守时型铯原子喷泉钟关键技术的研究和实现
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摘要
时间频率是一个国家科技、经济、军事和社会生活中至关重要的参量，其应用范围从基础研究（相对论验证、基本物理常数测量等），渗透到了工程技术应用领域（导航定位、深空探测等）。标准时间首先由一组连续运行的守时型原子钟（如商品型铯束原子钟、氢原子钟）产生稳定的信号，经过基准型原子钟（如铯原子喷泉钟、实验室型铯束原子钟）校准后获得稳定、准确的时间信号。铯原子喷泉钟作为基准钟标较着其他原子钟，具有最高的准确度性能和优异的长期稳定度性能。相比于现有的守时原子钟，铯原子喷泉钟不存在氢钟所固有的频率漂移，比商品型铯束原子钟具有更高的频率稳定度（1个量级以上），参与守时能够显著提高时间频率信号的长期稳定度性能。
然而，铯原子喷泉钟作为守时钟运行仍然需要解决以下两个关键问题：一是铯原子喷泉钟的可靠性问题。目前作为基准钟运行的铯原子喷泉运行是间歇性的，而作为守时钟运行则要求输出信号是连续的，以保证时间信号的持续性。铯原子喷泉钟是大型的实验室装置，各种环境因素（机械振动等）的干扰容易导致喷泉钟偏离正常的工作状态，研究能够自动恢复工作状态的技术能够是其中需要研究的关键技术之一；二是需要解决铯原子喷泉准确度和稳定度性能相互矛盾的问题。铯原子喷泉钟作为守时钟运行在保证高准确度的同时也必须具有高的稳定度性能。当喷泉钟原子样品数目越小时，原子样品之间的碰撞程度减弱，导致的碰撞频移误差减小，如此一来稳定度性能指标就响应地降低。研究能够同时提高准确度性能和稳定度性能的技术是另一项需要研究的关键技术。
本文围绕上述问题开展研究，首先研制了具有抗振特性的外腔半导体激光器，在此基础上，研究了具有参数自恢复激光稳频技术，解决了限制铯原子喷泉钟连续运行能力的主要问题；研究了能够获得低密度原子样品同时又能保证原子团数目不变的慢速原子束技术，可同时提高铯喷泉钟准确度和稳定度性能指标。在实现的关键技术基础上，研制了铯原子喷泉钟的其中两个子系统物理系统、光学系统，通过整机联调，获得了铯原子喷泉钟的标志性Ramsey信号，实现了初步闭环，研究内容和成果可归纳为以下几个部分：
（1）研制了应用干涉滤光片选模，具有“猫眼”结构和参数自恢复锁频功能的新型852nm抗振外腔半导体激光器系统，并成功应用于铯原子喷泉钟装置。分析研究了基于干涉滤光片选模、“猫眼”结构外腔压窄线宽的外腔激光器的工作原理，与基于光栅选模、FP腔压窄线宽的外腔激光器对比，分析了研制的外腔半导体激光器的抗振特性。测试了抗振外腔半导体激光器的频谱特性，与同类的外腔半导体激光器相比，研制的激光器具有更窄的线宽和更高的频谱纯度。
（2）首次实现了基于液晶相位可变延迟器频率调谐、“猫眼”结构外腔的半导体激光器，提出了基于半导体光放大芯片新型外腔半导体激光器方案。针对PZT频率调谐的外腔半导体激光器固有的回程误差、机械运动和驱动电压高等缺点，采用了以液晶相位延时器进行调谐的方案。在此基础上，实现了液晶调谐的外腔半导体激光器。测试表明，研制的激光器具有调谐电压低，不存在回程误差和机械运动等优点。
（3）研究了2D MOT慢速原子束技术。通过构建了2D MOT中铯原子的受力模型，对2D MOT产生慢速原子束的过程进行了数值模拟。利用模拟结果，设计并实现了完整的慢速原子束装置，利用飞行时间法测试了慢速原子束的流量、平均速度等特性，获得了性能指标较好的慢速原子束。采用慢速原子束直接通过光学粘团制备原子样品，可以缩短装载时间，降低原子团密度，同时提高频率稳定度性能和准确度性能。
（4）研制了铯原子喷泉钟的物理系统和光学系统，通过整机联调，成功地获得了铯原子喷泉钟的标志性信号---Ramsey条纹，并初步实现了喷泉钟的闭环运行。在研制的抗振外腔半导体激光器的基础上，通过饱和吸收光谱，实现了激光器的自动稳频，并利用声光调制器实现了激光频率、功率控制，通过光放大、注入锁定方法实现光功率放大。通过保偏光纤把激光传输到一体化镜筒，扩束形成准直度高、功率和偏振可调的圆偏振光。构建了斜入射激光探测光路，减小了热原子荧光的干扰。全面分析了铯原子喷泉钟对物理的要求，对物理系统进行了方案设计。依据设计方案，实现了铯原子喷泉钟的MOT阱区、探测区、喷泉管，达到了喷泉钟运行所需的指标。在铯原子喷泉钟光学系统、物理系统完成的基础上，通过整机联调，实现了铯原子的多普勒冷却、上抛、偏振梯度冷却，实现了原子喷泉。利用选态腔和推斥光，实现了mF=0态原子的选择。通过在微波腔馈入微波，获得了铯原子喷泉钟的标志性的Ramsey谐振信号。通过对微波信号实施方波调制，获得了本地振荡器的伺服控制信号，实现了喷泉钟的初步闭环。
Cesium atomic fountain clock, the current time and frequency primary standard, with thehighest accuracy performance. It is applied widely in time-keeping system, the field of metrology,fundamental physics research areas. With the development of new methods and newtechnologies, the continuously improving operation ability of the cesium atomic fountain clock,the cesium atomic fountain clock has the potential to be as time-keeping clock. Compared withother time-keeping atomic clock, the frequency drift and long-term stability (days) of highcesium atomic fountain clock features. As time-keeping the clock is one of the cesium atomicfountain clock application development direction. This paper focuses on this theme, the first keytechnologies of the cesium atomic fountain clock, developed with anti-vibration characteristicsof external cavity semiconductor laser, and on this basis, the development of a system withautomatic frequency stabilization function, to solve the limit of cesium atoms fountain clockcontinuous operation of the main problems of capacity; Cesium atomic fountain clock, cold atomcollision frequency shift error and stability performance are conflicting issues. It is solvedthrough the2D MOT technology for the direct preparation of cold atomic beam into an opticalmolasses, in access to low-density atoms while ensuring the same number of atoms, collisionfrequency shift smaller, while the clock stability performance is unchanged. Combined theachieving key technologies with the optical system and vacuum system, the cesium atomicfountain is realized and get a better flight time signal, and laid the foundation for the operation ofthe cesium atomic fountain. According to the order in which the work is carried out the contentand results can be summarized as the following sections:
(1) Development of anti-vibration external cavity semiconductor laser, and applied to thecesium atomic fountain clock. The theoretical analysis based on the interference filter,"cat's eye"structure of the external cavity show anti-vibration characteristics of the external cavitysemiconductor laser. Tested the spectral characteristics of the vibration of external cavitysemiconductor lasers show that the narrower linewidth and higher spectral purity.
(2) The frequency tunable external cavity semiconductor lasers based on liquid crystal variable retarder. Analysis of the PZT frequency tuning inherent in the external cavitysemiconductor laser with a return error, aging and the control voltage disadvantages of theproposed program to the tune of the liquid crystal phase delay. On this basis, the DFB laser isdeveloped with a liquid crystal tunable external cavity semiconductor laser. The test showed thatthe developed lasers with a lower tuning voltage, there is no return error and mechanicalmovement. The program is proposed based on semiconductor optical amplifier chip, the LCDdelay frequency tuning,"cat eye" structure of the external cavity high-power semiconductorlaser.
(3) Development of a2D MOT slow atomic beam apparatus. With a force model ofCesium atoms in the2D MOT, a numerical simulation characteristic analysis software system ofthe2D MOT process of slow atomic beam, is developed.According to the software system, acomplete slow atomic beam device is designed and implemented to obtain a better performanceslow atomic beam. The flight time method to test the flux, average speed of atom beam under theguidance of the numerical simulation results, to improve the performance of the2D MOT slowatomic beam. the phenomenon of cyclical changes of the atomic beam flow is discovered withpolarization states of push beam.
(4) Development of the optical system of the cesium atomic fountain clock. Automaticfrequency stabilization of anti-vibration external cavity semiconductor laser is developed basedon the saturated absorption spectroscopy. The laser is transported through the polarizationmaintaining fiber to the integration of the expander to a collimated, circularly polarized lightoutput.
(5) Development of the vacuum system of the cesium atomic fountain clock. Acomprehensive analysis of the degree of vacuum requirements of influence on the cesium atomicfountain clock performance is done according to the theory of the vacuum system design. Basisfor the design to vacuum system of cesium atomic fountain clock reach design aims.
(6) Realization of cesium atomic fountain clock. Combined cesium atomic fountain clockoptical system, vacuum system, with control system, cesium atoms is cooled by the Dopplercooling mechanism, moving molassess, the polarization gradient cooling. A comprehensiveanalysis of various parameters (MOT magnetic field gradient, laser frequency, optical molassescooling time, etc.) on the temperature of cold atoms, the atom number of impact to determine the operating parameters of the cesium atomic fountain. The selected state cavity and repulsion oflight to achieve mF=0atom. The Ramsey fringe produced by interaction of9.2GHz microwaveand Caesium atoms has been realized with cold atomic fountain.
然而，铯原子喷泉钟作为守时钟运行仍然需要解决以下两个关键问题：一是铯原子喷泉钟的可靠性问题。目前作为基准钟运行的铯原子喷泉运行是间歇性的，而作为守时钟运行则要求输出信号是连续的，以保证时间信号的持续性。铯原子喷泉钟是大型的实验室装置，各种环境因素（机械振动等）的干扰容易导致喷泉钟偏离正常的工作状态，研究能够自动恢复工作状态的技术能够是其中需要研究的关键技术之一；二是需要解决铯原子喷泉准确度和稳定度性能相互矛盾的问题。铯原子喷泉钟作为守时钟运行在保证高准确度的同时也必须具有高的稳定度性能。当喷泉钟原子样品数目越小时，原子样品之间的碰撞程度减弱，导致的碰撞频移误差减小，如此一来稳定度性能指标就响应地降低。研究能够同时提高准确度性能和稳定度性能的技术是另一项需要研究的关键技术。
本文围绕上述问题开展研究，首先研制了具有抗振特性的外腔半导体激光器，在此基础上，研究了具有参数自恢复激光稳频技术，解决了限制铯原子喷泉钟连续运行能力的主要问题；研究了能够获得低密度原子样品同时又能保证原子团数目不变的慢速原子束技术，可同时提高铯喷泉钟准确度和稳定度性能指标。在实现的关键技术基础上，研制了铯原子喷泉钟的其中两个子系统物理系统、光学系统，通过整机联调，获得了铯原子喷泉钟的标志性Ramsey信号，实现了初步闭环，研究内容和成果可归纳为以下几个部分：
（1）研制了应用干涉滤光片选模，具有“猫眼”结构和参数自恢复锁频功能的新型852nm抗振外腔半导体激光器系统，并成功应用于铯原子喷泉钟装置。分析研究了基于干涉滤光片选模、“猫眼”结构外腔压窄线宽的外腔激光器的工作原理，与基于光栅选模、FP腔压窄线宽的外腔激光器对比，分析了研制的外腔半导体激光器的抗振特性。测试了抗振外腔半导体激光器的频谱特性，与同类的外腔半导体激光器相比，研制的激光器具有更窄的线宽和更高的频谱纯度。
（2）首次实现了基于液晶相位可变延迟器频率调谐、“猫眼”结构外腔的半导体激光器，提出了基于半导体光放大芯片新型外腔半导体激光器方案。针对PZT频率调谐的外腔半导体激光器固有的回程误差、机械运动和驱动电压高等缺点，采用了以液晶相位延时器进行调谐的方案。在此基础上，实现了液晶调谐的外腔半导体激光器。测试表明，研制的激光器具有调谐电压低，不存在回程误差和机械运动等优点。
（3）研究了2D MOT慢速原子束技术。通过构建了2D MOT中铯原子的受力模型，对2D MOT产生慢速原子束的过程进行了数值模拟。利用模拟结果，设计并实现了完整的慢速原子束装置，利用飞行时间法测试了慢速原子束的流量、平均速度等特性，获得了性能指标较好的慢速原子束。采用慢速原子束直接通过光学粘团制备原子样品，可以缩短装载时间，降低原子团密度，同时提高频率稳定度性能和准确度性能。
（4）研制了铯原子喷泉钟的物理系统和光学系统，通过整机联调，成功地获得了铯原子喷泉钟的标志性信号---Ramsey条纹，并初步实现了喷泉钟的闭环运行。在研制的抗振外腔半导体激光器的基础上，通过饱和吸收光谱，实现了激光器的自动稳频，并利用声光调制器实现了激光频率、功率控制，通过光放大、注入锁定方法实现光功率放大。通过保偏光纤把激光传输到一体化镜筒，扩束形成准直度高、功率和偏振可调的圆偏振光。构建了斜入射激光探测光路，减小了热原子荧光的干扰。全面分析了铯原子喷泉钟对物理的要求，对物理系统进行了方案设计。依据设计方案，实现了铯原子喷泉钟的MOT阱区、探测区、喷泉管，达到了喷泉钟运行所需的指标。在铯原子喷泉钟光学系统、物理系统完成的基础上，通过整机联调，实现了铯原子的多普勒冷却、上抛、偏振梯度冷却，实现了原子喷泉。利用选态腔和推斥光，实现了mF=0态原子的选择。通过在微波腔馈入微波，获得了铯原子喷泉钟的标志性的Ramsey谐振信号。通过对微波信号实施方波调制，获得了本地振荡器的伺服控制信号，实现了喷泉钟的初步闭环。
Cesium atomic fountain clock, the current time and frequency primary standard, with thehighest accuracy performance. It is applied widely in time-keeping system, the field of metrology,fundamental physics research areas. With the development of new methods and newtechnologies, the continuously improving operation ability of the cesium atomic fountain clock,the cesium atomic fountain clock has the potential to be as time-keeping clock. Compared withother time-keeping atomic clock, the frequency drift and long-term stability (days) of highcesium atomic fountain clock features. As time-keeping the clock is one of the cesium atomicfountain clock application development direction. This paper focuses on this theme, the first keytechnologies of the cesium atomic fountain clock, developed with anti-vibration characteristicsof external cavity semiconductor laser, and on this basis, the development of a system withautomatic frequency stabilization function, to solve the limit of cesium atoms fountain clockcontinuous operation of the main problems of capacity; Cesium atomic fountain clock, cold atomcollision frequency shift error and stability performance are conflicting issues. It is solvedthrough the2D MOT technology for the direct preparation of cold atomic beam into an opticalmolasses, in access to low-density atoms while ensuring the same number of atoms, collisionfrequency shift smaller, while the clock stability performance is unchanged. Combined theachieving key technologies with the optical system and vacuum system, the cesium atomicfountain is realized and get a better flight time signal, and laid the foundation for the operation ofthe cesium atomic fountain. According to the order in which the work is carried out the contentand results can be summarized as the following sections:
(1) Development of anti-vibration external cavity semiconductor laser, and applied to thecesium atomic fountain clock. The theoretical analysis based on the interference filter,"cat's eye"structure of the external cavity show anti-vibration characteristics of the external cavitysemiconductor laser. Tested the spectral characteristics of the vibration of external cavitysemiconductor lasers show that the narrower linewidth and higher spectral purity.
(2) The frequency tunable external cavity semiconductor lasers based on liquid crystal variable retarder. Analysis of the PZT frequency tuning inherent in the external cavitysemiconductor laser with a return error, aging and the control voltage disadvantages of theproposed program to the tune of the liquid crystal phase delay. On this basis, the DFB laser isdeveloped with a liquid crystal tunable external cavity semiconductor laser. The test showed thatthe developed lasers with a lower tuning voltage, there is no return error and mechanicalmovement. The program is proposed based on semiconductor optical amplifier chip, the LCDdelay frequency tuning,"cat eye" structure of the external cavity high-power semiconductorlaser.
(3) Development of a2D MOT slow atomic beam apparatus. With a force model ofCesium atoms in the2D MOT, a numerical simulation characteristic analysis software system ofthe2D MOT process of slow atomic beam, is developed.According to the software system, acomplete slow atomic beam device is designed and implemented to obtain a better performanceslow atomic beam. The flight time method to test the flux, average speed of atom beam under theguidance of the numerical simulation results, to improve the performance of the2D MOT slowatomic beam. the phenomenon of cyclical changes of the atomic beam flow is discovered withpolarization states of push beam.
(4) Development of the optical system of the cesium atomic fountain clock. Automaticfrequency stabilization of anti-vibration external cavity semiconductor laser is developed basedon the saturated absorption spectroscopy. The laser is transported through the polarizationmaintaining fiber to the integration of the expander to a collimated, circularly polarized lightoutput.
(5) Development of the vacuum system of the cesium atomic fountain clock. Acomprehensive analysis of the degree of vacuum requirements of influence on the cesium atomicfountain clock performance is done according to the theory of the vacuum system design. Basisfor the design to vacuum system of cesium atomic fountain clock reach design aims.
(6) Realization of cesium atomic fountain clock. Combined cesium atomic fountain clockoptical system, vacuum system, with control system, cesium atoms is cooled by the Dopplercooling mechanism, moving molassess, the polarization gradient cooling. A comprehensiveanalysis of various parameters (MOT magnetic field gradient, laser frequency, optical molassescooling time, etc.) on the temperature of cold atoms, the atom number of impact to determine the operating parameters of the cesium atomic fountain. The selected state cavity and repulsion oflight to achieve mF=0atom. The Ramsey fringe produced by interaction of9.2GHz microwaveand Caesium atoms has been realized with cold atomic fountain.
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