近场定距脉冲激光在降雨中的大气传输特性研究
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摘要
激光因具有抗干扰能力强、角度和距离分辨率高、单色性好等优点,在现代战争中正发挥着越来越重要的作用。激光定距系统作为一种非常好的探测装置,在应用于常规弹药的过程中必须克服气候因素和大气本身对系统的影响。激光光束在降雨中传输时会与雨滴发生相互作用,产生雨滴的吸收和散射效应,使接收端的激光功率减小、光斑廓形发生变化,导致系统性能下降,严重时甚至造成失效。因此,对脉冲激光在降雨中传输特性的研究是分析激光传输效应和确定激光定距系统参数的重要基础。本文以常规弹药中的前置式激光定距系统为背景,对脉冲激光在近地面雨场环境下的传输特性,以及降雨衰减对激光定距性能产生的影响进行了系统研究。
首先根据激光定距系统工作原理,结合系统的探测目标能力分析了激光测距距离方程及其影响因素：分析了与激光传输特性有关的降雨物理特性,如：雨滴尺寸、形状、雨滴尺寸分布谱和水的折射率系数等,选择相应的雨滴形状模型及适合我国区域内降雨分布的雨滴谱模型。
根据不同尺寸雨滴的形状模型,在夫琅禾费(Fraunhofer)衍射和几何光学散射理论基础上,建立了球形和近似椭球形雨滴对蓝绿波段与近红外波段激光光束的光散射模型；得出了不同波长下各尺寸雨滴的散射衰减截面；对雨滴产生的光散射能量分布进行了数值计算并分析影响雨滴散射特性的因素。
从实际工程应用出发,对雨滴的散射衰减截面进行了前向散射修正；分析了雨滴对蓝绿波段和近红外波段激光的吸收特性,并结合雨滴散射特性建立降雨衰减的计算模型；给出了蓝绿波段和近红外波段典型波长激光在不同降雨率下的衰减系数；分析了光束发散角在不同传输距离情况下对激光能量衰减的影响；根据降雨衰减模型,推导出激光后向散射系数的计算公式,并结合某型号激光定距系统分析了不同降雨条件及不同作用距离下的雨滴后向散射对激光定距系统信噪比(SNR)的影响。
以蒙特卡罗方法为基础建立了脉冲激光在随机分布雨滴中的传输模型。首先给出了光子运动轨迹的计算机模拟和模型统计流程；分析了降雨大小、传输距离、发射脉宽等因素对激光脉冲延时的影响以及脉冲延时引起的定距误差；通过模拟结果分析了降雨环境下各种参数对激光光斑扩展的影响。
根据激光光束在降雨中的衰减特性研究,给出了激光在降雨中传输特性的仿真与实验方法。结合Bouguer-Lambert(?)旨数衰减定律分析了实验原理并确定实验方案；采用ZEMAX光学软件对532nm波长光束透过球形水滴后的光散射特性进行仿真,并给出与理论分析的对比结果；由实验装置产生模拟雨滴,测试了单个和多个雨滴对532nm和1064nm波长激光的光束能量衰减；建立室外雨场用来模拟真实降雨,测试不同降雨强度下两波长激光光束的传输特性。
为使激光定距系统在降雨环境下也能实现对目标的可靠探测,对系统定距性能进行了优化。分析了系统参数和外部环境对脉冲激光传输的影响,以现有脉冲激光发射与接收组件为基础,给出提高定距性能的方案：提出了椭圆与双曲柱透镜、非球面与变形棱镜组的两种光束准直方法；研制了基于雪崩二级管(APD)探测的高灵敏度激光定距接收系统及其放大电路；提出了采用直流高压驱动激光器使其发射大功率脉冲的方法并研制了脉冲功率可调的激光器电源。
本文的研究成果可直接应用于激光定距系统的设计和研制,为激光定距系统在近地面雨场环境下精确定距提供理论基础和技术支撑,是提高激光探测系统传输效率和激光定距系统适应降雨环境的关键。
For the laser fixed-distance system possesses so many excellences such as strong anti-interference ability, high angular and ranging resolution, great monochromaticity and so on, that it has always been particularly recognized and widely used in the military warfare. Laser detection as a superduper fixed-distance measure must conquer the climate factors and atmospheric influences when they are used in the conventional ammunitions. As laser transmits through the rain, the interaction of light with raindrops such as absorption and scattering will take place, then the receiving laser energy is attenuated and the facular shape is changed. When these instances are serious that lead to the decline or invalidation of the system performance. As a consequence, the impact of rainfall on laser transmission characteristics is an important foundation for studying the laser propagation rules and determining the parameters of laser fixed-distance system. Under the background of laser fixed-distance system in the front of conventional ammunition, the impact of laser transmission characteristics on laser fixed-distance performance in the near-surface rainfall field at different wavelengths is deeply investigated.
Based on the working principium of laser fixed-distance system and the capability of target detection, the laser ranging equation and its influencing factors are analyzed. Then the rainfall physical characteristics are analyzed, which are related to the laser transmission in the rain, such as raindrop size, shape, raindrop size distribution, water refractive index coefficient and so on. The corresponding raindrop shape model and the raindrop size distribution model are founded that adapt for rainfall distribution in the region of our country.
According to the model of raindrop shape, based on Fraunhofer diffraction and geometrical optics scattering theory, the light scattering models for a spherical and a nearly ellipsoidal raindrops on the blue-green and near-infrared bands are investigated and established. The calculation formula of scattering attenuation cross section for different raindrop sizes and wavelengths is developed. The light scattering energy distribution of raindrops is obtained by numerical calculation and the factors that affect the scattering properties are analyzed.
According to the practical engineering applications, the forward scattering of raindrop attenuation cross section is corrected. The absorption efficiency factors of raindrops on the blue-green and near infrared bands are analyzed, and with the raindrop scattering attenuation cross section, the rain attenuation calculation model is educed. Then the attenuation coefficients for typical wavelengths on the blue-green and near infrared bands under different rainfall rate are computed. By the calculation results, the influences of laser beam divergence angle and transmission distance to the energy attenuation are analyzed. At last, based on the raindrop attenuation model, the back scattering features are analyzed, and with a particular type system as an example, the SNR of laser backscattering at different rainfall rates and distances is calculated.
Based on the Monte Carlo simulation method, the transmission model of pulse laser in the rain is founded. And the computer simulation of photon trajectory as well as the statistical process is presented. Then the impact of rainfall rate, transmission distance, emission pulse width and other factors on the laser pulse delay are analyzed, as well as the ranging error brought by the pulse delay. According to the simulation results, the impact of various parameters in the rainfall on the laser spot extending is analyzed.
According to the theoretical study of laser attenuation characteristics of raindrops and rainfall, the simulation and experimental methods for laser transmission characteristics are presented. By combination with the Bouguer-Lambert attenuation law, the experimental principle and testing programs are instituted. Using ZEMAX optical software to simulate the light scattering characteristics of532nm laser through the spherical water droplets, and the simulation data are compared with the theoretical results. The experimental raindrops are obtained from water droplet generating device, and then the the energy attenuation of laser beam at532nm and1064nm wavelengths through a single or multiple raindrops are tested. On the other hand, an outdoor rainfall field to simulate real rainfall is set up to test the laser transmission characteristics at different rainfall conditions.
In order to achieve the reliable detection of the target in the rain for laser fixed-distance system, the optimization methods to improve the performance of laser fixed-distance are developed. First of all, the paper analyzes the laser pulse transmission characteristics and influencing factors of the laser ranging equation, then based on the existing pulsed laser transmitter and receiver components, the programs to improve the accuracy of fixed-distance are given, that is, the method to collimate laser beam by using elliptic and hyperbolic cylindrical lens as well as non-spherical and deformed prism group, the technique to improve the sensitivity of receiving system by using avalanche diode (APD) and its amplifier circuit, the means to enhance the transmitting power by using high DC voltage driving laser diode to emit high-power pulse.
The findings of this disquisition can be directly applied to design and develop the laser fixed-distance system, and provide theoretical foundation and technical support for laser fixed-distance system accurately ranging in the near-surface rainfall field environment. The researches are the key to improve the transmission efficiency of laser fixed-distance system and to accommodate the laser fixed-distance system to the rainfall environment.
首先根据激光定距系统工作原理,结合系统的探测目标能力分析了激光测距距离方程及其影响因素：分析了与激光传输特性有关的降雨物理特性,如：雨滴尺寸、形状、雨滴尺寸分布谱和水的折射率系数等,选择相应的雨滴形状模型及适合我国区域内降雨分布的雨滴谱模型。
根据不同尺寸雨滴的形状模型,在夫琅禾费(Fraunhofer)衍射和几何光学散射理论基础上,建立了球形和近似椭球形雨滴对蓝绿波段与近红外波段激光光束的光散射模型；得出了不同波长下各尺寸雨滴的散射衰减截面；对雨滴产生的光散射能量分布进行了数值计算并分析影响雨滴散射特性的因素。
从实际工程应用出发,对雨滴的散射衰减截面进行了前向散射修正；分析了雨滴对蓝绿波段和近红外波段激光的吸收特性,并结合雨滴散射特性建立降雨衰减的计算模型；给出了蓝绿波段和近红外波段典型波长激光在不同降雨率下的衰减系数；分析了光束发散角在不同传输距离情况下对激光能量衰减的影响；根据降雨衰减模型,推导出激光后向散射系数的计算公式,并结合某型号激光定距系统分析了不同降雨条件及不同作用距离下的雨滴后向散射对激光定距系统信噪比(SNR)的影响。
以蒙特卡罗方法为基础建立了脉冲激光在随机分布雨滴中的传输模型。首先给出了光子运动轨迹的计算机模拟和模型统计流程；分析了降雨大小、传输距离、发射脉宽等因素对激光脉冲延时的影响以及脉冲延时引起的定距误差；通过模拟结果分析了降雨环境下各种参数对激光光斑扩展的影响。
根据激光光束在降雨中的衰减特性研究,给出了激光在降雨中传输特性的仿真与实验方法。结合Bouguer-Lambert(?)旨数衰减定律分析了实验原理并确定实验方案；采用ZEMAX光学软件对532nm波长光束透过球形水滴后的光散射特性进行仿真,并给出与理论分析的对比结果；由实验装置产生模拟雨滴,测试了单个和多个雨滴对532nm和1064nm波长激光的光束能量衰减；建立室外雨场用来模拟真实降雨,测试不同降雨强度下两波长激光光束的传输特性。
为使激光定距系统在降雨环境下也能实现对目标的可靠探测,对系统定距性能进行了优化。分析了系统参数和外部环境对脉冲激光传输的影响,以现有脉冲激光发射与接收组件为基础,给出提高定距性能的方案：提出了椭圆与双曲柱透镜、非球面与变形棱镜组的两种光束准直方法；研制了基于雪崩二级管(APD)探测的高灵敏度激光定距接收系统及其放大电路；提出了采用直流高压驱动激光器使其发射大功率脉冲的方法并研制了脉冲功率可调的激光器电源。
本文的研究成果可直接应用于激光定距系统的设计和研制,为激光定距系统在近地面雨场环境下精确定距提供理论基础和技术支撑,是提高激光探测系统传输效率和激光定距系统适应降雨环境的关键。
For the laser fixed-distance system possesses so many excellences such as strong anti-interference ability, high angular and ranging resolution, great monochromaticity and so on, that it has always been particularly recognized and widely used in the military warfare. Laser detection as a superduper fixed-distance measure must conquer the climate factors and atmospheric influences when they are used in the conventional ammunitions. As laser transmits through the rain, the interaction of light with raindrops such as absorption and scattering will take place, then the receiving laser energy is attenuated and the facular shape is changed. When these instances are serious that lead to the decline or invalidation of the system performance. As a consequence, the impact of rainfall on laser transmission characteristics is an important foundation for studying the laser propagation rules and determining the parameters of laser fixed-distance system. Under the background of laser fixed-distance system in the front of conventional ammunition, the impact of laser transmission characteristics on laser fixed-distance performance in the near-surface rainfall field at different wavelengths is deeply investigated.
Based on the working principium of laser fixed-distance system and the capability of target detection, the laser ranging equation and its influencing factors are analyzed. Then the rainfall physical characteristics are analyzed, which are related to the laser transmission in the rain, such as raindrop size, shape, raindrop size distribution, water refractive index coefficient and so on. The corresponding raindrop shape model and the raindrop size distribution model are founded that adapt for rainfall distribution in the region of our country.
According to the model of raindrop shape, based on Fraunhofer diffraction and geometrical optics scattering theory, the light scattering models for a spherical and a nearly ellipsoidal raindrops on the blue-green and near-infrared bands are investigated and established. The calculation formula of scattering attenuation cross section for different raindrop sizes and wavelengths is developed. The light scattering energy distribution of raindrops is obtained by numerical calculation and the factors that affect the scattering properties are analyzed.
According to the practical engineering applications, the forward scattering of raindrop attenuation cross section is corrected. The absorption efficiency factors of raindrops on the blue-green and near infrared bands are analyzed, and with the raindrop scattering attenuation cross section, the rain attenuation calculation model is educed. Then the attenuation coefficients for typical wavelengths on the blue-green and near infrared bands under different rainfall rate are computed. By the calculation results, the influences of laser beam divergence angle and transmission distance to the energy attenuation are analyzed. At last, based on the raindrop attenuation model, the back scattering features are analyzed, and with a particular type system as an example, the SNR of laser backscattering at different rainfall rates and distances is calculated.
Based on the Monte Carlo simulation method, the transmission model of pulse laser in the rain is founded. And the computer simulation of photon trajectory as well as the statistical process is presented. Then the impact of rainfall rate, transmission distance, emission pulse width and other factors on the laser pulse delay are analyzed, as well as the ranging error brought by the pulse delay. According to the simulation results, the impact of various parameters in the rainfall on the laser spot extending is analyzed.
According to the theoretical study of laser attenuation characteristics of raindrops and rainfall, the simulation and experimental methods for laser transmission characteristics are presented. By combination with the Bouguer-Lambert attenuation law, the experimental principle and testing programs are instituted. Using ZEMAX optical software to simulate the light scattering characteristics of532nm laser through the spherical water droplets, and the simulation data are compared with the theoretical results. The experimental raindrops are obtained from water droplet generating device, and then the the energy attenuation of laser beam at532nm and1064nm wavelengths through a single or multiple raindrops are tested. On the other hand, an outdoor rainfall field to simulate real rainfall is set up to test the laser transmission characteristics at different rainfall conditions.
In order to achieve the reliable detection of the target in the rain for laser fixed-distance system, the optimization methods to improve the performance of laser fixed-distance are developed. First of all, the paper analyzes the laser pulse transmission characteristics and influencing factors of the laser ranging equation, then based on the existing pulsed laser transmitter and receiver components, the programs to improve the accuracy of fixed-distance are given, that is, the method to collimate laser beam by using elliptic and hyperbolic cylindrical lens as well as non-spherical and deformed prism group, the technique to improve the sensitivity of receiving system by using avalanche diode (APD) and its amplifier circuit, the means to enhance the transmitting power by using high DC voltage driving laser diode to emit high-power pulse.
The findings of this disquisition can be directly applied to design and develop the laser fixed-distance system, and provide theoretical foundation and technical support for laser fixed-distance system accurately ranging in the near-surface rainfall field environment. The researches are the key to improve the transmission efficiency of laser fixed-distance system and to accommodate the laser fixed-distance system to the rainfall environment.
引文
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