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体育科研团队有效性研究
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摘要
在人类的知识呈几何级数增长、学科交叉与融合日益增强的21世纪,强调集体智慧的团队运作模式已经被广泛运用到科学研究领域。在我国体育科研领域,团队合作也日益体现出它在体育科研组织形式发展中的主导地位。然而,由于各项工作组织的复杂性和高度综合性,体育科研团队在实践中并不总是能够如预期的那样发挥团队的整合功能和互补作用,体育科研团队建设的现状不容乐观,实质性的科研团队建设还未成气候,体育科研团队的有效性亟待提高。
     本研究从管理学和组织行为学的视角出发,以系统理论、团体动力学理论、合作与竞争理论等相关理论为基础,采用文献资料法、访谈法、问卷调查法、数理统计法、系统分析法、逻辑分析法等研究方法,系统阐述了体育科研团队的结构、属性、功能、定义、分类以及演化发展过程,深入剖析了体育科研团队有效性的影响因素及其影响机制并进行了实证研究,详细阐释了提高体育科研团队有效性的对策,主要结论如下:
     第一、体育科研团队是指由少数技能互补的愿意为共同的目的、业绩目标和工作方法而相互承担责任的个体组成的具有体育科学技术研究与开发功能的不断演化发展的群体。体育科研团队的组织形式属于一种扁平式的包含所有连接方式和所有构型的具有最多关联数的复合构型。
     第二、根据不同的分类标准,可以把体育科研团队分为多种类型。体育科研工作者应该根据不同的科研任务,选择组建不同类型的体育科研团队。体育科研团队的演化发展需要经历体育科研群体、传统体育科研团队、学习型体育科研团队和绩优体育科研团队等4个阶段。
     第三、体育科研团队的有效性就是体育科研团队运作过程中各种因素交互作用下产生的实际结果,包括团队绩效、成员态度和团队生命力等3个维度。体育科研团队有效性的影响因素包括4个类型共12个因素,分别是,团队构成因素:团队领导的胜任力、团队成员的胜任力、团队异质性、团队规模;团队过程因素:共同愿景与具体目标、团队授权、团队激励、团队冲突、团队沟通;团队心理特征因素:团队创新氛围;外界条件因素:团队管理制度、组织管理层的硬件支持。
     第四、跨学科体育科研团队能够集中多学科的科研力量对体育科学研究中的综合交叉课题进行联合攻关,是体育科研团队的重要组织形式。然而,由于缺乏科学的跨学科科研团队管理机制,跨学科体育科研团队的有效性还不够理想,团队可持续发展的能力有待提高。
     第五、我国体育自然科学研究团队的有效性高于体育哲学社会科学研究团队。
     第六、体育科研团队在组建时应根据科研任务的需要确定合理的团队规模,在确保拥有完成团队科研任务所必需的知识、技能的前提下达到团队规模的最小化。我国体育科研团队最常见的规模为6-8人。
     第七、以跨单位团队为代表的分布式体育科研团队在我国体育科研领域已经得到了广泛的运用,以体育科研跨国界合作为代表的体育科研虚拟团队代表了信息时代中体育科研组织形式的新动向和新趋势。
     第八、体育科研团队领导的年龄与团队的规模、年龄异质性、职称异质性呈显著正相关性,与团队的学科异质性呈显著负相关性;体育局及体科所的团队领导平均年龄最大且倾向于进行体育自然科学研究,较多组建跨单位团队而较少组建跨学科团队,综合性大学的团队领导平均年龄最小且倾向于进行体育哲学社会科学研究,较多组建跨学科团队而较少组建跨单位团队,高等体育院校的团队领导则介于前两者之间;进行基础研究的体育科研团队相对于进行应用研究的体育科研团队来说,其团队规模较小,团队的学科异质性也较小。
     第九、体育科研团队建设应该围绕4个方面进行:构建合理的体育科研团队、促进体育科研团队的有效运行、营造和谐的团队创新氛围、建立科学的团队管理机制。
In the21stcentury, human’s knowledge has an exponential growth, andinterdisciplinary has been enhanced increasingly. Team models, which addressingcollective efforts and wisdom, are therefore applied to scientific researches. Teamcooperation has showed its leadership gradually during the development of scientificresearch in the field of physical education and sports in China. But the present situationfor the team building is not satisfied,and virtual building has not gone anywhere either.
     This dissertation, from the angle of management science and organizationbehavioristics, has systemically stated the structure, property, definition, classificationand development of research team on physical education and sports. It adopts methodslike literature reviewing, interviewing, questionnaire, mathematic statistics, systemicand logical analysis, etc. to study the effectiveness and influence of the research team. Italso explained in detail the structure and effective running of the research team. Thefollowing are the main results:
     Firstly, the research team on physical education and sports consists of a group ofpersonnel with complementary skills. They keep developing and researching physicaleducation and sports technologies for common goals, achievement targets and workingmethods, and most importantly they take the responsibility for each other in the team.The research team is an organization with a flat complex model includes all connectionmeans and the most correlation numbers.
     Secondly, according to different classification criteria, the research team onphysical education and sports is divided into various types. The physical education andsports scientists should set up different types of physical education and sports researchteam basing on different research tasks. The evolution of physical education and sportsresearch team experiences4periods: research group, traditional research team, learningresearch team and optimal research team.
     Thirdly,the influence factors of the research team are classified into4sorts, whichinclude12factors: Structure factors: which include competence of the team leaders,competence of the team members, team heterogeneity, team scale; Process factors: common willingness and specific goals, team authority, team motivation, team conflicts,team communication; Psychological factors: innovative circumstance; External factors:administration system, hardware support for the organization.
     Fourthly, interdisciplinary research team in physical education and sports field isan important form of this organization. It focuses its research institutes and manpowerfrom different disciplinary on some comprehensive projects. But lack of scientificadministration system of interdisciplinary research team, the cooperative efficiency ofthe research team leaves a lot to be desired, and its sustainable development needs to beimproved.
     Fifthly, research team in physical education and sports tends to have a higherefficiency in natural science than that in social science.
     Sixthly, at ensure that the roles configuration well-found and own the essentialknowledge, technical ability to complete the team task, there isn’t significant relativitybetween the team scale and effectiveness of research team in physical education andsports. The research team on physical education and sports in China has the mostcommon scale of6-8.
     Seventhly, The cross-unit team as the representative of distributed physicaleducation and sports research team has been widely used in the sports field of scientificresearch in China. The cross-border team as the representative of virtual research teamon physical education and sports represents the new trends of the physical education andsports research organization in the information age.
     Eighthly, the older the team leaders are, the bigger the team scale is, the morereasonable the structure of age and professional title are, the less disciplinary differenceamong team members becomes. Research teams on other fields have higher degree,higher level supervisors than the fields of physical education and sports. Furthermore,they tend to form an interdisciplinary team, which is of a character that team membersare usually teachers and their students. Research team in physical education and sportshas a small scale when carrying on fundamental research, and its leaders’ professionaltitle is higher, the unit and disciplinary difference among team members is lesser.
     Ninthly, the building of research team in physical education and sports shouldfocus on4aspects: to build a reasonable research team; to promote an effective runningof the team; to create a harmonious environment; to construct a team administrationsystem.
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