EMAT电磁超声无损检测系统设计
摘要
随着无损检测技术应用范围的不断拓展,超声无损检测技术的应用也越来越广泛。传统的压电超声检测技术由于需要耦合剂进行耦合,因此很难满足某些特定条件下的检测要求。而电磁超声检测技术是通过电磁感应原理在试样中激发和接收超声波进行检测的方法,由于其非接触的特点,在高温、在线检测、运动试样检测等传统超声检测方法很难满足要求的环境中得到了广泛的应用,成为传统超声检测方法的必要补充。本文通过理论分析和具体实践的方法提出了基于FPGA的SOPC技术集成电磁超声无损检测系统。
首先,本文对电磁超声检测技术的原理进行了系统的理论分析。详细分析了电磁超声检测过程中能量的变化和传递过程,并在此基础上介绍了电磁超声探头的组成结构以及它与所激励超声波类型的对应关系并对影响系统灵敏度的因素作出了简要的分析。
然后,在理论分析的基础上,设计了一套完整的电磁超声系统。整套系统包括模拟和数字两个部分,其中模拟部分包括:电磁超声探头,激发电路、接收电路和滤波电路;而数字电路部分采用ALTERA公司的EP1C6Q240C8芯片作为数字系统的开发硬件平台,嵌入NiosⅡ软核处理器及各种外设模块,加上外部的Flash、SDRAM来构成一个嵌入式处理器系统。
本系统的软件部分采用模块化构成,由主程序、通信程序、中断程序及功能块程序组成。主要包括系统初始化、通道选择、增益控制、数据采集程序、同上位机通信等子程序模块。
With the field which the NDTE method is used in extending, The application of ultrasonic nondestructive testing techniques are increasingly being used,The coupling medium is required in traditional piezoelectric ultrasonic testing, so it's difficult be used in these situations. While the electromagnetic acoustic testing technology transmits and receives ultrasonic wave by the induction of electromagnetism, it has been extensively used in the high temperature, on-line detection and moving sample field and become the necessary complementarity to the traditional ultrasonic testing technology. In this article, we research on electromagnetic acoustic testing by theoretical analysis and experimental method.
First of all, the theory of electromagnetic acoustic testing is analyzed systematically. The process of energy changing and transferring is mainly discussed. On the basis of this, the structure of Electromagnetic acoustic transducer is introduced, and the relationship between the type of ultrasonic wave and the transducer's structure is analyzed. And the factors that affect the sensitivity of the system made a brief analysis.
Then, On the basis of theoretical analysis, Design a complete set of electromagnetic ultrasonic system. Whole system, including analog and digital two parts, Analog part of which includes four parts, including the transducer, transmitting circuit , the receiving circuit and Filter circuit. The digital circuit adopt EP1C6Q240C8 chip of ALTERA company as hardware platform for the development of digital systems, embedded NiosⅡsoft-core processors and a variety of peripheral modules, coupled with external Flash, SDRAM form an embedded processor system.
The software of system use modular structure,comprises the main program, communication program,interrupt program and others function programms.Mainly including system initialization,channel selection,gain control,data gather, communications modules and so on.
首先,本文对电磁超声检测技术的原理进行了系统的理论分析。详细分析了电磁超声检测过程中能量的变化和传递过程,并在此基础上介绍了电磁超声探头的组成结构以及它与所激励超声波类型的对应关系并对影响系统灵敏度的因素作出了简要的分析。
然后,在理论分析的基础上,设计了一套完整的电磁超声系统。整套系统包括模拟和数字两个部分,其中模拟部分包括:电磁超声探头,激发电路、接收电路和滤波电路;而数字电路部分采用ALTERA公司的EP1C6Q240C8芯片作为数字系统的开发硬件平台,嵌入NiosⅡ软核处理器及各种外设模块,加上外部的Flash、SDRAM来构成一个嵌入式处理器系统。
本系统的软件部分采用模块化构成,由主程序、通信程序、中断程序及功能块程序组成。主要包括系统初始化、通道选择、增益控制、数据采集程序、同上位机通信等子程序模块。
With the field which the NDTE method is used in extending, The application of ultrasonic nondestructive testing techniques are increasingly being used,The coupling medium is required in traditional piezoelectric ultrasonic testing, so it's difficult be used in these situations. While the electromagnetic acoustic testing technology transmits and receives ultrasonic wave by the induction of electromagnetism, it has been extensively used in the high temperature, on-line detection and moving sample field and become the necessary complementarity to the traditional ultrasonic testing technology. In this article, we research on electromagnetic acoustic testing by theoretical analysis and experimental method.
First of all, the theory of electromagnetic acoustic testing is analyzed systematically. The process of energy changing and transferring is mainly discussed. On the basis of this, the structure of Electromagnetic acoustic transducer is introduced, and the relationship between the type of ultrasonic wave and the transducer's structure is analyzed. And the factors that affect the sensitivity of the system made a brief analysis.
Then, On the basis of theoretical analysis, Design a complete set of electromagnetic ultrasonic system. Whole system, including analog and digital two parts, Analog part of which includes four parts, including the transducer, transmitting circuit , the receiving circuit and Filter circuit. The digital circuit adopt EP1C6Q240C8 chip of ALTERA company as hardware platform for the development of digital systems, embedded NiosⅡsoft-core processors and a variety of peripheral modules, coupled with external Flash, SDRAM form an embedded processor system.
The software of system use modular structure,comprises the main program, communication program,interrupt program and others function programms.Mainly including system initialization,channel selection,gain control,data gather, communications modules and so on.
引文
[1].张广纯.电磁声(EMA)检测技术的研究、开发与工程化[D].应用声学,1994年9月
[2].Masahiko HIRAO,Hirotsugu OGI . Noncontacting ultrasonic measurements[M]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
[3].姚君.电磁超声表面波换能器性舱的测试研究[D].钢铁研究总院.2003.
[4].Katshiro Kawashima . An Electromagnetic Ultrasonic Transducer [N].Oak Ridge National Laboratory Reports ORNL-5063,1975.
[5].B. W. Maxfield,M. Linzer . Design of Permanent Magnet Electromagnetic Acoustic-Wave Transducers (EMATs)[N].IEEE , Ultrasonics Symposium, 1976 Page(s):22 - 25.
[6].H. Shimizu,A. J. Bahr . Improved design for non-contacting electromagnetic acoustic transducer[N] .IEEE , 1977 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.
[7].S.Boonsang,R.J. Dewhurst . A sensitive electromagnetic acoustic transducer for pizometer-scale ultrasonic displacement measurements[J].Sensors and ActuatorsA127 , 2006 Page(s):345-354.
[8].HirotsuguOgi,1vlasahiko Hirao . Toshihiro Chtani.Line-focusing electromagnetic acoustic transducers for the detection of slit defects[N].IEEE Trans Ultrasonics,Febroelectrics,and Ferquency Control ,1999,46( 2) :341-366.
[9].Riichi Murayama , Koichi Mizutani . Conventional electromagnetic acoustic transducer development for optimum Lamb wave modes [J].Ultrasonics 40 (2002) 491–495.
[10].Paul D Wilcox . Omni-Direct ional Guided Wave Transducer Arrays for the Rapid Inspection of Large Areas of Plate Structures [J].IEEE; Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 2003,50(6).
[11].Paul Wilcox, Mike Lowe, and Peter Cawley . Omnidirectional Guided WaveInspection of Large Metallic Plate Structures Using an EMAT Array [J].IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control, 2005, 52(4).
[12].Maurício Pereira da Cunha , Jared W. Jordan . Improved Longitudinal EMAT Transducer for Elastic Constant Extraction [J] . IEEE, 2005, 426 - 432.
[13].藤泽和夫.用电磁超声探头的车轮残余应力测定装置的开发,国外机车车辆工艺[J].1995年第4期.
[14].Robin Clark,Rail flaw detection . overview and needs for future developments[J] . NDT&E International 37 (2004) 111–118.
[15].Yamasaki, T.; Tamai, S.; Hirao, M . Arrayed-Coil EMAT for Longitudinal Wave in Steel Wires[J] . IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1998 (1):789 - 792.
[16].姚君.火车车轮踏面中电磁超声表面波声场特性测试方法的研究[J].物理测试. 2003年第5期.
[17].刘卓然,朱红秀.电磁超声传感器检测不同材质钢管的试验研究[J].无损检测,2006,28(7):355-357
[18].叶平,陈先中,魏任之.表面波电磁声传感器的研究[J].仪表技术与传感器,1997,(4):10–12.
[19].张志钢,阙沛文,雷华明.Lamb波与SH板波双模式磁超声检测系统的设计与实验[D].工业仪表与自动化装置,2005,(5) 22–24.
[20].宋卫华,王小民,李明轩.电磁超声多界面检测信号去噪方法研究[N].声学学报,2007,32(3):226-231.
[21].宋卫华,王小民,李明轩.电磁超声界面回波瞬时图谱分析与神经网络识别[N].声学学报,2007, 32(4):333-337。
[22].申建中,张仲宁,张淑仪.表面波电磁超声换能器的设计[D].应用声学,2007,26(4):197-201.
[23].季怀忠.EMAT检测技术的研究[N].马钢职工大学学报,2000,10(1):8-13.
[24].树学锋,于文芳,李志刚.采用磁致伸缩模型进行磁弹性有限元分析的基本理论[N].太原理工大学学报,2004,10(1):6-9.
[25].大学学报.V01.35,No.1.2004(I).PP.6-8.
[26].张勇,陈强,孙振国,汤晓华.用于无损检测的电磁超声换能器研究进展[D].无损检测. 2004,26(6):275-279.
[27].Ludwig, R . Theoretical basis for a unified conservation law description of the electromagnetic acoustic transduction process[J].IEEE Trans. on Ultrasonics ,Ferroelectrics ,and Frequency Control,1992,39 (4) :476-480.
[28].沈牮亚.超声波探伤原理及其应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1982.
[29].AD803 REV.D Data sheet. www.ALTERA.com.2000.6
[30].AD603 REV.D Data sheet. www.ALTERA.com.2000.6
[31].王建校,危建国.SOPC设计基础与实践[M].西安:西安电子科技大学版社, 2006.
[32].杨春玲,张辉.现代可编程逻辑器件及SOPC应用设计[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 2005.
[33].潘松,黄继业.SOPC技术实用教程[M].北京:清华大学版社, 2005.
[34].杨军.基于FPGA的SOPC实践教程[M].北京:科学出版社, 2010.6.
[35].王诚.Altera FPGA/CPLD设计(基础篇)[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[36].Cyclone FPGA Family Data Sheet.www.ALTERA.com.2007.1
[37].彭澄廉.挑战SOC——基于Nios的SOPC设计与实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2004.7
[38].邵渊民.卢选民.SOPC系统设计入门教程[N]. www.cdsn.com
[39].NIOSⅡSoftware Developer’s Handbook. www.ALTERA.com.2003.1
[40].邵渊民,卢选民.SOPC系统设计入门教程[N]. www.cdsn.com
[41].徐光辉,程东旭等.基于FPGA的嵌入式开发与应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社, 2006.
[42].赵宇.基于SOPC技术的介质损耗测试系统的研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2007.
[43].王正生.基于SOPC心电信号的采集与处理[D].济南:济南大学, 2009.
[44].王东卫. SOPC-DSP6713构成的复合惯导计算机控制系统设计与实现[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学, 2008.
[2].Masahiko HIRAO,Hirotsugu OGI . Noncontacting ultrasonic measurements[M]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
[3].姚君.电磁超声表面波换能器性舱的测试研究[D].钢铁研究总院.2003.
[4].Katshiro Kawashima . An Electromagnetic Ultrasonic Transducer [N].Oak Ridge National Laboratory Reports ORNL-5063,1975.
[5].B. W. Maxfield,M. Linzer . Design of Permanent Magnet Electromagnetic Acoustic-Wave Transducers (EMATs)[N].IEEE , Ultrasonics Symposium, 1976 Page(s):22 - 25.
[6].H. Shimizu,A. J. Bahr . Improved design for non-contacting electromagnetic acoustic transducer[N] .IEEE , 1977 Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings.
[7].S.Boonsang,R.J. Dewhurst . A sensitive electromagnetic acoustic transducer for pizometer-scale ultrasonic displacement measurements[J].Sensors and ActuatorsA127 , 2006 Page(s):345-354.
[8].HirotsuguOgi,1vlasahiko Hirao . Toshihiro Chtani.Line-focusing electromagnetic acoustic transducers for the detection of slit defects[N].IEEE Trans Ultrasonics,Febroelectrics,and Ferquency Control ,1999,46( 2) :341-366.
[9].Riichi Murayama , Koichi Mizutani . Conventional electromagnetic acoustic transducer development for optimum Lamb wave modes [J].Ultrasonics 40 (2002) 491–495.
[10].Paul D Wilcox . Omni-Direct ional Guided Wave Transducer Arrays for the Rapid Inspection of Large Areas of Plate Structures [J].IEEE; Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 2003,50(6).
[11].Paul Wilcox, Mike Lowe, and Peter Cawley . Omnidirectional Guided WaveInspection of Large Metallic Plate Structures Using an EMAT Array [J].IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control, 2005, 52(4).
[12].Maurício Pereira da Cunha , Jared W. Jordan . Improved Longitudinal EMAT Transducer for Elastic Constant Extraction [J] . IEEE, 2005, 426 - 432.
[13].藤泽和夫.用电磁超声探头的车轮残余应力测定装置的开发,国外机车车辆工艺[J].1995年第4期.
[14].Robin Clark,Rail flaw detection . overview and needs for future developments[J] . NDT&E International 37 (2004) 111–118.
[15].Yamasaki, T.; Tamai, S.; Hirao, M . Arrayed-Coil EMAT for Longitudinal Wave in Steel Wires[J] . IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1998 (1):789 - 792.
[16].姚君.火车车轮踏面中电磁超声表面波声场特性测试方法的研究[J].物理测试. 2003年第5期.
[17].刘卓然,朱红秀.电磁超声传感器检测不同材质钢管的试验研究[J].无损检测,2006,28(7):355-357
[18].叶平,陈先中,魏任之.表面波电磁声传感器的研究[J].仪表技术与传感器,1997,(4):10–12.
[19].张志钢,阙沛文,雷华明.Lamb波与SH板波双模式磁超声检测系统的设计与实验[D].工业仪表与自动化装置,2005,(5) 22–24.
[20].宋卫华,王小民,李明轩.电磁超声多界面检测信号去噪方法研究[N].声学学报,2007,32(3):226-231.
[21].宋卫华,王小民,李明轩.电磁超声界面回波瞬时图谱分析与神经网络识别[N].声学学报,2007, 32(4):333-337。
[22].申建中,张仲宁,张淑仪.表面波电磁超声换能器的设计[D].应用声学,2007,26(4):197-201.
[23].季怀忠.EMAT检测技术的研究[N].马钢职工大学学报,2000,10(1):8-13.
[24].树学锋,于文芳,李志刚.采用磁致伸缩模型进行磁弹性有限元分析的基本理论[N].太原理工大学学报,2004,10(1):6-9.
[25].大学学报.V01.35,No.1.2004(I).PP.6-8.
[26].张勇,陈强,孙振国,汤晓华.用于无损检测的电磁超声换能器研究进展[D].无损检测. 2004,26(6):275-279.
[27].Ludwig, R . Theoretical basis for a unified conservation law description of the electromagnetic acoustic transduction process[J].IEEE Trans. on Ultrasonics ,Ferroelectrics ,and Frequency Control,1992,39 (4) :476-480.
[28].沈牮亚.超声波探伤原理及其应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1982.
[29].AD803 REV.D Data sheet. www.ALTERA.com.2000.6
[30].AD603 REV.D Data sheet. www.ALTERA.com.2000.6
[31].王建校,危建国.SOPC设计基础与实践[M].西安:西安电子科技大学版社, 2006.
[32].杨春玲,张辉.现代可编程逻辑器件及SOPC应用设计[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 2005.
[33].潘松,黄继业.SOPC技术实用教程[M].北京:清华大学版社, 2005.
[34].杨军.基于FPGA的SOPC实践教程[M].北京:科学出版社, 2010.6.
[35].王诚.Altera FPGA/CPLD设计(基础篇)[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[36].Cyclone FPGA Family Data Sheet.www.ALTERA.com.2007.1
[37].彭澄廉.挑战SOC——基于Nios的SOPC设计与实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2004.7
[38].邵渊民.卢选民.SOPC系统设计入门教程[N]. www.cdsn.com
[39].NIOSⅡSoftware Developer’s Handbook. www.ALTERA.com.2003.1
[40].邵渊民,卢选民.SOPC系统设计入门教程[N]. www.cdsn.com
[41].徐光辉,程东旭等.基于FPGA的嵌入式开发与应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社, 2006.
[42].赵宇.基于SOPC技术的介质损耗测试系统的研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2007.
[43].王正生.基于SOPC心电信号的采集与处理[D].济南:济南大学, 2009.
[44].王东卫. SOPC-DSP6713构成的复合惯导计算机控制系统设计与实现[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学, 2008.