季风边缘区尕海湖记录的全新世气候变化
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摘要
柴达木盆地的尕海湖,地处亚洲夏季风边缘区,对区域气候变化敏感。本文以德令哈以南尕海湖深水区GHB孔沉积物细粒组分为研究对象,进行了湖泊沉积物碳酸盐含量、碳酸盐碳氧同位素、总碳、总氮、有机碳同位素以及湖泊细粒沉积物XRD(X衍射)测试。在AMS14C定年的基础上对各气候代用指标测试结果进行综合分析,恢复了柴达木盆地尕海湖地区全新世以来的气候环境变化,并通过区域对比初步探讨了该区域全新世气候变化的可能机制,得出以下结论：
1.尕海湖地区全新世以来的气候环境演化。
早全新世(11890-8600cal yr BP)尕海湖地区气候以暖湿为主,且相对稳定。尕海湖地区有效湿度大,湖泊水位较高,水体淡化。中全新世(8600-4700cal yr BP)气候趋于变干且波动幅度增大。前期(8600-6000cal yr BP)气候波动强度和波动频率均较大；后期(6000-4700cal yr BP)气候相对稳定。晚全新世(4700cal yr BP至今)：前期(4700-3000cal yr BP),气候快速变湿且波动很小,是尕海湖地区的气候适宜期,尕海湖此时达到最高水位和最大面积；后期(3000cal yr BP以来)湖区气候在波动中逐渐逐渐变干。其中尕海湖地区在中世纪暖期(1100-800cal yr BP)气候表现为暖干,区域有效湿度进一步减小；小冰期(770-170cal yr BP)气候表现为冷湿,区域有效湿度增大,干旱程度的得到缓解。
2.尕海湖记录与区域对比。
通过尕海湖GHB孔各气候代用指标与柴达木盆地、季风区及西风区古气候重建结果的对比发现：在早全新世,尕海湖气候状况与季风区具有明显的相似性；中全新世前期(8600-6000cal yr BP)随着东亚季风的衰退,尕海湖地区气候变得不稳定,整体呈变干趋势,但在东亚季风增强的时段降水明显增多,中全新世后期,东亚季风强度进一步减弱,尕海湖呈稳定的干旱气候,这一结论与柴达木盆地其他研究的结果具有一致性；晚全新世(4700cal yr BP以后),尕海湖地区的气候变化与地处西风区的科桑洞石笋氧同位素、博斯腾湖恢复的古气候序列具有高度的相关性,指示了该区域可能主要受到西风带的影响。
3.可能的驱动机制。
尕海同位素记录与北半球太阳辐射变化总体趋势有对应关系,推断区域气候总体受太阳辐射的控制。另外,本文的研究结果与季风区、西风区同位素记录的相似性,表明该区气候受到季风和西风环流的共同影响。
Lake Gahai is located at a triple junction region of the East Asian summer monsoon, the westerlies, and the winter monsoon, being sensitive to the regional climate. A lake sediment core, GHB was drilled from Lake Gaihai in2008. This research focuses on the regional Holocene paleoclimate recorded by sediments from Lake Gahai. The fine fractions were analyzed for XRD, total carbonate content, carbon and oxygen isotopes of carbonate (δ18Ocand δ13Cc), TOC, TN and δ13Corg. Twenty seven AMS14C samples were dated to provide chronological control. Based on the results of Multi-proxy analysis and comparison of GHB record with those documents from adjacent regions, the hydrological process of Lake Gahai and the regional climate variability since the Holocene are reconstructed. The primary conclusions are as follows:
1. The Holocene palaeoclimate reconstruction in Lake Gahai
During the early Holocene (11890～8600cal yr BP), the climate was clearly warm-humid in this region due to the enhanced temperature and precipitation, but it was generally stable. Meanwhile, Lake Gahai had a relatively high lake level and freshwater conditions during this period. The mid-Holocene (8600to4700cal yr BP) was characterized by a relatively Warm-dry climate condition, with high-frequency variations from8600to4700cal yr BP and three wet intervals (8200,7600and7100～6600cal yr BP). However, a warm-dry and stable climate occurred during6000～4700cal yr BP. Lake Gahai experienced a generally decreasing humidity and high biological productivity compared with the early Holocene, while the lake level was declined. The late Holocene can be roughly divided into two stages:Lake Gahai experienced maximum effective moisture between4700and3000cal yr BP, the climate changed to colder but more humid than before. Lake Gahai had the lowest salinity, the highest lake level and the largest extent, whereas the biological productivity did not improved which was attributed to relatively low temperature. After3000cal yr BP, the lake experienced a coherent decrease in moisture, a sharp lake level decline and an increasing salinity continued to the present. However, the climate in the MWP was more warm and dryer, and followed by a cool and wet LIA.
2. The results of regional comparisons
Regional comparison indicates that a wet climate during the early Holocene was attributed to a stronger summer monsoon; the climate reconstruction from Lake Gahai was more similar to the monsoon region. From8600to4700cal yr BP, a dry and variable climate occurred in Lake Gahai due to the weak of summer monsoon, but it still had humid internals associated with enhanced summer monsoon. Those studies from Qaidam Basin were supported our conclusions. After4700cal yr BP, the palaoclimate change from Lake Gahai and the westerly region displayed a similar trend, which may relate to the strengthening of the westerlies.
3. Possible mechanisms
The solar insolation variation on the orbital-scales in the Northern Hemisphere is the fundamental reason for the Holocene climate change in Lake Gahai. It is likely that Lake Gahai experienced more warm-humid climate during times when the Asian summer monsoon was much stronger and extended further inland due to the enhanced low-latitude solar insolation. In contrast, the westerly dominated regions were extended associated with the gradual weakening of the Asian summer monsoon which was in response to the orbitally induced decrease in summer insolation, the climate in Lake Gahai might alternate between warm-dry and cold-humid conditions at the control of the westerly. In addition, local topography may be important in modifying the climate patterns and lead to the more variable and complex climate in Lake Gahai.
1.尕海湖地区全新世以来的气候环境演化。
早全新世(11890-8600cal yr BP)尕海湖地区气候以暖湿为主,且相对稳定。尕海湖地区有效湿度大,湖泊水位较高,水体淡化。中全新世(8600-4700cal yr BP)气候趋于变干且波动幅度增大。前期(8600-6000cal yr BP)气候波动强度和波动频率均较大；后期(6000-4700cal yr BP)气候相对稳定。晚全新世(4700cal yr BP至今)：前期(4700-3000cal yr BP),气候快速变湿且波动很小,是尕海湖地区的气候适宜期,尕海湖此时达到最高水位和最大面积；后期(3000cal yr BP以来)湖区气候在波动中逐渐逐渐变干。其中尕海湖地区在中世纪暖期(1100-800cal yr BP)气候表现为暖干,区域有效湿度进一步减小；小冰期(770-170cal yr BP)气候表现为冷湿,区域有效湿度增大,干旱程度的得到缓解。
2.尕海湖记录与区域对比。
通过尕海湖GHB孔各气候代用指标与柴达木盆地、季风区及西风区古气候重建结果的对比发现：在早全新世,尕海湖气候状况与季风区具有明显的相似性；中全新世前期(8600-6000cal yr BP)随着东亚季风的衰退,尕海湖地区气候变得不稳定,整体呈变干趋势,但在东亚季风增强的时段降水明显增多,中全新世后期,东亚季风强度进一步减弱,尕海湖呈稳定的干旱气候,这一结论与柴达木盆地其他研究的结果具有一致性；晚全新世(4700cal yr BP以后),尕海湖地区的气候变化与地处西风区的科桑洞石笋氧同位素、博斯腾湖恢复的古气候序列具有高度的相关性,指示了该区域可能主要受到西风带的影响。
3.可能的驱动机制。
尕海同位素记录与北半球太阳辐射变化总体趋势有对应关系,推断区域气候总体受太阳辐射的控制。另外,本文的研究结果与季风区、西风区同位素记录的相似性,表明该区气候受到季风和西风环流的共同影响。
Lake Gahai is located at a triple junction region of the East Asian summer monsoon, the westerlies, and the winter monsoon, being sensitive to the regional climate. A lake sediment core, GHB was drilled from Lake Gaihai in2008. This research focuses on the regional Holocene paleoclimate recorded by sediments from Lake Gahai. The fine fractions were analyzed for XRD, total carbonate content, carbon and oxygen isotopes of carbonate (δ18Ocand δ13Cc), TOC, TN and δ13Corg. Twenty seven AMS14C samples were dated to provide chronological control. Based on the results of Multi-proxy analysis and comparison of GHB record with those documents from adjacent regions, the hydrological process of Lake Gahai and the regional climate variability since the Holocene are reconstructed. The primary conclusions are as follows:
1. The Holocene palaeoclimate reconstruction in Lake Gahai
During the early Holocene (11890～8600cal yr BP), the climate was clearly warm-humid in this region due to the enhanced temperature and precipitation, but it was generally stable. Meanwhile, Lake Gahai had a relatively high lake level and freshwater conditions during this period. The mid-Holocene (8600to4700cal yr BP) was characterized by a relatively Warm-dry climate condition, with high-frequency variations from8600to4700cal yr BP and three wet intervals (8200,7600and7100～6600cal yr BP). However, a warm-dry and stable climate occurred during6000～4700cal yr BP. Lake Gahai experienced a generally decreasing humidity and high biological productivity compared with the early Holocene, while the lake level was declined. The late Holocene can be roughly divided into two stages:Lake Gahai experienced maximum effective moisture between4700and3000cal yr BP, the climate changed to colder but more humid than before. Lake Gahai had the lowest salinity, the highest lake level and the largest extent, whereas the biological productivity did not improved which was attributed to relatively low temperature. After3000cal yr BP, the lake experienced a coherent decrease in moisture, a sharp lake level decline and an increasing salinity continued to the present. However, the climate in the MWP was more warm and dryer, and followed by a cool and wet LIA.
2. The results of regional comparisons
Regional comparison indicates that a wet climate during the early Holocene was attributed to a stronger summer monsoon; the climate reconstruction from Lake Gahai was more similar to the monsoon region. From8600to4700cal yr BP, a dry and variable climate occurred in Lake Gahai due to the weak of summer monsoon, but it still had humid internals associated with enhanced summer monsoon. Those studies from Qaidam Basin were supported our conclusions. After4700cal yr BP, the palaoclimate change from Lake Gahai and the westerly region displayed a similar trend, which may relate to the strengthening of the westerlies.
3. Possible mechanisms
The solar insolation variation on the orbital-scales in the Northern Hemisphere is the fundamental reason for the Holocene climate change in Lake Gahai. It is likely that Lake Gahai experienced more warm-humid climate during times when the Asian summer monsoon was much stronger and extended further inland due to the enhanced low-latitude solar insolation. In contrast, the westerly dominated regions were extended associated with the gradual weakening of the Asian summer monsoon which was in response to the orbitally induced decrease in summer insolation, the climate in Lake Gahai might alternate between warm-dry and cold-humid conditions at the control of the westerly. In addition, local topography may be important in modifying the climate patterns and lead to the more variable and complex climate in Lake Gahai.
引文
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