深海热液矿床保真样品现场检测系统研制
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摘要
目前,深海矿产资源已成为世界发达国家的研究重点之一,而对热液矿产资源的探测显得尤为重要。通过分析保真样品逸出标志性气体能够为快速高效地找矿提供可靠线索,对深海资源勘探具有重要意义。
本论文在分析和总结国外同类系统的研究工作和现状的基础上,结合国家863课题的具体要求,提出了建立保真样品分析系统的三种方案,通过分析比较确定了一种分级递阶降压式深海保真样品分析系统的结构,并建立系统试验装备。论文主要包括绪论、系统建模与仿真研究、关键技术研究、系统硬件设计和试验研究。
绪论阐述了深海资源研究开发的重要意义,着重介绍了深海热液矿产资源。分析了国内外在探测热液矿床资源和分析热液矿床成分方面取得的进展及研究现状。在介绍课题来源的基础上,提出了本课题的研究目标和主要研究内容。
系统建模与仿真研究部分从理论上验证了本系统设计所采用方案的可行性和合理性,对气体缓慢降压系统进行仿真,根据仿真结果分析影响气体降压速率的结构参数,通过参数优化得到较好的性能指标。指出了保真样品中逸出气体实现无压力突变缓慢降压的意义。
关键技术研究部分阐述了本系统所涉及的主要关键技术,包括无压力突变的缓慢降压技术、密封技术、防污染技术、接口技术、气体收集技术以及系统耐腐蚀技术等。
系统硬件设计部分说明了系统的整体构架、系统工作过程及系统的整体设计指标。建立了系统的试验台架、分级递阶降压装置、真空系统、气体收集装置及气体分析装置等。
系统试验研究主要包括实验室试验和海洋试验。通过海试验证了所建立的分级递阶式深海保真样品分析系统的有效性,并获得了非常有科学研究价值的深海保真样品的逸出气体数据,完全达到了国家863合同验收指标。
Recently, extensive studies have been focused on the exploitation of deep-sea mineral resources in developed countries. And hydrothermal deposit also belongs to such category. Through analyzing the gas bubbling off from samples collected from hydrothermal vents, we can obtain a reliable clue to the distribution and composition of mines in deep-sea. Therefore this work makes great sense for submarine mineral exploration.After investigating some similar work at home and abroad, and taking into account the specification of this 863-funded project, we first proposed three schemes for building a system for the sample analysis work in the thesis. Then we compared the three schemes, of which the system analyzing the sample by the means of pressure degraded descending turns out to be the most feasible one for our project, thereby we built up one such equipment according to this methodology. The thesis is composed of sections as follows: introduction, system modeling and simulation, investigation on key techniques, hardware design, experiment, conclusion and prospect, achievements and so on.In the introduction section, the significance of studying deep-sea resources is highlighted, and especially the hydrothermal deposit resource in deep-sea is elaborated on. We also analyze the current progress made on the exploration and analysis of hydrothermal deposit resource at home and abroad. Then the source, aim and content of the project are presented.System modeling and simulation verifies the feasibility and rationality of the selected scheme. We were engaged on simulating the process of descending pressure slowly with the software of MATLAB, and structural parameters which affect the velocity of pressure descended were found out based on the result of simulation. After optimizing the parameters, we achieved satisfying simulation curves. Then the meaning of descending pressure slowly is pointed out, as well as its implementation method.Key techniques relative to the system mainly consist of descending pressure slowly (i.e. not suddenly), seal technique, pollution resisting, interface technique, gas collecting, corrosion resisting and so on.We detail the structure, working process and design specification of the system in the section of hardware design. We built up the experiment platform and the equipments in charge of degraded descending pressure, making vacuum, collecting
本论文在分析和总结国外同类系统的研究工作和现状的基础上,结合国家863课题的具体要求,提出了建立保真样品分析系统的三种方案,通过分析比较确定了一种分级递阶降压式深海保真样品分析系统的结构,并建立系统试验装备。论文主要包括绪论、系统建模与仿真研究、关键技术研究、系统硬件设计和试验研究。
绪论阐述了深海资源研究开发的重要意义,着重介绍了深海热液矿产资源。分析了国内外在探测热液矿床资源和分析热液矿床成分方面取得的进展及研究现状。在介绍课题来源的基础上,提出了本课题的研究目标和主要研究内容。
系统建模与仿真研究部分从理论上验证了本系统设计所采用方案的可行性和合理性,对气体缓慢降压系统进行仿真,根据仿真结果分析影响气体降压速率的结构参数,通过参数优化得到较好的性能指标。指出了保真样品中逸出气体实现无压力突变缓慢降压的意义。
关键技术研究部分阐述了本系统所涉及的主要关键技术,包括无压力突变的缓慢降压技术、密封技术、防污染技术、接口技术、气体收集技术以及系统耐腐蚀技术等。
系统硬件设计部分说明了系统的整体构架、系统工作过程及系统的整体设计指标。建立了系统的试验台架、分级递阶降压装置、真空系统、气体收集装置及气体分析装置等。
系统试验研究主要包括实验室试验和海洋试验。通过海试验证了所建立的分级递阶式深海保真样品分析系统的有效性,并获得了非常有科学研究价值的深海保真样品的逸出气体数据,完全达到了国家863合同验收指标。
Recently, extensive studies have been focused on the exploitation of deep-sea mineral resources in developed countries. And hydrothermal deposit also belongs to such category. Through analyzing the gas bubbling off from samples collected from hydrothermal vents, we can obtain a reliable clue to the distribution and composition of mines in deep-sea. Therefore this work makes great sense for submarine mineral exploration.After investigating some similar work at home and abroad, and taking into account the specification of this 863-funded project, we first proposed three schemes for building a system for the sample analysis work in the thesis. Then we compared the three schemes, of which the system analyzing the sample by the means of pressure degraded descending turns out to be the most feasible one for our project, thereby we built up one such equipment according to this methodology. The thesis is composed of sections as follows: introduction, system modeling and simulation, investigation on key techniques, hardware design, experiment, conclusion and prospect, achievements and so on.In the introduction section, the significance of studying deep-sea resources is highlighted, and especially the hydrothermal deposit resource in deep-sea is elaborated on. We also analyze the current progress made on the exploration and analysis of hydrothermal deposit resource at home and abroad. Then the source, aim and content of the project are presented.System modeling and simulation verifies the feasibility and rationality of the selected scheme. We were engaged on simulating the process of descending pressure slowly with the software of MATLAB, and structural parameters which affect the velocity of pressure descended were found out based on the result of simulation. After optimizing the parameters, we achieved satisfying simulation curves. Then the meaning of descending pressure slowly is pointed out, as well as its implementation method.Key techniques relative to the system mainly consist of descending pressure slowly (i.e. not suddenly), seal technique, pollution resisting, interface technique, gas collecting, corrosion resisting and so on.We detail the structure, working process and design specification of the system in the section of hardware design. We built up the experiment platform and the equipments in charge of degraded descending pressure, making vacuum, collecting
引文
[1].陈鹰 海底热液科学考察中的机电装备技术,机械工程学报.2002,38(增刊):207～211
[2].冯士笮,李凤岐,李少箐 海洋科学导论.北京:高等教育出版社,2000
[3].翟世奎,陈丽蓉,张海启 冲绳海槽的岩浆作用与海底热液活动.[M]北京:海洋出版社,2001
[4].吴世迎主编.世界海底热液硫化物资源.[M]北京:海洋出版社,2000
[5]. Binnes R A Scott. Actively forming polymetallic sulfide deposits associated with felsic volcanic rocks in the Eastern Manus back-arc basin, Papua new Guinea. [J]Econ Geol, 1993, 88: 2226～2236
[6]. Shock, E. L., Chemical Environments of Submarine Hydrothermal Systems, Origins of Life and Evolution of The Biosphere, 22: 67～107 (1992)
[7]. Baross, J. A. and Hoffman, S. E., Submarine Hydrothermal Vents and Associated Gradient Environments as Sites for the Origin and Evolution of Life, Origins of Life, 15: 327～345 (1985)
[8].许肖梅.海洋技术概论.北京:科学出版社,2000
[9].中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会.国际海底区域资源开发战略研究报告.1999
[10].陈鹰,杨灿军,顾临怡.基于载人潜水器的深海资源勘探作业技术研究.机械工程学报.2003,39(10):1～5
[11].陈鹰,潘依雯.深海科考探险日记.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2004
[12]. Schulte, M. D. and Shock, E. L., Thermodynamics of Strecker Synthesis in Hydrothermal Systems, Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 25: 161～173 (1995)
[13]. Shock, E. L., Organic Acids in Hydrothermal Solutions: Standard Molar Thermodynamic Properties of Carboxylic Acids and Estimates of Dissociation Constants at High Temperatures and Pressures, American Journal of Science, 295: 496～580 (1995)
[14].杨木壮,梁金强,郭依群.天然气水合物调查研究方法与技术.海洋地质动态,2001.07:14～19
[15].杨木壮,吴琳,何朝雄,吴能友.海洋地址动态,2002,18(9):17～21
[16]. Byrappa, K.,Hydrothermal Growth of Crystals, in: Handbook of Crystal Growth, (D. T. J. Hurle, ed.), pp. 465～562, Elsevier Science B. V., England(1994)
[17]. Lencka, M. M., Anderko, A., and Riman, R. E., Hydrothermal Precipitation of Lead Zirconate Titanate Solid Solutions: Thermodynamic Modeling and Experimental Synthesis, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 78: 2609～2618 (1995)
[18]. Eckert, J. O., Jr., Hung-Houston, C. C., Gersten, B. L., Lencka, M. M. and Riman, R. E., Kinetics and Mechanisms of Hydrothermal Synthesis of Barium Titanate, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 79: 2929～2939 (1996)
[19].李粹中.海底热液成矿活动研究的进展、热点及展望,地球科学进展 Vol.9 No.1 1994,PP.14～19
[20]. Halbach P, Naknmura K, Wahsner M, et al. Probable modern analogue of kuroko-type massive sulphide deposits in the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin. Nature, 1989, 388: 496～499
[21]. G. N. Prokoptsev, N. G. Prokoptsev. International Geology Review, 1990, V. 32, 338～350
[22].毛彬.深海热液硫化物.国际海底,2002 (4) PP.67～72
[23].路甬祥.液压气动技术手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002
[24]. Chester, R. (1990) Marine Geochemistry, Unwin Hyman, London, 698 p.
[25]. Elderfiled, H. and Schultz, A. (1995) Mid-Ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean, Ann. Rev. Earth. Sci., 24, 191～224.
[26].刘兴堂,吴晓燕.现代系统建模与仿真技术.西安:西北工业大学出版社,2001
[27].肖田元,张燕云,陈加栋.系统仿真导论.北京:清华大学出版社,2000
[28].李建藩.气压传动系统动力学.广州:华南理工大学出版社,1991
[29].章宏甲,黄谊.液压传动.北京:机械工业出版社,1995
[30].金朝铭.液压流体力学.北京:国防工业出版社,1994
[31].张朝阳,张聚恩.仿真技术发展综述,航空系统工程 No.3 1994,PP.32～36
[32].熊光楞.仿真技术的现在与未来(综述),信息与控制 No.4 1989,PP.26～32
[33].杨湘龙,王飞,冯允成.仿真优化理论与方法综述,计算机仿真 Vol.17 No.5 2000.9,PP.1～5
[34].曾建潮,孙国基.仿真优化方法(综述),系统仿真学报 No.1 1989,PP.15～19
[35].马胜钢,马胜天.液压系统动态仿真工作中的优化方法,郑州工学院学报 Vol.16 No.4 1995.12.PP.1～5 11
[36].翟超进,候贞绵.真实气体范德华状态方程及其修正式的改写式.河北化工,1990 PP.35～36
[37].党玉敬.非理想气体状态方程的一般形式及应用.河南教育学院学报 Vol.8 No.3 1999,PP.30～31
[38].蔡炳新.基础物理化学(上册) 北京:科学出版社,2001
[39].李永堂,雷步芳,高雨茁.液压系统建模与仿真.北京:冶金工业出版社,2003
[40].仇宏程 液压高动态系统仿真模型的一种有效数值方法,贵州工学院学报 Vol.21 No.2 1992.6,PP.57～63
[41].SMC(中国)有限公司.现代实用气动技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[42].黄俊,李小宁.气缸爬行现象的建模与仿真,液压与气动.2004 PP.20～23
[43]. OHMOTO H. Systematics of sulfur and carbon isotopes in hydrothermal ore deposits[J]. Econ Geol, 1972, 67: 551～579
[44]. OHMOTO H. REY R O. Isotopes of sulfur and carbon [A]. Banes H L, ed. Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. 2nd ed. John Willey & Sons, 1979. 509～567
[45]. VON Damm K L, EDMOND J M, GRANT B, et al. Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21° N, East Pacific Rise[J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1985, 48: 2197～2220
[46]. ZIERENBERG R A, KOSKI R A, MORTON J L, et al. Genesis of massive sulfide deposits on a sediment-covered spreading center, Escanaba Trough, Southern Gorda Ridge[J]. Economic Geology, 1993, 88: 2069～2098.
[47]. BUTTERFIELD D A, MASSOTH G J. Geochemistry of cleft segment vent fluids: temporal changes in chlorinity and their possible relation to recent volcanism[J]. J Geophys Res, 1994, 99: 4951～4968.
[48]. SAKAIH, GAMOT, KIMES, et al. Unique chemistry of the hydrothermal solution in the Mid-Okinawa though back-arc basin[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 1990, 17: 2133～2136.
[49]. FOUQUETY, VONSU, CHARLOUTL, et al. Metallogenesis in back-arc environments: the Lau Basin example[J].
[50]. KUSAKBEM, MAYEDAS, NAKAMARAE. S, O and Sr isotope systematics of
[2].冯士笮,李凤岐,李少箐 海洋科学导论.北京:高等教育出版社,2000
[3].翟世奎,陈丽蓉,张海启 冲绳海槽的岩浆作用与海底热液活动.[M]北京:海洋出版社,2001
[4].吴世迎主编.世界海底热液硫化物资源.[M]北京:海洋出版社,2000
[5]. Binnes R A Scott. Actively forming polymetallic sulfide deposits associated with felsic volcanic rocks in the Eastern Manus back-arc basin, Papua new Guinea. [J]Econ Geol, 1993, 88: 2226～2236
[6]. Shock, E. L., Chemical Environments of Submarine Hydrothermal Systems, Origins of Life and Evolution of The Biosphere, 22: 67～107 (1992)
[7]. Baross, J. A. and Hoffman, S. E., Submarine Hydrothermal Vents and Associated Gradient Environments as Sites for the Origin and Evolution of Life, Origins of Life, 15: 327～345 (1985)
[8].许肖梅.海洋技术概论.北京:科学出版社,2000
[9].中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会.国际海底区域资源开发战略研究报告.1999
[10].陈鹰,杨灿军,顾临怡.基于载人潜水器的深海资源勘探作业技术研究.机械工程学报.2003,39(10):1～5
[11].陈鹰,潘依雯.深海科考探险日记.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2004
[12]. Schulte, M. D. and Shock, E. L., Thermodynamics of Strecker Synthesis in Hydrothermal Systems, Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 25: 161～173 (1995)
[13]. Shock, E. L., Organic Acids in Hydrothermal Solutions: Standard Molar Thermodynamic Properties of Carboxylic Acids and Estimates of Dissociation Constants at High Temperatures and Pressures, American Journal of Science, 295: 496～580 (1995)
[14].杨木壮,梁金强,郭依群.天然气水合物调查研究方法与技术.海洋地质动态,2001.07:14～19
[15].杨木壮,吴琳,何朝雄,吴能友.海洋地址动态,2002,18(9):17～21
[16]. Byrappa, K.,Hydrothermal Growth of Crystals, in: Handbook of Crystal Growth, (D. T. J. Hurle, ed.), pp. 465～562, Elsevier Science B. V., England(1994)
[17]. Lencka, M. M., Anderko, A., and Riman, R. E., Hydrothermal Precipitation of Lead Zirconate Titanate Solid Solutions: Thermodynamic Modeling and Experimental Synthesis, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 78: 2609～2618 (1995)
[18]. Eckert, J. O., Jr., Hung-Houston, C. C., Gersten, B. L., Lencka, M. M. and Riman, R. E., Kinetics and Mechanisms of Hydrothermal Synthesis of Barium Titanate, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 79: 2929～2939 (1996)
[19].李粹中.海底热液成矿活动研究的进展、热点及展望,地球科学进展 Vol.9 No.1 1994,PP.14～19
[20]. Halbach P, Naknmura K, Wahsner M, et al. Probable modern analogue of kuroko-type massive sulphide deposits in the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin. Nature, 1989, 388: 496～499
[21]. G. N. Prokoptsev, N. G. Prokoptsev. International Geology Review, 1990, V. 32, 338～350
[22].毛彬.深海热液硫化物.国际海底,2002 (4) PP.67～72
[23].路甬祥.液压气动技术手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002
[24]. Chester, R. (1990) Marine Geochemistry, Unwin Hyman, London, 698 p.
[25]. Elderfiled, H. and Schultz, A. (1995) Mid-Ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean, Ann. Rev. Earth. Sci., 24, 191～224.
[26].刘兴堂,吴晓燕.现代系统建模与仿真技术.西安:西北工业大学出版社,2001
[27].肖田元,张燕云,陈加栋.系统仿真导论.北京:清华大学出版社,2000
[28].李建藩.气压传动系统动力学.广州:华南理工大学出版社,1991
[29].章宏甲,黄谊.液压传动.北京:机械工业出版社,1995
[30].金朝铭.液压流体力学.北京:国防工业出版社,1994
[31].张朝阳,张聚恩.仿真技术发展综述,航空系统工程 No.3 1994,PP.32～36
[32].熊光楞.仿真技术的现在与未来(综述),信息与控制 No.4 1989,PP.26～32
[33].杨湘龙,王飞,冯允成.仿真优化理论与方法综述,计算机仿真 Vol.17 No.5 2000.9,PP.1～5
[34].曾建潮,孙国基.仿真优化方法(综述),系统仿真学报 No.1 1989,PP.15～19
[35].马胜钢,马胜天.液压系统动态仿真工作中的优化方法,郑州工学院学报 Vol.16 No.4 1995.12.PP.1～5 11
[36].翟超进,候贞绵.真实气体范德华状态方程及其修正式的改写式.河北化工,1990 PP.35～36
[37].党玉敬.非理想气体状态方程的一般形式及应用.河南教育学院学报 Vol.8 No.3 1999,PP.30～31
[38].蔡炳新.基础物理化学(上册) 北京:科学出版社,2001
[39].李永堂,雷步芳,高雨茁.液压系统建模与仿真.北京:冶金工业出版社,2003
[40].仇宏程 液压高动态系统仿真模型的一种有效数值方法,贵州工学院学报 Vol.21 No.2 1992.6,PP.57～63
[41].SMC(中国)有限公司.现代实用气动技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[42].黄俊,李小宁.气缸爬行现象的建模与仿真,液压与气动.2004 PP.20～23
[43]. OHMOTO H. Systematics of sulfur and carbon isotopes in hydrothermal ore deposits[J]. Econ Geol, 1972, 67: 551～579
[44]. OHMOTO H. REY R O. Isotopes of sulfur and carbon [A]. Banes H L, ed. Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. 2nd ed. John Willey & Sons, 1979. 509～567
[45]. VON Damm K L, EDMOND J M, GRANT B, et al. Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21° N, East Pacific Rise[J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1985, 48: 2197～2220
[46]. ZIERENBERG R A, KOSKI R A, MORTON J L, et al. Genesis of massive sulfide deposits on a sediment-covered spreading center, Escanaba Trough, Southern Gorda Ridge[J]. Economic Geology, 1993, 88: 2069～2098.
[47]. BUTTERFIELD D A, MASSOTH G J. Geochemistry of cleft segment vent fluids: temporal changes in chlorinity and their possible relation to recent volcanism[J]. J Geophys Res, 1994, 99: 4951～4968.
[48]. SAKAIH, GAMOT, KIMES, et al. Unique chemistry of the hydrothermal solution in the Mid-Okinawa though back-arc basin[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 1990, 17: 2133～2136.
[49]. FOUQUETY, VONSU, CHARLOUTL, et al. Metallogenesis in back-arc environments: the Lau Basin example[J].
[50]. KUSAKBEM, MAYEDAS, NAKAMARAE. S, O and Sr isotope systematics of