[18]施树荫.加强协会的协调作用努力做好港口价格自律工作──中港协常务副理事长曹忠喜访谈录[J].中国港口,2006,7:9-10
[19]施欣.港口合作的博弈分析[J].上海交通大学学报,2001,6:943-946
[20]曹洪.行业自律价的产业经济学分析[J].财经科学,2003,2:26-28
[21]李恒.对我国价格卡特尔的思考[J].合作经济与科技,2006,1:12-13
[22]帅旭,陈宏民.转移成本、网络外部性与企业竞争战略研究[J].系统工程学报,2003,10:457-461
[23]李幼萌.港口自主定价的必要性及策略[J].港口科技,2007:20-21
[24]陈淼,邵俊岗.国外港口群竞争合作对我国启示[J].中国港口,2007,4:47-49
[25]孙宪雷,许长新.港口群系统的竞争合作与演变发展[J].水运工程,2004,10:28-31
[26]侯荣华.港口订价策略研究[J].上海海运学院学报,1997,18(2):71-75
[27]周甫宾.政府对港口定价管与制合效作应的分析[J].水运管理,2003,12:17-18
[28]陈长庚.浅析集装箱船舶港口使费.上海港集装箱股份有限公司
[29]马东民.入世后港口费率应并轨[J].中国港口,2002:8-9
[30]刘嘉娜,李南.港口产业规制改革的原因和目标指向[J].中国港口,2006,3:36-38
[31]李晶.港口间价格竞争的效率分析[J].水运管理,2003,4:16-17
[32]肖青.港口企业竞争策略分析[J].世界海运,2002,25(5):24-25
[33]张露露,齐娜,王伟.港口融资中的港航博弈[J].世界海运,2005,28(2):29-30
[34]谢凌峰,许长新.港口资源整合的成本-收益分析[J].求索,2006,4:9-11
[35]傅羽中,唐小我.供求弹性变化对卡特尔的影响及卡特尔强制力的探讨[J],电子科技大学学报社科版,2001,3(1):22-25
[36]杨仕辉.价格战与价格卡特尔[J].价格月刊,2000,9:1-2
[37]刘志彪.市场结构厂商行为与价格联盟的不稳定性[J].江苏行政学院学报,2004,2:43-50
[38]何瑛.试析从"卡特尔"到企业联盟[J].系统辩证学学报,2003,1:92-96
[39]杨头平.我国港口及集装箱码头价格管理研究[J].价格理论与实践,2004,12:42-45
[40]赵秋玉,许源,李南.我国水运定价的放松规制与市场化[J].综合运输,2004,11:15-17
[41]贾敏.港口使费定价理论和预测研究:[学位论文].大连:大连海事大学,2000
[42]刘继东.过度竞争形成的机理及其规制对策研究:[学位论文]上海:上海海事大学,2003
[43]王育蕃.基于博弈论的港口企业内贸价格决策[J].中国港口,2006,9:36-37
[44]真虹,张婕姝.论中国港口经营的有序竞争[J].水运管理,1997:30-32
[45]孙德红.浅议港口的联合与合并[J].中国港口,2006,3:22
[46]梁三会.全国港口内贸价格自律协调工作会议在沪举行[J].中国港口,2006,6:16
[47]泰勒尔.产业组织理论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997
[48]范里安.微观经济学-现代观点[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006
[49]丹尼斯·卡尔顿,杰弗里·佩洛夫.现代产业组织[M].上海:上海三联书店,1998
[50]H.Meersman,E.Van de Voorde,T Vane slander.Port Pricing Considerations on Economic Principles and Marginal Costs.EJTIR,2003,4-371-386
[51]Thomas J.Dowd.PORT PRICING:A PROCESS.Washington Sea Grant Program,2005
[52]Peter B.Marlow.Port pricing and competitiveness in short sea shipping.Strandenes
[53]Bergen.Port Pricing Structures and Ship Efficiency.STRANDENES,2004,3
[54]Ben Nathan,A.A.Waiters.Port Pricing and Investment Policy for Developing Countries.
[55]Green Paper of 10 December 1997 on Seaports and Maritime Infrastructure.EUROPEAN COMMISSION.1997
[2]李耀鼎,郑士源.港口定价策略[J].CWT,2005,12:40-41
[3]杨靳.集装箱港口装卸费率探讨[J].中国港口,2003:35-36
[4]陈筱.论港口企业的费率策略[J].中国水运,1999.6:12-13
[5]邹俊善.论现代港口经济学性质及研究取向[J].上海海运学院学报,1997,18(1):18-23
[6]杨华龙.集装箱港口订价策略探讨[J].中国港口,1995,4:38
[7]林晓冬.成本加成定价法的弊端分析及其改革[J].引进与咨询,2005:11-12
[8]张培林.应用排队模型研究港口定价方法初探[J].武汉水运工程学院学报,2001,3:22-26
[9]曹卫群.集装箱港口竞争的博弈模型及基于神经网络的吞吐量预测研究:[学位论文].大连:大连理工大学,2003
[10]施欣.港口竞争对策模型比较研究[J].管理工程学报,1998,12:17-22
[11]邓福林.我国港口费收规则改革的回顾与思考[J].中国港口,1999,10:25-26
[12]中华人民共和国交通部港口收费规则(外贸部分)[S],2001年交通部令第11号
[13]中华人民共和国港口收费规则(内贸部分)[S],交通部令2005年第8号
[14]罗诗刚.新内贸港口收费规则的特点及主要内容.中国港口,2005,10:46-47
[15]李兴湖,陈馨.实施新《内贸费规》的若干思考[J].中国港口,2005,10:43-45
[16]梁三金.新《内贸费规》贯彻执行情况综述[J].中国港口,2005,12:11-12
[17]孙阿雪.在港航博弈中港口定价策略的研究[J].水运科学研究,2005,4:7-11
[18]施树荫.加强协会的协调作用努力做好港口价格自律工作──中港协常务副理事长曹忠喜访谈录[J].中国港口,2006,7:9-10
[19]施欣.港口合作的博弈分析[J].上海交通大学学报,2001,6:943-946
[20]曹洪.行业自律价的产业经济学分析[J].财经科学,2003,2:26-28
[21]李恒.对我国价格卡特尔的思考[J].合作经济与科技,2006,1:12-13
[22]帅旭,陈宏民.转移成本、网络外部性与企业竞争战略研究[J].系统工程学报,2003,10:457-461
[23]李幼萌.港口自主定价的必要性及策略[J].港口科技,2007:20-21
[24]陈淼,邵俊岗.国外港口群竞争合作对我国启示[J].中国港口,2007,4:47-49
[25]孙宪雷,许长新.港口群系统的竞争合作与演变发展[J].水运工程,2004,10:28-31
[26]侯荣华.港口订价策略研究[J].上海海运学院学报,1997,18(2):71-75
[27]周甫宾.政府对港口定价管与制合效作应的分析[J].水运管理,2003,12:17-18
[28]陈长庚.浅析集装箱船舶港口使费.上海港集装箱股份有限公司
[29]马东民.入世后港口费率应并轨[J].中国港口,2002:8-9
[30]刘嘉娜,李南.港口产业规制改革的原因和目标指向[J].中国港口,2006,3:36-38
[31]李晶.港口间价格竞争的效率分析[J].水运管理,2003,4:16-17
[32]肖青.港口企业竞争策略分析[J].世界海运,2002,25(5):24-25
[33]张露露,齐娜,王伟.港口融资中的港航博弈[J].世界海运,2005,28(2):29-30
[34]谢凌峰,许长新.港口资源整合的成本-收益分析[J].求索,2006,4:9-11
[35]傅羽中,唐小我.供求弹性变化对卡特尔的影响及卡特尔强制力的探讨[J],电子科技大学学报社科版,2001,3(1):22-25
[36]杨仕辉.价格战与价格卡特尔[J].价格月刊,2000,9:1-2
[37]刘志彪.市场结构厂商行为与价格联盟的不稳定性[J].江苏行政学院学报,2004,2:43-50
[38]何瑛.试析从"卡特尔"到企业联盟[J].系统辩证学学报,2003,1:92-96
[39]杨头平.我国港口及集装箱码头价格管理研究[J].价格理论与实践,2004,12:42-45
[40]赵秋玉,许源,李南.我国水运定价的放松规制与市场化[J].综合运输,2004,11:15-17
[41]贾敏.港口使费定价理论和预测研究:[学位论文].大连:大连海事大学,2000
[42]刘继东.过度竞争形成的机理及其规制对策研究:[学位论文]上海:上海海事大学,2003
[43]王育蕃.基于博弈论的港口企业内贸价格决策[J].中国港口,2006,9:36-37
[44]真虹,张婕姝.论中国港口经营的有序竞争[J].水运管理,1997:30-32
[45]孙德红.浅议港口的联合与合并[J].中国港口,2006,3:22
[46]梁三会.全国港口内贸价格自律协调工作会议在沪举行[J].中国港口,2006,6:16
[47]泰勒尔.产业组织理论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997
[48]范里安.微观经济学-现代观点[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006
[49]丹尼斯·卡尔顿,杰弗里·佩洛夫.现代产业组织[M].上海:上海三联书店,1998
[50]H.Meersman,E.Van de Voorde,T Vane slander.Port Pricing Considerations on Economic Principles and Marginal Costs.EJTIR,2003,4-371-386
[51]Thomas J.Dowd.PORT PRICING:A PROCESS.Washington Sea Grant Program,2005
[52]Peter B.Marlow.Port pricing and competitiveness in short sea shipping.Strandenes
[53]Bergen.Port Pricing Structures and Ship Efficiency.STRANDENES,2004,3
[54]Ben Nathan,A.A.Waiters.Port Pricing and Investment Policy for Developing Countries.
[55]Green Paper of 10 December 1997 on Seaports and Maritime Infrastructure.EUROPEAN COMMISSION.1997
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