表面活性剂减阻流体减阻机理与传热性能的实验与数值计算研究
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摘要
在水中添加少量的阳离子表面活性剂可以降低湍流流体的流动阻力,进而降低循环系统中泵的功耗。近年来,对表面活性剂减阻流体在区域供热/冷系统中的应用成为人们关心的热点问题,然而对添加剂表面活性剂减阻流体的减阻机理仍不明确,对表面活性剂减阻流体的传热特性研究也甚少。本文以研究表面活性剂减阻流体的减阻机理和传热特性为目标,用氯化十六烷基三甲基季铵盐(cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride,CTAC)阳离子表面活性剂作添加剂,制定了详细的表面活性剂流体湍流实验和数值模拟方案。
本文研究主要包括:表面活性剂CTAC减阻流体减阻性能实验研究;表面活性剂CTAC减阻流体湍流流场结构和湍动能结构实验研究;表面活性剂CTAC蒸馏水溶液流变实验研究;描述表面活性剂减阻流体剪切稀化特性对减阻作用的纯粘性剪切稀化模型计算研究;描述表面活性剂减阻流体粘弹性对减阻作用的Giesekus粘弹性直接数值模拟(direct numerical simulation,DNS)研究;表面活性剂减阻流体传热实验研究。
对表面活性剂CTAC减阻流体减阻性能进行实验研究表明,第一临界雷诺数随表面活性剂浓度的增大而增大,完全减阻区内CTAC减阻流体减阻存在一个最佳浓度。
用相位多普勒非接触式测量技术对CTAC减阻流体充分发展湍流流场特性进行实验研究,观测到表面活性剂减阻流体湍流流场结构和湍动能结构都发生了改变。具体表现为表面活性剂CTAC减阻流体过渡层明显增厚,对数区曲线向上偏移;轴向湍流强度峰值比水大,出现峰值的位置向流道中心处偏移;表面活性剂CTAC减阻流体雷诺剪切应力出现亏空(Reynolds stress deficit),说明由添加剂产生的附加表面活性剂剪切应力在总的平均剪切应力中起到重要作用;表面活性剂CTAC流体湍动能产生项则被整体抑制,且曲线峰值向流道中心处偏移,添加剂CTAC的加入导致湍动能结构的显著改变。
用AR-G2控制应力流变仪对六种浓度的表面活性剂蒸馏水溶液进行了流变实验研究。通过流变实验分析,本文发现出现剪切诱导结构(shear induced structure,SIS)的表面活性剂溶液存在临界浓度。表面活性剂溶液中的剪切诱导结构(SIS)并不是添加剂表面活性剂减阻流体出现减阻必要条件。工业应用上表面活性剂减阻存在一个最佳浓度。
剪切稀化特性是表面活性剂溶液流变性的一个重要特征。用纯粘性剪切稀化Carreau-Bird模型对减阻溶液中剪切稀化特性对减阻的作用进行模拟。计算显示出比PDA实验小的减阻率,但澄清了高浓度减阻流体湍流强度整体被抑制,较低浓度却是发生了改变的这一现象。
用Giesekus粘弹性非牛顿流体本构方程对减阻流体中的粘弹性特性对减阻的作用进行直接数值模拟( direct numerical simulation,DNS)。计算显示出与PDA实验接近的减阻率,说明计算浓度范围内的减阻流体中粘弹性对减阻起到了主导作用。直接数值模拟出的减阻流体瞬时速度脉动图清楚地显示,添加剂减阻流体近壁处猝发明显降低,瞬时脉动涡结构整体被拉伸,近壁处涡结构显示有从右向左流动的流体,减阻流体湍流流场中存在低速拉伸的轴向条纹速度带,且间距比牛顿流体的大。同时减阻流体湍动能结构与水相比也完全发生了改变。
基于减阻实验与数值计算,建立了减阻流体减阻机理模型。
表面活性剂减阻流体传热性能实验说明,单位体积的减阻流体温度升高1℃所需的热量比单位体积的水温度升高1℃所需的热量大。CTAC减阻流体的平均温度分布曲线显示,减阻流体的主要热阻发生在过渡层,粘性底层却显示很小的热阻发生,而水的主要热阻是发生在粘性底层。CTAC减阻流体的温度脉动频率比水小,且随着y+的改变而有所不同。CTAC减阻流体温度脉动与速度脉动有相似的分布趋势,其峰值都向流道中心处偏移。CTAC热流体湍流温度脉动强度对轴向热流量的贡献更大,使得轴向热流量的最大值出现在靠近温度脉动强度最大值出现的位置。CTAC减阻流体温度脉动与壁面垂直方向速度脉动相关性降低,使得CTAC减阻流体的轴向湍流热流量小于水的,产生传热下降率(heat transfer reduction,HTR)。类似于,添加剂表面活性剂导致减阻流体的轴向速度脉动和壁面垂直方向速度脉动相关性降低,显示为减阻流体的雷诺剪切应力小于水的,产生减阻率(drag-reduction,DR)。
A small amount of surfactant of Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Chloride (CTAC) and NaSal dramatically depresses the turbulent friction, which can apply in circle system to reduce pumping power application. The research on the addition of drag-reducing additives to the circulating water of distinct heating and cooling system is becoming promising work in recent years, however, the mechanism of surfactant drag-reducing flow is not clear and the research on its heat transfer characteristics is not much. In order to study the drag-reducing mechanism and heat transfer characteristics of surfactant solution flows, the detailed experimental and calculated projects are implemented of CTAC drag-reducing flow.
Present research mainly consists of following sections: the experiments of drag-reducing performances for CTAC fluid flow; the experiments of the turbulent structure and the turbulent kinetic energy structure for CTAC drag-reducing flow and water; the experiments of rheological characteristics of distilled surfactant solutions; the calculated study by using shear-thinning model (Carreau-Bird model) for surfactant solution flows; the direct numerical simulation (DNS) using Giesekus viscoelastic model for surfactant solution flows; the experiments of heat transfer characteristics of surfactant fluid flow.
The experimental study of surfactant solution performances show that the first critical Reynolds number is increased as the concentration. There is optimal concentration of surfactant solution in completely drag-reducing region.
The changes in turbulence structure and turbulent kinetic structure of surfactants have been obtained, such as a thickening of the buffer layer, corresponding to an offset of the logarithmic region. The peak of the streamwise turbulence intensity (or rms of the streamwise velocity fluctuations) is substantially larger for the drag-reducing flow than for water, while the position is shifted wall-outward. The turbulent shear stress profiles for the drag-reducing flow are decreased with respect to water, and show a Reynolds stress deficit. This means that the surfactants have a significant contribution to the shear stress. The production of turbulent kinetic energy of the drag-reducing flow is depressed totally. The peak position of the production of turbulent kinetic energy is shifted wall-outward.
The shear viscosities of turbulent drag-reducing surfactant solution have been measured as a function of concentration, shear rate and temperature by using AR-G2 rheometer. The conclusions of the appearance critical concentration with SIS in surfactant solutions and the SIS is not the necessary condition for drag-reducing fluid have been proposed for the first time. There is the optimal concentration of surfactant solution in the application of heating and cooling system.
One of the key properties for drag reduction by surfactant additives is shear-thinning. The simulation with the viscous shear-thinning Carreau-Bird model has been shown, that the shear-thinning has effects on the drag reduction except for lower drag reduction than that of the experiments. This is clear up the question that turbulent intensities of surfactant solution with higher concentration are all depressed, however, the turbulent intensities of surfactant solution with lowerer concentration are changed.
Another key property for drag reduction by surfactant additives is viscoelasticity. A direct numerical simulation using viscoelastic Giesekus model shows that the closely drag reduction to that experimental study, which further conclude that viscoelasticity has a mainly effects on the surfactant solution flow. The instantaneous fields of velocity fluctuation of surfactant solution flow show that the vortex structure becomes elongated in the streamwise direction,especially in the region near the wall. The low speed streaks become more elongated and the average spacing of the streaks becomes wider. The turbulent kinetic energy of CTAC drag-reducing fluid flow has been changed completely compared to that of water.
Based on the experimental and calculated analysis, the model of drag-reducing mechanism has been established.
The heat transfer performances experiments show that the surfactant solution need more heat flux compared to water for heating the same fluid. The experiments for measuring temperature field show that the larger mean temperature gradient and smaller thermal diffusivity of the surfactant solution flows in the buffer layer while the main heat resistance of the water exits in the viscous sublayer. The frequency of temperature fluctuation is small and the characteristics of the temperature vary with the variation of distance from the wall for surfactant solution flows. The mean temperature fluctuations and velocity fluctuations have the similar tendency and the peak values are out of the wall. Temperature fluctuation governs the streamwise turbulent heat flux more than the velocity fluctuation does and the peak value is located close to the peak of the temperature fluctuation. The decorrelation between streamwise velocity fluctuation and wall-normal velocity fluctuation shows the depression of Reynolds shear stress and directly results in DR. Similarly, the decorrelation between temperature fluctuation and wall-normal velocity fluctuation shows the depression of wall-normal turbulent heat flux and directly results in HTR.
本文研究主要包括:表面活性剂CTAC减阻流体减阻性能实验研究;表面活性剂CTAC减阻流体湍流流场结构和湍动能结构实验研究;表面活性剂CTAC蒸馏水溶液流变实验研究;描述表面活性剂减阻流体剪切稀化特性对减阻作用的纯粘性剪切稀化模型计算研究;描述表面活性剂减阻流体粘弹性对减阻作用的Giesekus粘弹性直接数值模拟(direct numerical simulation,DNS)研究;表面活性剂减阻流体传热实验研究。
对表面活性剂CTAC减阻流体减阻性能进行实验研究表明,第一临界雷诺数随表面活性剂浓度的增大而增大,完全减阻区内CTAC减阻流体减阻存在一个最佳浓度。
用相位多普勒非接触式测量技术对CTAC减阻流体充分发展湍流流场特性进行实验研究,观测到表面活性剂减阻流体湍流流场结构和湍动能结构都发生了改变。具体表现为表面活性剂CTAC减阻流体过渡层明显增厚,对数区曲线向上偏移;轴向湍流强度峰值比水大,出现峰值的位置向流道中心处偏移;表面活性剂CTAC减阻流体雷诺剪切应力出现亏空(Reynolds stress deficit),说明由添加剂产生的附加表面活性剂剪切应力在总的平均剪切应力中起到重要作用;表面活性剂CTAC流体湍动能产生项则被整体抑制,且曲线峰值向流道中心处偏移,添加剂CTAC的加入导致湍动能结构的显著改变。
用AR-G2控制应力流变仪对六种浓度的表面活性剂蒸馏水溶液进行了流变实验研究。通过流变实验分析,本文发现出现剪切诱导结构(shear induced structure,SIS)的表面活性剂溶液存在临界浓度。表面活性剂溶液中的剪切诱导结构(SIS)并不是添加剂表面活性剂减阻流体出现减阻必要条件。工业应用上表面活性剂减阻存在一个最佳浓度。
剪切稀化特性是表面活性剂溶液流变性的一个重要特征。用纯粘性剪切稀化Carreau-Bird模型对减阻溶液中剪切稀化特性对减阻的作用进行模拟。计算显示出比PDA实验小的减阻率,但澄清了高浓度减阻流体湍流强度整体被抑制,较低浓度却是发生了改变的这一现象。
用Giesekus粘弹性非牛顿流体本构方程对减阻流体中的粘弹性特性对减阻的作用进行直接数值模拟( direct numerical simulation,DNS)。计算显示出与PDA实验接近的减阻率,说明计算浓度范围内的减阻流体中粘弹性对减阻起到了主导作用。直接数值模拟出的减阻流体瞬时速度脉动图清楚地显示,添加剂减阻流体近壁处猝发明显降低,瞬时脉动涡结构整体被拉伸,近壁处涡结构显示有从右向左流动的流体,减阻流体湍流流场中存在低速拉伸的轴向条纹速度带,且间距比牛顿流体的大。同时减阻流体湍动能结构与水相比也完全发生了改变。
基于减阻实验与数值计算,建立了减阻流体减阻机理模型。
表面活性剂减阻流体传热性能实验说明,单位体积的减阻流体温度升高1℃所需的热量比单位体积的水温度升高1℃所需的热量大。CTAC减阻流体的平均温度分布曲线显示,减阻流体的主要热阻发生在过渡层,粘性底层却显示很小的热阻发生,而水的主要热阻是发生在粘性底层。CTAC减阻流体的温度脉动频率比水小,且随着y+的改变而有所不同。CTAC减阻流体温度脉动与速度脉动有相似的分布趋势,其峰值都向流道中心处偏移。CTAC热流体湍流温度脉动强度对轴向热流量的贡献更大,使得轴向热流量的最大值出现在靠近温度脉动强度最大值出现的位置。CTAC减阻流体温度脉动与壁面垂直方向速度脉动相关性降低,使得CTAC减阻流体的轴向湍流热流量小于水的,产生传热下降率(heat transfer reduction,HTR)。类似于,添加剂表面活性剂导致减阻流体的轴向速度脉动和壁面垂直方向速度脉动相关性降低,显示为减阻流体的雷诺剪切应力小于水的,产生减阻率(drag-reduction,DR)。
A small amount of surfactant of Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Chloride (CTAC) and NaSal dramatically depresses the turbulent friction, which can apply in circle system to reduce pumping power application. The research on the addition of drag-reducing additives to the circulating water of distinct heating and cooling system is becoming promising work in recent years, however, the mechanism of surfactant drag-reducing flow is not clear and the research on its heat transfer characteristics is not much. In order to study the drag-reducing mechanism and heat transfer characteristics of surfactant solution flows, the detailed experimental and calculated projects are implemented of CTAC drag-reducing flow.
Present research mainly consists of following sections: the experiments of drag-reducing performances for CTAC fluid flow; the experiments of the turbulent structure and the turbulent kinetic energy structure for CTAC drag-reducing flow and water; the experiments of rheological characteristics of distilled surfactant solutions; the calculated study by using shear-thinning model (Carreau-Bird model) for surfactant solution flows; the direct numerical simulation (DNS) using Giesekus viscoelastic model for surfactant solution flows; the experiments of heat transfer characteristics of surfactant fluid flow.
The experimental study of surfactant solution performances show that the first critical Reynolds number is increased as the concentration. There is optimal concentration of surfactant solution in completely drag-reducing region.
The changes in turbulence structure and turbulent kinetic structure of surfactants have been obtained, such as a thickening of the buffer layer, corresponding to an offset of the logarithmic region. The peak of the streamwise turbulence intensity (or rms of the streamwise velocity fluctuations) is substantially larger for the drag-reducing flow than for water, while the position is shifted wall-outward. The turbulent shear stress profiles for the drag-reducing flow are decreased with respect to water, and show a Reynolds stress deficit. This means that the surfactants have a significant contribution to the shear stress. The production of turbulent kinetic energy of the drag-reducing flow is depressed totally. The peak position of the production of turbulent kinetic energy is shifted wall-outward.
The shear viscosities of turbulent drag-reducing surfactant solution have been measured as a function of concentration, shear rate and temperature by using AR-G2 rheometer. The conclusions of the appearance critical concentration with SIS in surfactant solutions and the SIS is not the necessary condition for drag-reducing fluid have been proposed for the first time. There is the optimal concentration of surfactant solution in the application of heating and cooling system.
One of the key properties for drag reduction by surfactant additives is shear-thinning. The simulation with the viscous shear-thinning Carreau-Bird model has been shown, that the shear-thinning has effects on the drag reduction except for lower drag reduction than that of the experiments. This is clear up the question that turbulent intensities of surfactant solution with higher concentration are all depressed, however, the turbulent intensities of surfactant solution with lowerer concentration are changed.
Another key property for drag reduction by surfactant additives is viscoelasticity. A direct numerical simulation using viscoelastic Giesekus model shows that the closely drag reduction to that experimental study, which further conclude that viscoelasticity has a mainly effects on the surfactant solution flow. The instantaneous fields of velocity fluctuation of surfactant solution flow show that the vortex structure becomes elongated in the streamwise direction,especially in the region near the wall. The low speed streaks become more elongated and the average spacing of the streaks becomes wider. The turbulent kinetic energy of CTAC drag-reducing fluid flow has been changed completely compared to that of water.
Based on the experimental and calculated analysis, the model of drag-reducing mechanism has been established.
The heat transfer performances experiments show that the surfactant solution need more heat flux compared to water for heating the same fluid. The experiments for measuring temperature field show that the larger mean temperature gradient and smaller thermal diffusivity of the surfactant solution flows in the buffer layer while the main heat resistance of the water exits in the viscous sublayer. The frequency of temperature fluctuation is small and the characteristics of the temperature vary with the variation of distance from the wall for surfactant solution flows. The mean temperature fluctuations and velocity fluctuations have the similar tendency and the peak values are out of the wall. Temperature fluctuation governs the streamwise turbulent heat flux more than the velocity fluctuation does and the peak value is located close to the peak of the temperature fluctuation. The decorrelation between streamwise velocity fluctuation and wall-normal velocity fluctuation shows the depression of Reynolds shear stress and directly results in DR. Similarly, the decorrelation between temperature fluctuation and wall-normal velocity fluctuation shows the depression of wall-normal turbulent heat flux and directly results in HTR.
引文
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