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渤海海砂资源分布、物源及控制因素研究
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摘要
海砂是指分布于近岸及陆架海域的细砂、中砂、粗砂和砾砂,它们通常以水下沙坝、潮流沙脊或潮流三角洲等砂体形态存在。海砂是十分重要的海洋资源,随着沿海经济的不断发展,尤其是临海工业区建设规模的不断扩大,建筑用砂和填料的需求日益增涨,系统开展海砂资源研究就成为合理开发利用海砂资源的一项基础性工作。
     渤海海砂资源丰富,是我国重要的海砂资源区。本文基于对渤海海域908专项4941个表层沉积物样品的粒度分析,确定了渤海海峡北部、辽东浅滩、辽东湾东岸、兴城-绥中近岸、秦皇岛近岸、曹妃甸、莱州浅滩等7个海砂资源区,总面积约12800km~2。利用表层沉积物样品的粒度数据、重矿物数据研究了各海砂资源区的沉积物类型特征、重矿物分布特征。渤海海峡北部海砂资源区锆石含量较高,沉积物类型多为砾质砂、砂质砾;辽东湾东岸海砂资源区普通角闪石和绿帘石含量较高,沉积物类型多为中粗砂;兴城-绥中近岸海砂资源区钛铁矿和磁铁矿含量较高,沉积物类型多为中粗砂;秦皇岛近岸海砂资源区和曹妃甸海砂资源区石榴石含量较高,沉积物类型多为中细砂;莱州浅滩海砂资源区各类重矿物没有明显的富集现象,沉积物类型多为粗砂、中粗砂。根据浅剖和钻孔资料确定辽东湾东岸海砂资源区资源量为90.0×10~8m~3,兴城-绥中近岸海砂资源区的资源量为337.0×10~8m~3。
     根据重矿物数据,对比前人研究成果,对各海砂资源区进行了物源分析,渤海海峡北部海砂资源区主要为老铁山水道潮流长期冲刷形成的粗粒沉积物堆积,辽东浅滩海砂资源区物质为老铁山水道冲刷物质的再堆积,其它海砂资源区物质主要来源于沿岸河流的输运,黄河对于渤海海砂资源区的形成没有明显贡献。
     利用收集到的位于渤海各海砂资源区的8个测流站位的潮流数据,通过数值模拟的方法,研究了潮流与渤海海砂资源区沙脊、沙席发育的动力学关系,得到了M_2分潮是主要控制因素、其它分潮没有明显影响的认识。在物源充足的前提下,M_2分潮潮流椭圆长半轴在50cm/s~75cm/s,椭率绝对值在小于0.4时,能够发育潮流沙脊,沙脊的方向与潮流椭圆长轴方向基本一致;椭圆长半轴在40cm/s~50cm/s,椭率绝对值在0.4~0.6之间时,能够发育潮流沙席。M_2分潮潮流椭圆长半轴过大或过小,均不能发育潮流沙脊、沙席。
     利用渤海主要入海河流历年径流量和输沙量记录、潮流数值模拟数据、遥感历史影像资料,对区内海砂资源的成因进行综合分析,结果表明,控制渤海海砂资源分布的因素主要是沙源和潮流,其中人为因素对曹妃甸海砂资源区和莱州浅滩海砂资源区有较大影响;相对于渤海的泥质区而言,海砂资源区均具有较大的潮流;目前河流入海径流和泥沙减弱,海砂资源区物质来源减少,预测会造成海砂资源区萎缩。
Marine sand is fine sand, medium sand, coarse sand and gravel sand located incoastal and continental shelf waters, in the form of underwater sand bar, tidal sandridges or tidal delta. Marine sand is very important marine resources. With the rapiddevelopment of the coastal economy, especially the constant expansion of the coastalindustrial zone construction, the demand of construction sand and filler increasinglyrise. The research of marine sand has become a basic work for the rationaldevelopment and utilization of marine sand resources.
     Bohai sea is an important area of marine sand resources.Based on the particle sizeanalysis of4941surface sediment samples in Bohai Sea, funded by the908Specialinvestigation, seven marine sand resources areas are determined, including thenorthern part of Bohai Strait, Liaodong Shoal, east coast of Liaodong Bay,Xingcheng-suizhong inshore, Qinhuangdao inshore, Caofeidian, Laizhou shallows.Their total area is about12800km~2. The sediment characteristics and distribution ofheavy minerals in the marine sand resources areas are analyzed. The zircon content ofthe northern part of Bohai Strait marine sand resources area is high, and the sedimenttype is gravelly sand or sandy gravel. The hornblende and epidote content of eastcoast of Liaodong Bay marine sand resources area is high, and the sediment type iscoarse sand. The titanium iron ore and magnetite content of Xingcheng-suizhonginshore marine sand resource area is high, and the sediment type is coarse sand. Thegarnet content of Qinhuangdao inshore marine sand resources area and Caofeidianmarine sand resources area is high, and the sediment type is mostly fine sand. Thesediment type of Laizhou shoal marine sand resources area is mostly coarse sand andmedium sand. The resources of east coast of Liaodong Bay marine sand resourcesarea amount to90.0×10~8m~3, and the resources of Xingcheng-suizhong inshore marinesand resources area amount to337.0×10~8m~3.
     Compared to the results of previous studies, the provenance of every marine sand resources area is analyzed. The northern part of Bohai Strait marine sand resourcesarea is formed by the Laotieshan waterway tidal current of long-term erosion.Thematerial of Liaodong shoal marine sand resources area sources from the accumulationof Laotieshan watercourse erosion. Other marine sand resources areas mainly derivefrom the coastal rivers. The Yellow River has no significant contribution for theformation of the Bohai marine sand resources area.
     This paper collects the data of8flow measurement stations in the marine sandresources areas. Using numerical simulation method to study the dynamics relationsof the development of sand ridges and sand seats in Bohai sea, then comes to theconclusion that M_2tidal current is the main controlling factor and other tidal currenthas no significant effect. With adequate provenance, the area can develop tidal sandridges if M_2tidal current elliptical semimajor is50cm/s to75cm/s, and the absolutevalue of ellipsoid rate is less than0.4. The direction of sand ridges and the direction ofelliptical semimajor is basically the same; the area can develop tidal sand seats if M_2tidal current elliptical semimajor is40cm/s to50cm/s, and the absolute value ofellipsoid rate is between0.4to0.6.The area cannot develop tidal sand ridges or sandseats if M_2tidal current elliptical semimajor is too large or too small.
     Using the main rivers’ runoff and sediment discharge records in Bohai, tidalcurrent of numerical simulation data, historical remote sensing image data, this paperanalyzes the causes of marine sand resources. The results show that the factors thatcontrol the distribution of the Bohai marine sand resources are sand sources and tidalcurrent. Human factors have a greater impact on the Caofeidian marine sand resourcesarea and Laizhou shoal marine sand resources area. Compared to mud area, themarine sand resources areas have larger tidal current. The marine sand resources areasare shrinking because the material sources are reducing.
引文
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