提前期要素分析与可控提前期的供应链优化研究
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摘要
90年代,由于经济全球化,需求的个性化与多变性,市场竞争已转变为基于时间的竞争,快速反应正成为供应链竞争的焦点。其核心思想就是缩短反应需求的提前期。有效地缩短提前期,可以降低安全库存水平,节约库存投资,提高客户服务水平,并快速响应生产计划的变化,同时也能很好地满足供应链时间竞争的要求。
在另一个方面,供应链已由以产品为中心的推式管理模式转变为以顾客为中心的拉式管理模式。面对复杂多变的需求,制造商、供应商和客户必须进行合作,从供应链的角度进行决策和管理,市场竞争由企业和企业之间的竞争发展为供应链与供应链之间的竞争。因此对供应链进行整体优化具有重要意义。
论文首先分析了提前期的相关理论,发现提前期主要是由几个独立的要素组成,然而各个要素对提前期的影响是不相同的,因此应用了灰色关联方法来分析提前期的构成要素,以确定哪些构成要素对提前期的影响较大,那些构成要素对提前期的影响较小,从而确定出哪些构成要素是提前期管理的焦点,压缩提前期的重点。
提前期的要素理论是可控提前期的基础,论文紧接着利用可控提前期的相关理论,建立较为简单的一个供应商对多零售商的供应链优化模型以及多个供应商对多个零售商的供应链优化模型,并进行算例分析,得到的分析结果与前面学者研究的理论相符,缩短提前期可以降低库存水平,节约供应链成本。
Since 1990s, as a result of globalization, the individual and various demands exist the same time which makes market be updated by competition of time. Quick response which means reduce the lead time is the core competition of supply chain. Shorten lead time could reduce safe stock, decrease inventory, raise the customer service level, and responses to the change of product plan.
In another aspect, supply chain has transformed from pushing management for taking product as the center to pulling management for taking customer as the center. And now the competition in the market inclines to base on the whole supply chain rather than the only one manufacturer or retailer. Therefore it has great significance to optimize the supply chain.
After studying the lead-time related theories, we find that the lead time is composed by several independent integrants. However ,to the lead-time, each integrant does not affect the same, so the gray connection method is used to analysis the integrant of lead time, value the significance of these integrants, and then find out the key point of lead time management.
Then the thesis establishes optimization model composed by one supplier to multi-retailers as well as multi-suppliers to multi-retailers based on the controllable lead-time theory. By making a numerical study on the established model, the thesis concludes that shorten lead time could reduce stock and save cost according to researches of other scholars.
在另一个方面,供应链已由以产品为中心的推式管理模式转变为以顾客为中心的拉式管理模式。面对复杂多变的需求,制造商、供应商和客户必须进行合作,从供应链的角度进行决策和管理,市场竞争由企业和企业之间的竞争发展为供应链与供应链之间的竞争。因此对供应链进行整体优化具有重要意义。
论文首先分析了提前期的相关理论,发现提前期主要是由几个独立的要素组成,然而各个要素对提前期的影响是不相同的,因此应用了灰色关联方法来分析提前期的构成要素,以确定哪些构成要素对提前期的影响较大,那些构成要素对提前期的影响较小,从而确定出哪些构成要素是提前期管理的焦点,压缩提前期的重点。
提前期的要素理论是可控提前期的基础,论文紧接着利用可控提前期的相关理论,建立较为简单的一个供应商对多零售商的供应链优化模型以及多个供应商对多个零售商的供应链优化模型,并进行算例分析,得到的分析结果与前面学者研究的理论相符,缩短提前期可以降低库存水平,节约供应链成本。
Since 1990s, as a result of globalization, the individual and various demands exist the same time which makes market be updated by competition of time. Quick response which means reduce the lead time is the core competition of supply chain. Shorten lead time could reduce safe stock, decrease inventory, raise the customer service level, and responses to the change of product plan.
In another aspect, supply chain has transformed from pushing management for taking product as the center to pulling management for taking customer as the center. And now the competition in the market inclines to base on the whole supply chain rather than the only one manufacturer or retailer. Therefore it has great significance to optimize the supply chain.
After studying the lead-time related theories, we find that the lead time is composed by several independent integrants. However ,to the lead-time, each integrant does not affect the same, so the gray connection method is used to analysis the integrant of lead time, value the significance of these integrants, and then find out the key point of lead time management.
Then the thesis establishes optimization model composed by one supplier to multi-retailers as well as multi-suppliers to multi-retailers based on the controllable lead-time theory. By making a numerical study on the established model, the thesis concludes that shorten lead time could reduce stock and save cost according to researches of other scholars.
引文
[1]马士华,林勇.供应链管理[M].北京机械工业出版社,2000
[2]L-Y Ouyang.Lead time and ordering cost reductions in continuous review inventory systems with partial backorders,J Opl Res Soc,1999,50:1272-1279
[3]H J Chang.An EOQ model for deteriorating items with time varying demand and partial Backlogging[J].J Opl Res Soc,1999,50:1176-1182
[4]Llkyeong Moon.The effects of inflation and time-value of money on an economic order quantity model with a random product life cycle[J].Eur J Opl Res,2000,125:588-601
[5]Teng J T,Chang C T,Goyal SK.Optimal pricing and ordering policy under permissible delay in payments[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2005,97:121-129
[6]王海滋.随机状态下的基本经济订购批量模型[J].系统工程理论方法应用,1997,4:5-9
[7]黄卫来,张子刚等.产量柔性下的最优生产批量和原材料订购决策模型[J].系统工程,1998,16(1):44-50
[8]王海霞,汤文成等.零部件最优库存量控制的研究[J],系统工程学报,2000,15(9):299-304
[9]黄会然,张小洪等.耐烦期有限的库存系统的最优存贮模型[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2002,21(3):328-331
[10]罗兵,于会强存货影响销售率且销售价格可变的EOQ模型[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2002.11:100-103
[11]罗兵,杨帅,李宇雨.变质物品在存货影响销售率且需求和采购价均为时变时的EOQ模型[J].工业工程与管理,2005,12(3)
[12]Clark,Scarf.Optimal policies for a multi-echelon inventory problem:Management Science.1960,6,475-490
[13]Cachon G P,Lariviere A M.Contracting to assure supply:How to share demand forecasts in a supply chain[J].Management Science,1996,47(5):629)646
[14]Lu L.A one-vendor multi-buyer integrated inventory models.European Journal of Operational Research,1995,81:312-323
[15]Cachon G P.Competitive and Cooperative Inventory Policies in a Two-stage Supply Chain[J].Management Science,1999,5(7):936-953
[16]Wenyith L.A joint economic lot size model for raw material ordering,Manufacturing setup,and finished goods delivering[J].The International Journal of management science,2005,2(33):163-174
[17]徐贤浩,马士华.供应链网络状结构模型多级库存控制模型[J].华中理工大学学报,1998,26(7):68-70
[18]曹文彬,何建敏.电子商务环境下合作预测库存补充模型[J].管理工程学报,2002(3)
[19]张正祥,牛芳.供应链管理环境下的单周期库存控制建模及优化[J].工业工程与管理,2002,4:20-22
[20]武瑞刚,徐国华.提前期为正态分布下的单、双源供应商成本模型[J].运筹与管理,2005(14)1:155-160
[21]白少布,薛恒新.供应链多级系统库存控制策略[J].数学的实践与认识,2006(8)
[22]Little J D C.A Proof the queuing formula L=TW[J].Operations Research,1961(9):383-387
[23]Gross D.,Soriano A.The effect of reducing lead-time on inventory levels-simulation analysis[J],Management Science,1969,16(2):61-7
[24]Vinson C E.The cost of ignoring lead-time unreliability in inventory theory[J].Decision Sciences,1972(3):40-43
[25]Das C.Effect of lead time on inventory:a static analysis[J].Operational Research.1975,26(2):273-282
[26]Christina Y J C,Edwardi G.V T.A bayesian model of cycle time prediction[J].THE Transactions,2001(33):921-930
[27]Karmarkar U S.,Kekre S.,Kekre S.The dynamic lot-sizing problem with startup and reservation costs[J].Operations Research,1987,35(3):389-398
[28]Bitran G R.,Tirupati D.Lot sizing under(Q,R)policy in a capacity constrained manufacturing facility[J].Robotics & Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,1984,1(3/4):327-337
[29]Appa I S.Simulation-based cause and effect analysis of cycle time distribution in semiconductor backend[C].Proceeding of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference, 2000(December):1464-1471
[30]Sungmin P,John W F.,Gerald T.M et al.D-optimal sequential experiments for generating a simulation-based cycle time-throughput curve[J].Operation Research,2002,50(6):981-990
[31]Yucesan E.,Chen C H.,Snowdon J L.,et al.Use of GI/G/1 queuing approximations to set tactical parameters for the simulation of MRP systems.Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference,2002(December):1123-1129
[32]侯开虎,胡宗武.供应链管理中提前期影响因素分析[J].工业工程与管理,2003,(3)
[33]TERSINE R J.Principles of Inventory and Materials Management[M].Amsterdam;North-Holland,1982
[34]Ching Jong Liao,Chih Hsiung Shyu.An Analytical Determination of Lead Time with Normal Demand[J].Int J of Operations and Production Management,1991,11(9):72-78.
[35]Ben Daya M,Raouf A.Inventory Models Involving Lead-time as Decision Variable[J].Journal of the Operational Research Society,1994,45(5):579-582
[36]OuyangL Y,Y eh N C,Wu K S.Mixture inventory model with backorders and lost sales for variable lead time[J].Journal of the Operational Research Society,1996,47
[37]Moon I,Choi S.A note on lead time and distributional assumptions in continuous review inventory models[J].Computers and Operations Research,1998,25(11)
[38]ORYANG L Y,CHUANG B R.A periodic review inventory model involving variable lead time with a service level constraint[J].International Journal of Production Research,2000,31(10):1209-1215
[39]Hariga M,Ben Daya M.Lead time-reduction in a Stochastic Inventory System with Learning Consideration[J].International Journal of Production Research,2003,41(3):571-579
[40]Peter C H,Yangb K L,Patrick S C.Improved inventory models with service level and lead time[J].Computers and Operations Research,2005,32:285-296
[41]DAYA M B,HARIGA M.Integrated single vendor single buyer model with stochastic demand and variable lead time[J].International Journal of Production Economics Hall.N.G.,C.N.Potts,Supply chain scheduling:Batch and delivery,Operations Research,2004,51(4)
[42]王清蓉,李贤林,叶子坚.可控提前期与服务水平联合约束的库存问题[J].系统工程,2003,21(4)
[43]叶耀华,姚裕华.一个信息不完全情况下提前期可控的整合库存模型及其算法[J].复旦大学学报,2005,44(2)
[44]李晔,陈燕.基于缺货产品损耗特性的最优库存模型[J].大连海事大学学报,2005,(4)
[45]周燕萍,宋国防,杨国东.基于多变量的联合决策库存优化问题[J].工业工程与管理,2006(2):66-70
[46]汪传旭.基于混合正态分布提前期内需求和可变提前期的供应链优化[J].上海海事大学学报,2006,27(2)
[47]陈志刚,徐渝,贾涛.基于可控提前期和服务水平约束的(Q,r)库存问题[J].运筹与管理,2006,15(3)
[48]刘蕾,唐小我.订货提前期对服务水平决策的影响研究[J].控制与决策,2005,20(11)
[49]丁娟,基于供给速率的供应链库存研究[会议论文].第八届中国青年运筹信息管理学者大会论文集
[50]杨瑾.基于供需一体化协同控制的供应链库存模型[J].工业工程与管理,2005(2)
[51]Stalk G J,Hout T M.Competing against time:How time based competition is reshaping global markets[M].Free Press,New York,1990
[52]Stalk G J.Time-the next source of competitive advantage[J].Harvard Business Review,1988,66(4):41-51
[53]Li L.The role of inventory in delivery-time competition[J].Management Science,1992,38(2):182-197
[54]Kalai E,Kamien M I,Rubinovitch M.Optimal service speed in a competitive environment[J].Management Science,1992,38(8)
[55]G.Stalk,T.Hout,Competing Against Time-How Time-Based Competition is Reshaping Global Markets[M].New York,Free Press,1990,(76)
[56]M Luhtala,E Kilpiner,P.Anttila,LOGI-management make-to-order supply chains[R].Helsinki,Helsinki University of Technology,1994,(70)
[57]杨文胜.基于响应时间的供应链协同决策与优化模型研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学管理学院,2004
[58]Hart C W L.Mass customisation:Conceptual underpinning,opportunities and limits[J].International Journal of Service Industry Management,1995,6(2):36-45
[59]Duray R.Mass customisation origins:Mass or custom manufacturing.[J].International Journal of Operations & Production Management,2002,22(3):314-328
[60]Skinner W.Manufacturing-missing link in corporate strategy[J].Harvard Business Review,1969,47(3):136-145
[61]柴跃廷,刘义.敏捷供需链管理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[62]Carter P L.,Melnyk S A.,Handfield R B.Identifying the basic process strategies for time-based competition[J].Production and Inventory Management Journal,1995,36(1):65-70
[63]Giffi C.,Roth A V.,Seal G M.Competing in world class manufacturing:America's 21st century challenge[M].Homewood:Business One Irwin,1990
[64]Tersine R J.,Hummingbird E A.Lead-time reduction:the search for competitive advantage[J].International Journal of Operations and Production Management,1995,15(2):8-18
[2]L-Y Ouyang.Lead time and ordering cost reductions in continuous review inventory systems with partial backorders,J Opl Res Soc,1999,50:1272-1279
[3]H J Chang.An EOQ model for deteriorating items with time varying demand and partial Backlogging[J].J Opl Res Soc,1999,50:1176-1182
[4]Llkyeong Moon.The effects of inflation and time-value of money on an economic order quantity model with a random product life cycle[J].Eur J Opl Res,2000,125:588-601
[5]Teng J T,Chang C T,Goyal SK.Optimal pricing and ordering policy under permissible delay in payments[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2005,97:121-129
[6]王海滋.随机状态下的基本经济订购批量模型[J].系统工程理论方法应用,1997,4:5-9
[7]黄卫来,张子刚等.产量柔性下的最优生产批量和原材料订购决策模型[J].系统工程,1998,16(1):44-50
[8]王海霞,汤文成等.零部件最优库存量控制的研究[J],系统工程学报,2000,15(9):299-304
[9]黄会然,张小洪等.耐烦期有限的库存系统的最优存贮模型[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2002,21(3):328-331
[10]罗兵,于会强存货影响销售率且销售价格可变的EOQ模型[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2002.11:100-103
[11]罗兵,杨帅,李宇雨.变质物品在存货影响销售率且需求和采购价均为时变时的EOQ模型[J].工业工程与管理,2005,12(3)
[12]Clark,Scarf.Optimal policies for a multi-echelon inventory problem:Management Science.1960,6,475-490
[13]Cachon G P,Lariviere A M.Contracting to assure supply:How to share demand forecasts in a supply chain[J].Management Science,1996,47(5):629)646
[14]Lu L.A one-vendor multi-buyer integrated inventory models.European Journal of Operational Research,1995,81:312-323
[15]Cachon G P.Competitive and Cooperative Inventory Policies in a Two-stage Supply Chain[J].Management Science,1999,5(7):936-953
[16]Wenyith L.A joint economic lot size model for raw material ordering,Manufacturing setup,and finished goods delivering[J].The International Journal of management science,2005,2(33):163-174
[17]徐贤浩,马士华.供应链网络状结构模型多级库存控制模型[J].华中理工大学学报,1998,26(7):68-70
[18]曹文彬,何建敏.电子商务环境下合作预测库存补充模型[J].管理工程学报,2002(3)
[19]张正祥,牛芳.供应链管理环境下的单周期库存控制建模及优化[J].工业工程与管理,2002,4:20-22
[20]武瑞刚,徐国华.提前期为正态分布下的单、双源供应商成本模型[J].运筹与管理,2005(14)1:155-160
[21]白少布,薛恒新.供应链多级系统库存控制策略[J].数学的实践与认识,2006(8)
[22]Little J D C.A Proof the queuing formula L=TW[J].Operations Research,1961(9):383-387
[23]Gross D.,Soriano A.The effect of reducing lead-time on inventory levels-simulation analysis[J],Management Science,1969,16(2):61-7
[24]Vinson C E.The cost of ignoring lead-time unreliability in inventory theory[J].Decision Sciences,1972(3):40-43
[25]Das C.Effect of lead time on inventory:a static analysis[J].Operational Research.1975,26(2):273-282
[26]Christina Y J C,Edwardi G.V T.A bayesian model of cycle time prediction[J].THE Transactions,2001(33):921-930
[27]Karmarkar U S.,Kekre S.,Kekre S.The dynamic lot-sizing problem with startup and reservation costs[J].Operations Research,1987,35(3):389-398
[28]Bitran G R.,Tirupati D.Lot sizing under(Q,R)policy in a capacity constrained manufacturing facility[J].Robotics & Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,1984,1(3/4):327-337
[29]Appa I S.Simulation-based cause and effect analysis of cycle time distribution in semiconductor backend[C].Proceeding of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference, 2000(December):1464-1471
[30]Sungmin P,John W F.,Gerald T.M et al.D-optimal sequential experiments for generating a simulation-based cycle time-throughput curve[J].Operation Research,2002,50(6):981-990
[31]Yucesan E.,Chen C H.,Snowdon J L.,et al.Use of GI/G/1 queuing approximations to set tactical parameters for the simulation of MRP systems.Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference,2002(December):1123-1129
[32]侯开虎,胡宗武.供应链管理中提前期影响因素分析[J].工业工程与管理,2003,(3)
[33]TERSINE R J.Principles of Inventory and Materials Management[M].Amsterdam;North-Holland,1982
[34]Ching Jong Liao,Chih Hsiung Shyu.An Analytical Determination of Lead Time with Normal Demand[J].Int J of Operations and Production Management,1991,11(9):72-78.
[35]Ben Daya M,Raouf A.Inventory Models Involving Lead-time as Decision Variable[J].Journal of the Operational Research Society,1994,45(5):579-582
[36]OuyangL Y,Y eh N C,Wu K S.Mixture inventory model with backorders and lost sales for variable lead time[J].Journal of the Operational Research Society,1996,47
[37]Moon I,Choi S.A note on lead time and distributional assumptions in continuous review inventory models[J].Computers and Operations Research,1998,25(11)
[38]ORYANG L Y,CHUANG B R.A periodic review inventory model involving variable lead time with a service level constraint[J].International Journal of Production Research,2000,31(10):1209-1215
[39]Hariga M,Ben Daya M.Lead time-reduction in a Stochastic Inventory System with Learning Consideration[J].International Journal of Production Research,2003,41(3):571-579
[40]Peter C H,Yangb K L,Patrick S C.Improved inventory models with service level and lead time[J].Computers and Operations Research,2005,32:285-296
[41]DAYA M B,HARIGA M.Integrated single vendor single buyer model with stochastic demand and variable lead time[J].International Journal of Production Economics Hall.N.G.,C.N.Potts,Supply chain scheduling:Batch and delivery,Operations Research,2004,51(4)
[42]王清蓉,李贤林,叶子坚.可控提前期与服务水平联合约束的库存问题[J].系统工程,2003,21(4)
[43]叶耀华,姚裕华.一个信息不完全情况下提前期可控的整合库存模型及其算法[J].复旦大学学报,2005,44(2)
[44]李晔,陈燕.基于缺货产品损耗特性的最优库存模型[J].大连海事大学学报,2005,(4)
[45]周燕萍,宋国防,杨国东.基于多变量的联合决策库存优化问题[J].工业工程与管理,2006(2):66-70
[46]汪传旭.基于混合正态分布提前期内需求和可变提前期的供应链优化[J].上海海事大学学报,2006,27(2)
[47]陈志刚,徐渝,贾涛.基于可控提前期和服务水平约束的(Q,r)库存问题[J].运筹与管理,2006,15(3)
[48]刘蕾,唐小我.订货提前期对服务水平决策的影响研究[J].控制与决策,2005,20(11)
[49]丁娟,基于供给速率的供应链库存研究[会议论文].第八届中国青年运筹信息管理学者大会论文集
[50]杨瑾.基于供需一体化协同控制的供应链库存模型[J].工业工程与管理,2005(2)
[51]Stalk G J,Hout T M.Competing against time:How time based competition is reshaping global markets[M].Free Press,New York,1990
[52]Stalk G J.Time-the next source of competitive advantage[J].Harvard Business Review,1988,66(4):41-51
[53]Li L.The role of inventory in delivery-time competition[J].Management Science,1992,38(2):182-197
[54]Kalai E,Kamien M I,Rubinovitch M.Optimal service speed in a competitive environment[J].Management Science,1992,38(8)
[55]G.Stalk,T.Hout,Competing Against Time-How Time-Based Competition is Reshaping Global Markets[M].New York,Free Press,1990,(76)
[56]M Luhtala,E Kilpiner,P.Anttila,LOGI-management make-to-order supply chains[R].Helsinki,Helsinki University of Technology,1994,(70)
[57]杨文胜.基于响应时间的供应链协同决策与优化模型研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学管理学院,2004
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