辐射热波特性及其在间接驱动激光聚变中应用的模拟研究
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摘要
间接驱动激光聚变中，激光转换的X射线与黑腔腔壁作用，会发射X射线，形成一个均匀的辐射场。再发射的X射线一方面被黑腔腔壁吸收损耗，一方面与靶丸作用驱动靶内爆。这两个作用过程均可用辐射热波来描述。通过辐射热波传播过程的研究，可寻求提高靶丸耦合效率的可能途径，降低点火需要的激光能量，对间接驱动激光聚变具有重要意义。本文研究了辐射热波在高Z腔壁材料、低Z靶材料中的传播及辐射热波驱动的多冲击波与靶丸作用的过程，主要工作和研究成果如下：
1．采用量纲分析法求得Au中亚声速热波的自相似解，得到烧蚀质量、烧蚀压与时间的定标公式，与文献及模拟结果均符合较好，且具有普适性。
2．辐射热波在黑腔腔壁中传播时，稀疏波引起的边界扩散运动损耗了相当大部分的X射线能量。针对这一问题，我们令腔壁初始径向密度符合ρ0分布，来抑制边界扩散运动。利用Hyades模拟计算发现，这种设计在2(5r0) e=V k的r恒的温源下能够降低腔壁能量损失30%，从而增加腔壁再发射率，提高靶丸耦合效率。低密度泡沫腔壁和密度梯度分布的腔壁都能够有效抑制稀疏波带来的扩散，减少腔壁等离子体向中心的膨胀，使激光顺利到达腔壁附近。为此我们用Multi模拟了激光与泡沫腔壁的作用，结果表明泡沫腔壁和密度梯度分布的腔壁都抑制了激光吸收面向柱腔中心的移动，可成为提高对称性控制的另一种途径。
3．本文工作对比分析了辐射热波对Be、CH、BC三种低Z材料的一维平面烧蚀特性，以及球一维时三种材料作为烧蚀层的内爆聚变情况。兼顾能量耦合效率、预热以及对称性等因素，Be都具有优势，而BC由于反照率过高带来的负面效应被排除。我们还模拟计算了含M带的非平衡谱对低Z物质一维平面烧蚀特性的影响，高能份额会使得物质的烧蚀压、烧蚀速率增加，反照率降低，但热波波前温度升高，引起预热，会对等熵压缩不利。X射线烧蚀泡沫-固体靶时界面失配会使得泡沫与固体靶中冲击波压力增加，我们分析了泡沫增压的发生机制，得到强冲击波近似下增压倍数的定标公式，指出了增压现象的脉冲特点。
4．整形辐射源烧蚀靶表面会驱动多次冲击波向靶丸内部传播，靶壳层在冲击波作用下运动。本文讨论了壳层加速、减速、阻滞阶段的运动特点，研究了冲击波调谐精度对内爆的影响，结果表明：50ps的脉冲时间精度足以满足点火要求；冲击波的对齐位置很重要，偏向DT冰内对内爆影响大于偏向DT气体。
A laser delivers energy to the interior of a high Z hohlraum and is converted toX-rays in laser indirect-drive confinement fusion experiments. Thermal wave describethe ablative drive of target implosion by X-rays. Also radiation confinement inhohlraum targets is controlled by thermal wave, diffusing energy into the containingwall. Here we study on the interaction of thermal wave with high Z and low Z materialto find ways of improving capsule coupling efficiency, which is very important forinertial confinement fusion. The main research work and results are listed as follows:
1. A self-similar solution of the radiation diffusion equation is admitted forradiation ablative heat wave. In this thesis we get the solution by dimensional analysis.The scaling relations of ablated mass and ablative pressure with time are given.Comparisons with numerical simulations and the work before show excellentagreement.
2. Most of the X-rays energy is absorbed by hohlraum wall because of rarefactiondiffusion when thermal wave propagates. We find low density foam wall could restrainrarwith Hy akdre.s T choed es iimn urlaadtiivatei orens tuelmts psehroawtu rteh iTsr d=e n2s5it0y epVro cfilollne srad isdtaiiovanel. d~eT3nh0se%ity re i endm itshtribution toρ0
(erf)a c=tion diffusion. Then we adjust initial hohlraum waite r awtiaoll rliosesssand capsule coupling efficiency can be improved by graded wall density profiles. Laserheat foam wall is also simulated with Multi code. The results show that the movementof laser absorption position is tamped in foam wall conditions, which is another way forsymmetric controlling.
3. We present one dimensional (1D) plane radiation ablating characters of Be, CHand BC in this thesis. And the yields of capsule with three materials as ablator arecompared by1D spherical implosion simulation. Considering of energy couplingefficiency, preheat and symmetry, Be is the best. BC is not chosen because of the highalbedo. Non-Planckian frequency dependent radiation ablates low Z1D plane materialis calculated to compare with Planckian radiation. The results show the high frequencyof M-band increases the ablation pressure and mass ablation velocity, reduces thealbedo, and improves the temperature before thermal wave. The material is preheated, that is detrimental to nearly isentropic compress. A strong pressure increase is producedwhen x ray heated foam-solid target due to impedance mismatch at the foam-solidinterface. We evaluate the shock pressure amplified as a function of the density andadiabatic exponent based on strong wave assumption, and point out that the amplifiedpressure is a short high pressure pulse.
4. The shock waves driven by thermal wave make fuel shell moving. We discussthe shell movement stage of acceleration, deceleration and stagnation with time, and theeffects of shock timing on implosion. We can conclude that a timing precision of50psis enough for ignition. Also the shock merger position is very important. The influenceto implosion of offsetting to DT ice is worse than to DT gas.
1．采用量纲分析法求得Au中亚声速热波的自相似解，得到烧蚀质量、烧蚀压与时间的定标公式，与文献及模拟结果均符合较好，且具有普适性。
2．辐射热波在黑腔腔壁中传播时，稀疏波引起的边界扩散运动损耗了相当大部分的X射线能量。针对这一问题，我们令腔壁初始径向密度符合ρ0分布，来抑制边界扩散运动。利用Hyades模拟计算发现，这种设计在2(5r0) e=V k的r恒的温源下能够降低腔壁能量损失30%，从而增加腔壁再发射率，提高靶丸耦合效率。低密度泡沫腔壁和密度梯度分布的腔壁都能够有效抑制稀疏波带来的扩散，减少腔壁等离子体向中心的膨胀，使激光顺利到达腔壁附近。为此我们用Multi模拟了激光与泡沫腔壁的作用，结果表明泡沫腔壁和密度梯度分布的腔壁都抑制了激光吸收面向柱腔中心的移动，可成为提高对称性控制的另一种途径。
3．本文工作对比分析了辐射热波对Be、CH、BC三种低Z材料的一维平面烧蚀特性，以及球一维时三种材料作为烧蚀层的内爆聚变情况。兼顾能量耦合效率、预热以及对称性等因素，Be都具有优势，而BC由于反照率过高带来的负面效应被排除。我们还模拟计算了含M带的非平衡谱对低Z物质一维平面烧蚀特性的影响，高能份额会使得物质的烧蚀压、烧蚀速率增加，反照率降低，但热波波前温度升高，引起预热，会对等熵压缩不利。X射线烧蚀泡沫-固体靶时界面失配会使得泡沫与固体靶中冲击波压力增加，我们分析了泡沫增压的发生机制，得到强冲击波近似下增压倍数的定标公式，指出了增压现象的脉冲特点。
4．整形辐射源烧蚀靶表面会驱动多次冲击波向靶丸内部传播，靶壳层在冲击波作用下运动。本文讨论了壳层加速、减速、阻滞阶段的运动特点，研究了冲击波调谐精度对内爆的影响，结果表明：50ps的脉冲时间精度足以满足点火要求；冲击波的对齐位置很重要，偏向DT冰内对内爆影响大于偏向DT气体。
A laser delivers energy to the interior of a high Z hohlraum and is converted toX-rays in laser indirect-drive confinement fusion experiments. Thermal wave describethe ablative drive of target implosion by X-rays. Also radiation confinement inhohlraum targets is controlled by thermal wave, diffusing energy into the containingwall. Here we study on the interaction of thermal wave with high Z and low Z materialto find ways of improving capsule coupling efficiency, which is very important forinertial confinement fusion. The main research work and results are listed as follows:
1. A self-similar solution of the radiation diffusion equation is admitted forradiation ablative heat wave. In this thesis we get the solution by dimensional analysis.The scaling relations of ablated mass and ablative pressure with time are given.Comparisons with numerical simulations and the work before show excellentagreement.
2. Most of the X-rays energy is absorbed by hohlraum wall because of rarefactiondiffusion when thermal wave propagates. We find low density foam wall could restrainrarwith Hy akdre.s T choed es iimn urlaadtiivatei orens tuelmts psehroawtu rteh iTsr d=e n2s5it0y epVro cfilollne srad isdtaiiovanel. d~eT3nh0se%ity re i endm itshtribution toρ0
(erf)a c=tion diffusion. Then we adjust initial hohlraum waite r awtiaoll rliosesssand capsule coupling efficiency can be improved by graded wall density profiles. Laserheat foam wall is also simulated with Multi code. The results show that the movementof laser absorption position is tamped in foam wall conditions, which is another way forsymmetric controlling.
3. We present one dimensional (1D) plane radiation ablating characters of Be, CHand BC in this thesis. And the yields of capsule with three materials as ablator arecompared by1D spherical implosion simulation. Considering of energy couplingefficiency, preheat and symmetry, Be is the best. BC is not chosen because of the highalbedo. Non-Planckian frequency dependent radiation ablates low Z1D plane materialis calculated to compare with Planckian radiation. The results show the high frequencyof M-band increases the ablation pressure and mass ablation velocity, reduces thealbedo, and improves the temperature before thermal wave. The material is preheated, that is detrimental to nearly isentropic compress. A strong pressure increase is producedwhen x ray heated foam-solid target due to impedance mismatch at the foam-solidinterface. We evaluate the shock pressure amplified as a function of the density andadiabatic exponent based on strong wave assumption, and point out that the amplifiedpressure is a short high pressure pulse.
4. The shock waves driven by thermal wave make fuel shell moving. We discussthe shell movement stage of acceleration, deceleration and stagnation with time, and theeffects of shock timing on implosion. We can conclude that a timing precision of50psis enough for ignition. Also the shock merger position is very important. The influenceto implosion of offsetting to DT ice is worse than to DT gas.
引文
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