复杂波形条件下剩余电流检测技术研究
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摘要
剩余电流保护技术广泛地应用于低压电网中，以防止人身触电、电气火灾及由接地故障引起的人身伤害与电气设备损坏事故。随着智能电网的发展和用电设备的不断增多，用电设备类型也呈现多样化，电力电子设备不断增多。电力电子设备发生故障时，所产生的剩余电流不再是单一的工频正弦电流，而是具有脉动直流分量、甚至是平滑直流分量，同时在某些场合下剩余电流信号的频率高达1000Hz，甚至更高，传统的剩余电流保护技术无法用于复杂波形剩余电流的保护。
一般采用铁心电磁式电流互感器（电磁式电流互感器）、霍尔电流传感器及磁调制式电流互感器进行电流的检测，非正弦剩余电流是一种弱差值信号，普通的电流检测方法不能对其进行有效地检测。论文在分析了电流检测原理与技术的基础上，提出一种电压型磁调制式交直流剩余电流检测技术，将剩余电流耦合到激磁电流中，通过激磁电流的检测，实现了复杂剩余电流的检测与保护，克服了传统磁调制式电流检测的缺陷。
根据磁性材料磁化特性曲线，建立了交直流剩余电流检测数学模型，当激磁电流的激磁频率远大于剩余电流中最高谐波频率时，剩余电流只与激磁电流的低频分量有关，这为复杂剩余电流检测提供了依据。为分析激磁电流的动态变化过程，论文采用了两种磁化曲线描述方法，即分段线性和反正切非线性描述方法。在磁化曲线分段线性化的条件下，推导出基于电压型磁调制原理的激磁电流动态变化过程的数学描述模型，为剩余电流互感器的设计提供一种数学分析方法；在采用反正切函数描述磁化特性曲线时，采用Simulink软件仿真了基于电压型磁调制原理的激磁电流动态变化过程，可以更准确描述激磁电流的变化过程。
在分析复杂剩余电流的频谱特征的基础上，提出了从激磁信号中提取复杂剩余电流的解调方法，包括基于全相位傅里叶变换（all phase FFT, apFFT）的软件解调方法和基于低通滤波的硬件解调方法，实现了复杂剩余电流的准确检测。通过对激磁电流信号进行采样和A/D转换，并采用apFFT对采集数据进行处理，可以解决频谱泄漏问题，通过软件方法将剩余电流信号从激磁电流信号中分离出来；为降低采样和A/D转换的要求，利用剩余电流与激磁电流中低频分量有关的特点，采用低通滤波的硬件方法将剩余电流信号从激磁电流信号中分离出来，实现剩余电流的检测。
根据电压型磁调制原理，采用apFFT软件解调方法和低通滤波硬件解调方法设计了两种不同的剩余电流保护器。在硬件设计中，包括了剩余电流互感器的设计、信号检测电路的设计、低通滤波器的设计、电源及脱扣电路等的设计；在软件设计中，根据解调方法的不同，基于微处理器编写了不同的控制软件，其中包括apFFT的解调软件设计，并根据剩余电流值的不同，采用了不同的处理方法，既可以实现在大剩余电流下的快速动作，又可以防止在小剩余电流下的误动作，提高了样机的可靠性。
开展测试验证试验，对设计的磁调制式剩余电流互感器进行了测试，包括了测量范围、线性度及频率检测范围的测试，基于电压型磁调制原理设计的剩余电流互感器满足复杂剩余电流检测的要求；对基于apFFT的软件解调方法和基于低通滤波的硬件解调方法设计的剩余电流保护器进行测试，两种方法下的剩余电流保护器的动作特性满足设计要求，测试结果与理论分析相吻合。
Residual current devices (RCDs) are widely used in low voltage power system to preventpersonal electric shock, electrical fires, personal injury and electrical equipment damages causedby ground fault. With the development of smart grid and increasing number of electricalequipment, and the widely employment of power electronics products, the types of electricalequipment are diversified. When power electronic equipments fail, the residual current generatedis not just sinusoidal, but also includes pulsating DC, or even smooth DC. At the same time, thefrequency of residual current can be as high as1000Hz in some cases, or even higher. Therefore,the traditional technology is no longer applicable. Electromagnetic current transformers, Hallcurrent sensors and magnetic modulation current transformer are widely used in currentdetecting. However, non-sinusoidal residual current is a kind of weak signal, and the traditionalcurrent detecting methods are no longer applicable. Based on analysis of current detectingprinciples and techniques, a kind of voltage source magnetic modulated AC/DC residual currentdetecting method is introduced. The detection and protection for complicated residual currentcan be achieved, without defects of traditional magnetic modulation current detection method, bydetecting the excitating current, which is coupled to the residual current.
A mathematical model of AC/DC residual current detection is built based on coremagnetization curve. Residual currents are only related to the low frequency components ofexciting current when the frequency of exciting current is much higher than that of the highestharmonic of exciting current. Therefore, it provides a basis for measurement of residual currentsunder complicated wave conditions. In order to analyze the dynamic process of exciting current,two kinds of models of core magnetization curve, which are called piecewise-linear model andanti-tangent nonlinear model, are used. The mathematical model of dynamic process of exciting current based on voltage type magnetic modulation principle was deduced and it provides amathematical method for design of residual current transformer by using piecewise-linear model.The dynamic process of exciting current based on voltage type magnetic modulation principlewas simulated using Simulink with anti-tangent nonlinear model. In addition, it provides a moreaccurate description of variation of exciting current.
The characteristics of frequency spectrum of residual currents under complicated conditionsare analyzed. Moreover, the demodulation methods to extract signals are present, includingsoftware demodulation method based on all phase FFT (apFFT) and hardware demodulationmethod based on low-pass filter and residual current detection under complicated waveformconditions are implemented. The problem of frequency leakage can be solved effectively by A/Dconversion and digital signal process by using apFFT for the exciting current. In order to reducethe requirement for A/D conversion and digital sampling, a hardware low-pass filter is used toextract the residual current from exciting current.
Two types of RCDs are designed based on apFFT software demodulation method andhardware low-pass filter method. Residual current transformer, signal detecting circuit, low-passfilter design, power supply circuit and trip circuit are including in hardware design. Differentcontrol software is designed separately according different types of demodulation methodsincluding apFFT software demodulation. And different signal processing methods are used toimplement residual current instantaneous protection as well as reducing malfunction. Thus, thereliability of RCD is improved.
Finally, prototypes based on apFFT and low pass filter are tested separately, includingdetecting range test, linearity test and frequency ranges test. In addition, it is experimentallyverified test that the prototypes can meet the requirements of relevant standards. Meanwhile, testresults are consistent with the theoretical analyses, which verify the correctness of the simplifiedmathematical model for further.
一般采用铁心电磁式电流互感器（电磁式电流互感器）、霍尔电流传感器及磁调制式电流互感器进行电流的检测，非正弦剩余电流是一种弱差值信号，普通的电流检测方法不能对其进行有效地检测。论文在分析了电流检测原理与技术的基础上，提出一种电压型磁调制式交直流剩余电流检测技术，将剩余电流耦合到激磁电流中，通过激磁电流的检测，实现了复杂剩余电流的检测与保护，克服了传统磁调制式电流检测的缺陷。
根据磁性材料磁化特性曲线，建立了交直流剩余电流检测数学模型，当激磁电流的激磁频率远大于剩余电流中最高谐波频率时，剩余电流只与激磁电流的低频分量有关，这为复杂剩余电流检测提供了依据。为分析激磁电流的动态变化过程，论文采用了两种磁化曲线描述方法，即分段线性和反正切非线性描述方法。在磁化曲线分段线性化的条件下，推导出基于电压型磁调制原理的激磁电流动态变化过程的数学描述模型，为剩余电流互感器的设计提供一种数学分析方法；在采用反正切函数描述磁化特性曲线时，采用Simulink软件仿真了基于电压型磁调制原理的激磁电流动态变化过程，可以更准确描述激磁电流的变化过程。
在分析复杂剩余电流的频谱特征的基础上，提出了从激磁信号中提取复杂剩余电流的解调方法，包括基于全相位傅里叶变换（all phase FFT, apFFT）的软件解调方法和基于低通滤波的硬件解调方法，实现了复杂剩余电流的准确检测。通过对激磁电流信号进行采样和A/D转换，并采用apFFT对采集数据进行处理，可以解决频谱泄漏问题，通过软件方法将剩余电流信号从激磁电流信号中分离出来；为降低采样和A/D转换的要求，利用剩余电流与激磁电流中低频分量有关的特点，采用低通滤波的硬件方法将剩余电流信号从激磁电流信号中分离出来，实现剩余电流的检测。
根据电压型磁调制原理，采用apFFT软件解调方法和低通滤波硬件解调方法设计了两种不同的剩余电流保护器。在硬件设计中，包括了剩余电流互感器的设计、信号检测电路的设计、低通滤波器的设计、电源及脱扣电路等的设计；在软件设计中，根据解调方法的不同，基于微处理器编写了不同的控制软件，其中包括apFFT的解调软件设计，并根据剩余电流值的不同，采用了不同的处理方法，既可以实现在大剩余电流下的快速动作，又可以防止在小剩余电流下的误动作，提高了样机的可靠性。
开展测试验证试验，对设计的磁调制式剩余电流互感器进行了测试，包括了测量范围、线性度及频率检测范围的测试，基于电压型磁调制原理设计的剩余电流互感器满足复杂剩余电流检测的要求；对基于apFFT的软件解调方法和基于低通滤波的硬件解调方法设计的剩余电流保护器进行测试，两种方法下的剩余电流保护器的动作特性满足设计要求，测试结果与理论分析相吻合。
Residual current devices (RCDs) are widely used in low voltage power system to preventpersonal electric shock, electrical fires, personal injury and electrical equipment damages causedby ground fault. With the development of smart grid and increasing number of electricalequipment, and the widely employment of power electronics products, the types of electricalequipment are diversified. When power electronic equipments fail, the residual current generatedis not just sinusoidal, but also includes pulsating DC, or even smooth DC. At the same time, thefrequency of residual current can be as high as1000Hz in some cases, or even higher. Therefore,the traditional technology is no longer applicable. Electromagnetic current transformers, Hallcurrent sensors and magnetic modulation current transformer are widely used in currentdetecting. However, non-sinusoidal residual current is a kind of weak signal, and the traditionalcurrent detecting methods are no longer applicable. Based on analysis of current detectingprinciples and techniques, a kind of voltage source magnetic modulated AC/DC residual currentdetecting method is introduced. The detection and protection for complicated residual currentcan be achieved, without defects of traditional magnetic modulation current detection method, bydetecting the excitating current, which is coupled to the residual current.
A mathematical model of AC/DC residual current detection is built based on coremagnetization curve. Residual currents are only related to the low frequency components ofexciting current when the frequency of exciting current is much higher than that of the highestharmonic of exciting current. Therefore, it provides a basis for measurement of residual currentsunder complicated wave conditions. In order to analyze the dynamic process of exciting current,two kinds of models of core magnetization curve, which are called piecewise-linear model andanti-tangent nonlinear model, are used. The mathematical model of dynamic process of exciting current based on voltage type magnetic modulation principle was deduced and it provides amathematical method for design of residual current transformer by using piecewise-linear model.The dynamic process of exciting current based on voltage type magnetic modulation principlewas simulated using Simulink with anti-tangent nonlinear model. In addition, it provides a moreaccurate description of variation of exciting current.
The characteristics of frequency spectrum of residual currents under complicated conditionsare analyzed. Moreover, the demodulation methods to extract signals are present, includingsoftware demodulation method based on all phase FFT (apFFT) and hardware demodulationmethod based on low-pass filter and residual current detection under complicated waveformconditions are implemented. The problem of frequency leakage can be solved effectively by A/Dconversion and digital signal process by using apFFT for the exciting current. In order to reducethe requirement for A/D conversion and digital sampling, a hardware low-pass filter is used toextract the residual current from exciting current.
Two types of RCDs are designed based on apFFT software demodulation method andhardware low-pass filter method. Residual current transformer, signal detecting circuit, low-passfilter design, power supply circuit and trip circuit are including in hardware design. Differentcontrol software is designed separately according different types of demodulation methodsincluding apFFT software demodulation. And different signal processing methods are used toimplement residual current instantaneous protection as well as reducing malfunction. Thus, thereliability of RCD is improved.
Finally, prototypes based on apFFT and low pass filter are tested separately, includingdetecting range test, linearity test and frequency ranges test. In addition, it is experimentallyverified test that the prototypes can meet the requirements of relevant standards. Meanwhile, testresults are consistent with the theoretical analyses, which verify the correctness of the simplifiedmathematical model for further.
引文
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