中国晚第四纪古湖泊水量恢复与古大气环流重建
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摘要
本篇博士学位论文主要是关于中国晚第四纪古湖泊数据库(CLSDB)的建立及相关的古气候环境研究,具体包括以下四个方面的研究内容:
(1) 中国晚第四纪古湖泊数据库的建立及其在东亚区古气候研究中的应用。根据全球古湖泊数据库的统一标准,建立中国晚第四纪古湖泊数据库;数据库的湖泊记录排除了非气候因子以及非直接气候因子影响的记录,可以客观地反映湖泊流域范围的气候变化;进而根据区域性湖泊水量的同步变化可以过滤掉个别湖泊受局部因素影响的水量波动,从而可以反应出较大范围的降水及有效降水等气候变化的状况。中国晚第四纪古湖泊数据库将收录近80个湖泊点的资料。其产生的湖泊古水量记录,不仅可以用来研究晚第四纪以来中国大陆大气环流空间变化类型,还可以用来评价与检验不同古气候模型在东亚季风区的模拟结果,为模型的改进作出贡献。
(2) 根据中国古湖泊数据库产出的古水量记录,分析研究了晚第四纪以来,3个特征时期,即末次间冰介(30kaBP前后)、末次冰盛期(18kaBP)以及全新世中期(6kaBP),我国不同气候区的降水和有效降水状况,及相应的大气环流的总体格局。分析表明:30kaBP前后我国中西部普遍表现为高湖面特征,主要由强盛的西南季风所引起;18kaBP中西部高湖面主要是西风带南移并且强度加大的结果,但高湖面的程度与分布范围较30kaBP前后已有明显的减少,而我国中东部受强盛的冬季风控制;6kaBP中东部高湖面与加强的东亚夏季风有关,中西部湖泊水位的下降在于西风带的北移与萎缩。湖泊数据与现有全球古气候模型(CCM2、UGAMP2.0、ECHAM3.2)之间、以及不同模型在中国大陆范围对6kaBP模拟之间的比较研究,均表明既有一致的地方,但差异更为显著。湖泊地质资料与模型模拟结果两者相一致时,模型模拟可为地质现象提供物理机制解释,而两者不一致时,则需要对模型作进一步的修改。
(3) 末次冰盛期(18kaBP)是两万年来距人类环境最近、与现代反差最大的气候时期。根据中国古湖泊数据库产出的古水量记录,对这一典型气候时段进行实例分析。东部地区的低湖面反映了东南季风极度萎缩,主要受夏季降水量剧减影响。西部地区的高湖面,在空间上与地中海地区和中亚的高湖面连成一带,对比国际古气候模型模拟的结果,显然该高湖面与西风带强度和位置变化有关。西风带强盛和位置南迁将提供冷空气南侵比现代更加频繁、有利于冷暖气流交汇在比现代更南的纬度生成的环流形势,这可能是诱发我国西部降水增多的重要生成条件。同时冰期中的低温引起了蒸发量降低,可能导致湖水相对损失减少,致使高湖面能够持续。冰期低温造成的低蒸发,使得沿西风带南界流域水量能够聚集在湖盆中,形成我国西部地区的相对湿润气候。
(4) 中国古湖泊数据库同样收录了迄今所有具有确定测年数据的古湖泊水位面积的定量资料。已有研究表明,可以应用湖泊的水热平衡模型,进行湖泊流域古降水量的估算。因此,根据系统的古湖泊水位面积资料,通过合理的统一的参数预置,可以估算不同湖泊盆地晚第四纪不同特征时期(末次间冰介、末次冰盛期、全新世中期)的古降水量值,进而可重建晚第四纪不同时段降水的空间分布规律。30kaBP恢复的古降水量,表明我国西部降水较多,青藏高原南部与高原东北部的降水较少,而高原的其它部分,以及高原以北的沙漠地区的降水较这两区域高:18kaBP的古降水恢复表明,青藏高原的南部是高原地区古降水明显偏高的一个单元,另外,高原的主体部分降水的分布有从西往尔减少的趋势:6
This thesis focuses on the establishment of the Chinese Lake Status Data Base (CLSDB). and relative study on the palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment, including the following four respects:(1) The establishment of CLSDB and its role in the research of palaeoclimate in East Asia. The CLSDB is consistent with the other constructing global lake status data bases, in which the records or parts of records which lake status appears to have been influenced by non-climatic factors, or by factors where the climatic influence is indirect, have been excluded from the database. Fluctuations of lake status from the data base respond to changes in local water budget, a balance of precipitation minus evaporation over the lake and the catchment. Regionally-synchronous changes in lake status may exclude the lake records where lake water volume and/or water quality have been influenced by non-climatic factors or local factors, in equilibrium with the changing climate including precipitation and effective precipitation. Nearly 80 lake sites will be collected in the CLSDB. This method of the synthesis of lake status data has become an important tool to reconstruct past regional to global scale climatic changes, associated with the atmospheric circulation patterns, and to assess and validate the simulations of precipitation and P-E from the palaeoclimate models.(2) The effective precipitation and the frame of atmospheric circulation in the past three key periods, i.e. 30 kaBP, 18 kaBP and 6 kaBP, have been analyzed on the basis of the palaeo-lake status produced by the CLSDB. The results have shown that the central-to-west part of China at 30 kaBP was characterized by high lake-level as resulted from strengthened Southwest Monsoon: Whereas the high lake stand, which occurred in the central-to-west part of China at 18 kaBP. was caused by the southward migration and the strengthing of the westlies, although the scale of this high-stand distribution was reduced. Meanwhile the central-to-east part of China at 18 kaBP was under the control of strong winter monsoon;The high lake level which occurred in the central-to-
east part of China at 6 kaBP was related to enhanced east Asian summer monsoon, however, the reason that the decrease in the lake-level in the central-to-west part of China at 6 kaBP lies in that the westlies moved northward and shrank correspondingly. The comparison study between the lake-status and the state-of-the-art atmospheric circulation models (e.g. CClv^ UGAMP2.0, ECHAM3.2) has shown that there do exist some discrepancies among model simulations, and between the geological evidences and the model simulations. The agreement between the lake data and the simulations has provided a possible mechanical explanation on the geological phenomena, but the discrepancies show that the models need to a great extent to be revised.(3) Climate conditions in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 18 kaBP) were remarkably different from the present. In this study, we attempted to use geological data from CLSDB to spatially reconstruct the LGM climate from China, and to compare the data with the palaeoclimate simulation to understand the climate dynamics during the LGM focus on eastern Asian regions. Dry conditions based on the LGM lake records from eastern China are consistent with other lines of geological evidence, reflecting less summer monsoon precipitation and suggesting a largely weakened East Asian monsoon during the LGM period. Contrasted to arid conditions in eastern China, much wetter conditions than today occurred in western China. The reason may lie in that, firstly, the southward displacement of the westerly according to the modeling simulations. This circulation could also benefit an increase of precipitation by enhanced low cell system in western China. Secondly, the significant decrease in evaporation due to continental cooling during the LGM. This may help to explain a positive P-E (precipitation minus evaporation) changes over the Tibetan Plateau and Xinjiang inlands.(4) Quantitative estimates of the precipitation on different lake sites at the three time phases, i.e. 30 kaBP, 13 kaBP, and 6 kaBP by using the combined hydrological and energy budget model, make it possible to reconstruct the large changes in spatial precipitation patterns since the late Quaternary. The results have shown that, very strong precipitation occurred in western China at 30 kaBP, suggesting extremely enhanced summer Indian monsoon. Precipitation was high in southwestern China at 18 kaBP, esp. the southern part of southwestern China;due to the southward shift of the westerly and a low pressure cell occurred over northern India. The precipitation at 6 kaBP shows the complicated patterns for different regions of China, suggesting different climate dynamics. The comparison of the independent lake level/area-based reconstruction of precipitation and the palaeoclimate simulations is an effective way for the validation of each method to reconstruct the palaeo-precipitation quantitatively, and for understanding the dynamics mechanism of the climatic changes.
(1) 中国晚第四纪古湖泊数据库的建立及其在东亚区古气候研究中的应用。根据全球古湖泊数据库的统一标准,建立中国晚第四纪古湖泊数据库;数据库的湖泊记录排除了非气候因子以及非直接气候因子影响的记录,可以客观地反映湖泊流域范围的气候变化;进而根据区域性湖泊水量的同步变化可以过滤掉个别湖泊受局部因素影响的水量波动,从而可以反应出较大范围的降水及有效降水等气候变化的状况。中国晚第四纪古湖泊数据库将收录近80个湖泊点的资料。其产生的湖泊古水量记录,不仅可以用来研究晚第四纪以来中国大陆大气环流空间变化类型,还可以用来评价与检验不同古气候模型在东亚季风区的模拟结果,为模型的改进作出贡献。
(2) 根据中国古湖泊数据库产出的古水量记录,分析研究了晚第四纪以来,3个特征时期,即末次间冰介(30kaBP前后)、末次冰盛期(18kaBP)以及全新世中期(6kaBP),我国不同气候区的降水和有效降水状况,及相应的大气环流的总体格局。分析表明:30kaBP前后我国中西部普遍表现为高湖面特征,主要由强盛的西南季风所引起;18kaBP中西部高湖面主要是西风带南移并且强度加大的结果,但高湖面的程度与分布范围较30kaBP前后已有明显的减少,而我国中东部受强盛的冬季风控制;6kaBP中东部高湖面与加强的东亚夏季风有关,中西部湖泊水位的下降在于西风带的北移与萎缩。湖泊数据与现有全球古气候模型(CCM2、UGAMP2.0、ECHAM3.2)之间、以及不同模型在中国大陆范围对6kaBP模拟之间的比较研究,均表明既有一致的地方,但差异更为显著。湖泊地质资料与模型模拟结果两者相一致时,模型模拟可为地质现象提供物理机制解释,而两者不一致时,则需要对模型作进一步的修改。
(3) 末次冰盛期(18kaBP)是两万年来距人类环境最近、与现代反差最大的气候时期。根据中国古湖泊数据库产出的古水量记录,对这一典型气候时段进行实例分析。东部地区的低湖面反映了东南季风极度萎缩,主要受夏季降水量剧减影响。西部地区的高湖面,在空间上与地中海地区和中亚的高湖面连成一带,对比国际古气候模型模拟的结果,显然该高湖面与西风带强度和位置变化有关。西风带强盛和位置南迁将提供冷空气南侵比现代更加频繁、有利于冷暖气流交汇在比现代更南的纬度生成的环流形势,这可能是诱发我国西部降水增多的重要生成条件。同时冰期中的低温引起了蒸发量降低,可能导致湖水相对损失减少,致使高湖面能够持续。冰期低温造成的低蒸发,使得沿西风带南界流域水量能够聚集在湖盆中,形成我国西部地区的相对湿润气候。
(4) 中国古湖泊数据库同样收录了迄今所有具有确定测年数据的古湖泊水位面积的定量资料。已有研究表明,可以应用湖泊的水热平衡模型,进行湖泊流域古降水量的估算。因此,根据系统的古湖泊水位面积资料,通过合理的统一的参数预置,可以估算不同湖泊盆地晚第四纪不同特征时期(末次间冰介、末次冰盛期、全新世中期)的古降水量值,进而可重建晚第四纪不同时段降水的空间分布规律。30kaBP恢复的古降水量,表明我国西部降水较多,青藏高原南部与高原东北部的降水较少,而高原的其它部分,以及高原以北的沙漠地区的降水较这两区域高:18kaBP的古降水恢复表明,青藏高原的南部是高原地区古降水明显偏高的一个单元,另外,高原的主体部分降水的分布有从西往尔减少的趋势:6
This thesis focuses on the establishment of the Chinese Lake Status Data Base (CLSDB). and relative study on the palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment, including the following four respects:(1) The establishment of CLSDB and its role in the research of palaeoclimate in East Asia. The CLSDB is consistent with the other constructing global lake status data bases, in which the records or parts of records which lake status appears to have been influenced by non-climatic factors, or by factors where the climatic influence is indirect, have been excluded from the database. Fluctuations of lake status from the data base respond to changes in local water budget, a balance of precipitation minus evaporation over the lake and the catchment. Regionally-synchronous changes in lake status may exclude the lake records where lake water volume and/or water quality have been influenced by non-climatic factors or local factors, in equilibrium with the changing climate including precipitation and effective precipitation. Nearly 80 lake sites will be collected in the CLSDB. This method of the synthesis of lake status data has become an important tool to reconstruct past regional to global scale climatic changes, associated with the atmospheric circulation patterns, and to assess and validate the simulations of precipitation and P-E from the palaeoclimate models.(2) The effective precipitation and the frame of atmospheric circulation in the past three key periods, i.e. 30 kaBP, 18 kaBP and 6 kaBP, have been analyzed on the basis of the palaeo-lake status produced by the CLSDB. The results have shown that the central-to-west part of China at 30 kaBP was characterized by high lake-level as resulted from strengthened Southwest Monsoon: Whereas the high lake stand, which occurred in the central-to-west part of China at 18 kaBP. was caused by the southward migration and the strengthing of the westlies, although the scale of this high-stand distribution was reduced. Meanwhile the central-to-east part of China at 18 kaBP was under the control of strong winter monsoon;The high lake level which occurred in the central-to-
east part of China at 6 kaBP was related to enhanced east Asian summer monsoon, however, the reason that the decrease in the lake-level in the central-to-west part of China at 6 kaBP lies in that the westlies moved northward and shrank correspondingly. The comparison study between the lake-status and the state-of-the-art atmospheric circulation models (e.g. CClv^ UGAMP2.0, ECHAM3.2) has shown that there do exist some discrepancies among model simulations, and between the geological evidences and the model simulations. The agreement between the lake data and the simulations has provided a possible mechanical explanation on the geological phenomena, but the discrepancies show that the models need to a great extent to be revised.(3) Climate conditions in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 18 kaBP) were remarkably different from the present. In this study, we attempted to use geological data from CLSDB to spatially reconstruct the LGM climate from China, and to compare the data with the palaeoclimate simulation to understand the climate dynamics during the LGM focus on eastern Asian regions. Dry conditions based on the LGM lake records from eastern China are consistent with other lines of geological evidence, reflecting less summer monsoon precipitation and suggesting a largely weakened East Asian monsoon during the LGM period. Contrasted to arid conditions in eastern China, much wetter conditions than today occurred in western China. The reason may lie in that, firstly, the southward displacement of the westerly according to the modeling simulations. This circulation could also benefit an increase of precipitation by enhanced low cell system in western China. Secondly, the significant decrease in evaporation due to continental cooling during the LGM. This may help to explain a positive P-E (precipitation minus evaporation) changes over the Tibetan Plateau and Xinjiang inlands.(4) Quantitative estimates of the precipitation on different lake sites at the three time phases, i.e. 30 kaBP, 13 kaBP, and 6 kaBP by using the combined hydrological and energy budget model, make it possible to reconstruct the large changes in spatial precipitation patterns since the late Quaternary. The results have shown that, very strong precipitation occurred in western China at 30 kaBP, suggesting extremely enhanced summer Indian monsoon. Precipitation was high in southwestern China at 18 kaBP, esp. the southern part of southwestern China;due to the southward shift of the westerly and a low pressure cell occurred over northern India. The precipitation at 6 kaBP shows the complicated patterns for different regions of China, suggesting different climate dynamics. The comparison of the independent lake level/area-based reconstruction of precipitation and the palaeoclimate simulations is an effective way for the validation of each method to reconstruct the palaeo-precipitation quantitatively, and for understanding the dynamics mechanism of the climatic changes.
引文
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