中国地区气溶胶光学特性研究
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摘要
我国气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和太阳辐射长期以来的分布与变化特征,以及如何从宽带太阳辐射反演气溶胶光学厚度是本文的研究重点。目前,我国气溶胶光学厚度的长期资料仍然相对缺乏,这使得至今对我国气溶胶光学厚度近几十年的分布与变化仍然不是很清楚。基于这些问题,本文针对我国常规辐射观测站探测的太阳总辐射和散射辐射历史资料建立了一个气溶胶光学厚度的反演方法,利用该方法反演获得了我国50多个台站1961～1990年的气溶胶光学厚度数据。通过对这些光学厚度数据和太阳辐射数据的分析研究,主要得到以下一些结论:
本文首先建立了一个总辐射准确度的评估方法,并采用所反演的太阳常数(E_(O,P))对WRR的偏差来评估该准确度,进而应用这一方法对北京等7个台站2000—2004年的总辐射资料准确度进行了评估。结果表明,可用于评估的辐射资料越多,越有利于平滑气溶胶、水汽含量和地表反照率的非系统(随机)误差所引起的评估误差,评估结果越合理。7个站的E_(O,P)对WRR的最大偏差为7.33%,97.78%的E_(O,P)值的偏差小于5%,总平均E_(O,P)对WRR偏差只有-1.15%。因此,当μ_0≥0.7时,这些台站的晴天总辐射资料的不确定度估计为5%。
对我国50多个台站近40年的太阳辐射观测资料进行统计分析,结果表明:1961～1990年全国平均总辐射、直接辐射年总量呈显著下降,年下降值分别为-24.81、-21.67MJ·m~(-2),6～8月为下降最快的月份,11、12月下降最慢;散射辐射总体变化趋势不显著。总辐射和直接辐射在东部下降较西部明显,东北和西南地区下降不显著;而散射辐射在东部站点呈增加的偏多,西部站点下降的偏多。90年代以来,总辐射年总量有增加趋势,全国平均比80年代平均增加105.6 MJ·m~(-2)。本文还利用一个基于总云量的晴空因子计算了晴空下太阳辐射日曝辐量的变化,结果表明,1961～1990年间直接辐射下降趋势快于总辐射,而散射辐射为显著增加趋势。
基于水平面太阳直接辐射对气溶胶的敏感性,本文建立了一个从总辐射和散射辐射日曝辐量反演气溶胶光学厚度的方法。对该方法的误差分析表明:本文提出的“等效”瞬时太阳天顶角模型的不确定性引起的AOD反演误差平均为3.66%;AOD日变化对单日反演结果有较大影响,对长期结果的平均值影响不显著;当散射辐射的订正误差≤20%时,AOD反演偏差≤4%。与AERONET的对比验证表明:晴空下,两者相关系数超过0.95,平均偏差约0.02;云甄别方法计算的多年平均AOD与AERONET产品较吻合,计算的北京站2002-2005年总平均AOD与AERONET相差0.01。
对本文方法反演的50多个台站1961～1990年的0.75μm对流层AOD数据进行统计分析,结果表明:我国AOD分布受地形影响显著,存在四川盆地、南疆盆地高值区和青藏高原低值区,1961～1990年平均AOD四川盆地为0.649,南疆盆地为0.411,青藏高原为0.125。1961～1990年,四川盆地光学厚度增加最显著,平均每十年增加0.16;南疆盆地光学厚度增长相对缓慢,平均每十年增加0.03;青藏高原为光学厚度增加最缓慢的地区,平均每十年增加0.01;全国平均AOD每十年增加0.05。全国平均AOD春季最高,夏季次之,冬季最小;气溶胶光学厚度的低、高值区分别对应于能见度的高、低值区,能见度的分布与光学厚度分布体现了较好的吻合,能见度在东经105°以东站点主要为下降,以西站点多数为上升。
对北京等14个一级辐射站1961～2005年对流层AOD、气溶胶标高和太阳辐射的分析表明:其中11个站AOD显著增长,年增加值0.001～0.082/a;12个站气溶胶标高呈增长趋势,年增长0.004～0.049kin;14站平均AOD和气溶胶标高的年变化为0.0029和0.018km;1961～2005年太阳总辐射和直接辐射总体呈下降趋势,但90年代以来,7个站点的总辐射和6个站点的直接辐射有增加趋势。
Variation and distribution characteristics of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and solar radiation in China, and the AOD retrieval method from broadband solar radiation were main goals in this paper. Due to be short of long term data of AOD, the temporal and spatial variations of AOD were still unclear in China. Base on the above problems, some works were carried out in this paper.
A method of accuracy estimation for GSR (Global solar radiation) measurements was proposed for Chinese meteorological observatories firstly. Then it was applied to evaluating accuracies of GSR data at seven observatories in China, which were Shenyang, Ejinaqi, Beijing, Wulumuqi, Geermu, Shanghai and Guangzhou. The results showed that the uncertainty of GSR data in these observatories was usually better than 5% in clear days withμ0≥0.7.
The variation characteristics of solar radiations at 50 meteorological observatories in China during 1961～2000 were analyzed, the results showed that the yearly insolations of global and direct solar radiations appeared obviously descend trends with annual decreases of -24.81 and -21.67MJ·m~(-2), respectively, but the diffuse radiation had no remarkable trend. The descending of global and direct solar radiations was distinct in eastern part and western part of China, while that in northeastern and southwestern part was not. Diffuse radiations for most stations in eastern part showed an increasing trend, while most stations in western part decreasing. Compared with 1980s, the averaged GSR insolation in 1990s increased about 105. 6 MJ·m~(-2). We calculated the solar radiations under clear sky using a clear index based on cloud cover, the results showed that direct radiation reduced more quickly than GSR, but diffuse radiation showed a remarkable increasing trend.
Based on the sensibility of horizontal direct solar radiation to aerosol, a new retrieval method for aerosol optical depth (AOD) was developed using daily insolations of global and diffuse solar radiations. With a error analysis using radiative transfer models, the results showed that the mean value of AOD retrieving errors due to instability of the "equivalent" model of instantaneous solar zenith angle was 3.66%; errors of AOD diurnal variation had little influence on the mean value for a relatively long period; the AOD retrieving error was less than 4 % when the error of diffuse solar radiation revision was less than 20%. A comparison between AODs retrieved from this method and the AERONET showed a good agreement with correlation coefficient of 0.95 and mean bias error of 0.02 in clear days. The seasonal and yearly mean values of AOD showed a good consistent with those from AERONET.
Using the above retrieval method, the data of tropospheric AOD at 0.75μm wavelength were retrieved for 50 meteorological stations within the period of 1961-1990. The results showed that the distribution of AOD influenced mostly by topography in China. There are two high value regions of Sichuan Basin and South-Xinjiang Basin and a low value region of Qinhai-Tibet plateau. The decennary increment of AOD averaged from all stations was 0.05. As to mean values, the maximum was in Sichuan Basin of 0.649, and the second maximum in South-Xinjiang Basin of 0.411, while the minimum was in Qinhai-Tibet plateau of 0.125. As to seasonal mean, AOD in spring had the highest value, and then in summer, while the minimum was in winter. The distribution of surface visibility, which was consistent with that of AOD, showed a decreasing trend in the East and a increasing tend in the West of China.
The variation characteristics of tropospheric AOD and aerosol scaling heights (ASH) for 14 first-grade radiation stations were analyzed detailedly. The results showed that the increasing trends of AOD were found in 11 stations whose annual increments were between 0.001 and 0.082 and of ASH were found in 12 stations whose annual increments were between 0.004 and 0.049km. As to average values from all 14 stations, the annual increment of AOD and ASH was 0.0029 and 0.018km, respectively.
本文首先建立了一个总辐射准确度的评估方法,并采用所反演的太阳常数(E_(O,P))对WRR的偏差来评估该准确度,进而应用这一方法对北京等7个台站2000—2004年的总辐射资料准确度进行了评估。结果表明,可用于评估的辐射资料越多,越有利于平滑气溶胶、水汽含量和地表反照率的非系统(随机)误差所引起的评估误差,评估结果越合理。7个站的E_(O,P)对WRR的最大偏差为7.33%,97.78%的E_(O,P)值的偏差小于5%,总平均E_(O,P)对WRR偏差只有-1.15%。因此,当μ_0≥0.7时,这些台站的晴天总辐射资料的不确定度估计为5%。
对我国50多个台站近40年的太阳辐射观测资料进行统计分析,结果表明:1961～1990年全国平均总辐射、直接辐射年总量呈显著下降,年下降值分别为-24.81、-21.67MJ·m~(-2),6～8月为下降最快的月份,11、12月下降最慢;散射辐射总体变化趋势不显著。总辐射和直接辐射在东部下降较西部明显,东北和西南地区下降不显著;而散射辐射在东部站点呈增加的偏多,西部站点下降的偏多。90年代以来,总辐射年总量有增加趋势,全国平均比80年代平均增加105.6 MJ·m~(-2)。本文还利用一个基于总云量的晴空因子计算了晴空下太阳辐射日曝辐量的变化,结果表明,1961～1990年间直接辐射下降趋势快于总辐射,而散射辐射为显著增加趋势。
基于水平面太阳直接辐射对气溶胶的敏感性,本文建立了一个从总辐射和散射辐射日曝辐量反演气溶胶光学厚度的方法。对该方法的误差分析表明:本文提出的“等效”瞬时太阳天顶角模型的不确定性引起的AOD反演误差平均为3.66%;AOD日变化对单日反演结果有较大影响,对长期结果的平均值影响不显著;当散射辐射的订正误差≤20%时,AOD反演偏差≤4%。与AERONET的对比验证表明:晴空下,两者相关系数超过0.95,平均偏差约0.02;云甄别方法计算的多年平均AOD与AERONET产品较吻合,计算的北京站2002-2005年总平均AOD与AERONET相差0.01。
对本文方法反演的50多个台站1961～1990年的0.75μm对流层AOD数据进行统计分析,结果表明:我国AOD分布受地形影响显著,存在四川盆地、南疆盆地高值区和青藏高原低值区,1961～1990年平均AOD四川盆地为0.649,南疆盆地为0.411,青藏高原为0.125。1961～1990年,四川盆地光学厚度增加最显著,平均每十年增加0.16;南疆盆地光学厚度增长相对缓慢,平均每十年增加0.03;青藏高原为光学厚度增加最缓慢的地区,平均每十年增加0.01;全国平均AOD每十年增加0.05。全国平均AOD春季最高,夏季次之,冬季最小;气溶胶光学厚度的低、高值区分别对应于能见度的高、低值区,能见度的分布与光学厚度分布体现了较好的吻合,能见度在东经105°以东站点主要为下降,以西站点多数为上升。
对北京等14个一级辐射站1961～2005年对流层AOD、气溶胶标高和太阳辐射的分析表明:其中11个站AOD显著增长,年增加值0.001～0.082/a;12个站气溶胶标高呈增长趋势,年增长0.004～0.049kin;14站平均AOD和气溶胶标高的年变化为0.0029和0.018km;1961～2005年太阳总辐射和直接辐射总体呈下降趋势,但90年代以来,7个站点的总辐射和6个站点的直接辐射有增加趋势。
Variation and distribution characteristics of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and solar radiation in China, and the AOD retrieval method from broadband solar radiation were main goals in this paper. Due to be short of long term data of AOD, the temporal and spatial variations of AOD were still unclear in China. Base on the above problems, some works were carried out in this paper.
A method of accuracy estimation for GSR (Global solar radiation) measurements was proposed for Chinese meteorological observatories firstly. Then it was applied to evaluating accuracies of GSR data at seven observatories in China, which were Shenyang, Ejinaqi, Beijing, Wulumuqi, Geermu, Shanghai and Guangzhou. The results showed that the uncertainty of GSR data in these observatories was usually better than 5% in clear days withμ0≥0.7.
The variation characteristics of solar radiations at 50 meteorological observatories in China during 1961～2000 were analyzed, the results showed that the yearly insolations of global and direct solar radiations appeared obviously descend trends with annual decreases of -24.81 and -21.67MJ·m~(-2), respectively, but the diffuse radiation had no remarkable trend. The descending of global and direct solar radiations was distinct in eastern part and western part of China, while that in northeastern and southwestern part was not. Diffuse radiations for most stations in eastern part showed an increasing trend, while most stations in western part decreasing. Compared with 1980s, the averaged GSR insolation in 1990s increased about 105. 6 MJ·m~(-2). We calculated the solar radiations under clear sky using a clear index based on cloud cover, the results showed that direct radiation reduced more quickly than GSR, but diffuse radiation showed a remarkable increasing trend.
Based on the sensibility of horizontal direct solar radiation to aerosol, a new retrieval method for aerosol optical depth (AOD) was developed using daily insolations of global and diffuse solar radiations. With a error analysis using radiative transfer models, the results showed that the mean value of AOD retrieving errors due to instability of the "equivalent" model of instantaneous solar zenith angle was 3.66%; errors of AOD diurnal variation had little influence on the mean value for a relatively long period; the AOD retrieving error was less than 4 % when the error of diffuse solar radiation revision was less than 20%. A comparison between AODs retrieved from this method and the AERONET showed a good agreement with correlation coefficient of 0.95 and mean bias error of 0.02 in clear days. The seasonal and yearly mean values of AOD showed a good consistent with those from AERONET.
Using the above retrieval method, the data of tropospheric AOD at 0.75μm wavelength were retrieved for 50 meteorological stations within the period of 1961-1990. The results showed that the distribution of AOD influenced mostly by topography in China. There are two high value regions of Sichuan Basin and South-Xinjiang Basin and a low value region of Qinhai-Tibet plateau. The decennary increment of AOD averaged from all stations was 0.05. As to mean values, the maximum was in Sichuan Basin of 0.649, and the second maximum in South-Xinjiang Basin of 0.411, while the minimum was in Qinhai-Tibet plateau of 0.125. As to seasonal mean, AOD in spring had the highest value, and then in summer, while the minimum was in winter. The distribution of surface visibility, which was consistent with that of AOD, showed a decreasing trend in the East and a increasing tend in the West of China.
The variation characteristics of tropospheric AOD and aerosol scaling heights (ASH) for 14 first-grade radiation stations were analyzed detailedly. The results showed that the increasing trends of AOD were found in 11 stations whose annual increments were between 0.001 and 0.082 and of ASH were found in 12 stations whose annual increments were between 0.004 and 0.049km. As to average values from all 14 stations, the annual increment of AOD and ASH was 0.0029 and 0.018km, respectively.
引文
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