深圳市燃气集团清水河西站安全评价的研究
摘要
本论文是根据深圳市燃气集团有限公司清水河西站的具体情况，运用多种分析工具，分别对站内物质的危险、危害因素、西站的火灾、爆炸危险性、西站的火灾、爆炸事故后果等三个方面用不同的角度进行安全分析和安全评价，有针对性地提出安全措施。并且，根据安全评价的结果，编制出具体的应急处理预案。
论文分两部分：
第一部分：对清水河西站的储存的液化石油气进行危险评价。
1、根据清水河西站的实际情况，分三个方面对具体内容进行危险评价：
① 对清水河西站存在的危险、危害因素进行分析，主要是确定站内存在的主要危险、危害因素的种类、分布及其可能产生的危险、危害方式和途径。危险、危害因素分析是危险辨识的重要环节，是安全评价的基础。
危险、危害因素主要从以下几方面考虑：
》 化学性危险和危害因素
》 物理性危险和危害因素
》 生物性危险和危害因素
》 心理、生理性危险和危害因素
》 行为性危险和危害因素
》 其他危险和危害因素
② 对清水河西站的火灾、爆炸危险性进行评价，内容包括
》 对火灾、爆炸事故易发性的评价，采用国家重点课题85—924—01—01《易燃、易爆、有毒重大危险源辨识评价技术的研究》中有关“危险物质事故易发性分类分级评价技术研究”和“工艺过程事故易发性研究”的评价方法。
》 火灾、爆炸事故经济损失评价，采用道(Dow)氏火灾爆炸危险指数法(第7版)，该方法用于确定工艺过程中的最大潜在危险性，借此预测导致事故可能的危险程度及停产损失。
③ 对清水河西站的火灾、爆炸事故后果评价，内容包括：
》 沸腾液体扩展为蒸汽爆炸(BLEVE)一火球对人体的伤害及周围设施的破坏评价
》 蒸汽云雾爆炸对人体的伤害及周围设施的破坏评价
第二部分：根据重大危险源的辨识，编制清水河西站的应急处理预案
1、对每一个重大危险源编制一个现场事故应急处理预案；
2、进行重大事故潜在后果的评估：
重庆大学工程硕士论文
3、对潜在事故危险的性质和规模及紧急情况发生时的可能关系进行预测和评
估;制定与场外事故应急预案实施机构进行联系的计划，包括与紧急救援服务机
构的联系;
4、对存在重大危险设施的危险源内外，报警和通信联络的步骤;
5、任命现场事故的管理者和现场主要管理者，确定他们的义务和责任;
6、确定应急控制中心的地点和组成;
7、在事故发生后，事故现场外工人和其他人行为的规定;
8、在存在危险设施的危险源内外，制定事故现场的工人应采取的经济补救措
施。特别是包括在突发事故发生的初期采取的紧急措施;
9、包含召集危险源其他部位或非现场的主要人员的到达事故现场的规定;
10、确保事故应急预案所需的人员和应急物资能及时、迅速到达或供应:
编制重大事故应急处理预案的目的:
一旦发生事故后控制危险源，避免事故扩大，在可能的情况下予以消除;
尽可能减少事故造成的人员和财产损失。
According to daily operations of QingShuiHe West Branch of ShenZhen Gas Corporation Ltd., I draw a detailed counterplan of Emergency Measures in this thesis, which will be presented in two sections.
Section One: appraise the dangerousness of the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) reservation in QingShuiHe West Branch. My appraisal is made on below three analyses:
I The analysis of the dangerous and harmful factors in both branches of QingShuiHe, determining the variety, distribution, possibility and the means of the major dangerousness and the harmful factors. The analysis of the dangerous and harmful factors is the basis of safety appraisal and the crucial part in the dangerousness appraisal. The factors are listed below:
In analyzing the dangerous and harmful factors underlying in QingShuiHe West Branch, I mostly base on the varieties and allocations of the dangers and harms as well as in what ways these dangers and harms are made and how far these dangers and harms may bring, which are listed as follows.
1.) Chemical factor;
2.) Physical factor;
3.) Biological factor;
4.) Psychological and physiological factor;
5.) Behavioral factor;
6.) Other factors;
II The analysis of the dangerous possibilities of fire or explosion in QingShuiHe West Branch. The analysis includes:
1.) The possibility of fire or explosion accidents, per the methods stated in Chapter "The Technical Research of Categorization and Classification Appraisal of Accidents Possibilities by Dangerous Materials" and Chapter "Research of Accidents Possibilities by Workmanship" of Research of Identification and Appraisal Technique for Major Dangers of Flammability, Explosibility and Poison, state key topic 85-924-01-01.
2.) The economic loss caused by fire or explosion accidents, per Dow's Fire and Explosion Index (seventh edition)". This Index is applied on identifying the underlying fatalness in workmanship for predicting the dangerous grade and loss due to production stop after accidents occur.
III The analysis of the impact by fire or explosion accidents in QingShuiHe West Branch. It includes:
l.)The harm to human body and the destroy to surrounding establishment that fireball brings when boiling water develops into steam bleve.
2.) The harm to human body and the destroy to surrounding establishment by steam mist explosion.
Section Two: draw detailed counterplan of Emergency Measures of QingShuiHe West Branch according to the discrimination of fatal sources of dangerousness.
1.) To draw a spot counterplan for each source;
2.) To evaluate the potential impact;
3.) To predict and evaluate the feature and scale of dangers as well as the internal relationship between events when emergency occurs; constitute plans to contact with the parties concerned, including emergency service center;
4.) To constitute processes on alerts and communications;
5.) To assign on-the-spot handlers and their duties and responsibilities;
6.) To decide the location and constitution of the emergency center;
7.) To regulate the activities of persons outside the spot;
8.) To constitute the remediation measures for important establishments, especially including the initial emergency measures;
9.) To define the procedures of gathering persons around;
10.) To assure the on-time arrival of the reinforcements;
The purpose of constituting emergency counterplan of fatal accidents:
To control and avoid the impact and expansion of the accident, or rather to eliminate loss as much as possible.
论文分两部分：
第一部分：对清水河西站的储存的液化石油气进行危险评价。
1、根据清水河西站的实际情况，分三个方面对具体内容进行危险评价：
① 对清水河西站存在的危险、危害因素进行分析，主要是确定站内存在的主要危险、危害因素的种类、分布及其可能产生的危险、危害方式和途径。危险、危害因素分析是危险辨识的重要环节，是安全评价的基础。
危险、危害因素主要从以下几方面考虑：
》 化学性危险和危害因素
》 物理性危险和危害因素
》 生物性危险和危害因素
》 心理、生理性危险和危害因素
》 行为性危险和危害因素
》 其他危险和危害因素
② 对清水河西站的火灾、爆炸危险性进行评价，内容包括
》 对火灾、爆炸事故易发性的评价，采用国家重点课题85—924—01—01《易燃、易爆、有毒重大危险源辨识评价技术的研究》中有关“危险物质事故易发性分类分级评价技术研究”和“工艺过程事故易发性研究”的评价方法。
》 火灾、爆炸事故经济损失评价，采用道(Dow)氏火灾爆炸危险指数法(第7版)，该方法用于确定工艺过程中的最大潜在危险性，借此预测导致事故可能的危险程度及停产损失。
③ 对清水河西站的火灾、爆炸事故后果评价，内容包括：
》 沸腾液体扩展为蒸汽爆炸(BLEVE)一火球对人体的伤害及周围设施的破坏评价
》 蒸汽云雾爆炸对人体的伤害及周围设施的破坏评价
第二部分：根据重大危险源的辨识，编制清水河西站的应急处理预案
1、对每一个重大危险源编制一个现场事故应急处理预案；
2、进行重大事故潜在后果的评估：
重庆大学工程硕士论文
3、对潜在事故危险的性质和规模及紧急情况发生时的可能关系进行预测和评
估;制定与场外事故应急预案实施机构进行联系的计划，包括与紧急救援服务机
构的联系;
4、对存在重大危险设施的危险源内外，报警和通信联络的步骤;
5、任命现场事故的管理者和现场主要管理者，确定他们的义务和责任;
6、确定应急控制中心的地点和组成;
7、在事故发生后，事故现场外工人和其他人行为的规定;
8、在存在危险设施的危险源内外，制定事故现场的工人应采取的经济补救措
施。特别是包括在突发事故发生的初期采取的紧急措施;
9、包含召集危险源其他部位或非现场的主要人员的到达事故现场的规定;
10、确保事故应急预案所需的人员和应急物资能及时、迅速到达或供应:
编制重大事故应急处理预案的目的:
一旦发生事故后控制危险源，避免事故扩大，在可能的情况下予以消除;
尽可能减少事故造成的人员和财产损失。
According to daily operations of QingShuiHe West Branch of ShenZhen Gas Corporation Ltd., I draw a detailed counterplan of Emergency Measures in this thesis, which will be presented in two sections.
Section One: appraise the dangerousness of the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) reservation in QingShuiHe West Branch. My appraisal is made on below three analyses:
I The analysis of the dangerous and harmful factors in both branches of QingShuiHe, determining the variety, distribution, possibility and the means of the major dangerousness and the harmful factors. The analysis of the dangerous and harmful factors is the basis of safety appraisal and the crucial part in the dangerousness appraisal. The factors are listed below:
In analyzing the dangerous and harmful factors underlying in QingShuiHe West Branch, I mostly base on the varieties and allocations of the dangers and harms as well as in what ways these dangers and harms are made and how far these dangers and harms may bring, which are listed as follows.
1.) Chemical factor;
2.) Physical factor;
3.) Biological factor;
4.) Psychological and physiological factor;
5.) Behavioral factor;
6.) Other factors;
II The analysis of the dangerous possibilities of fire or explosion in QingShuiHe West Branch. The analysis includes:
1.) The possibility of fire or explosion accidents, per the methods stated in Chapter "The Technical Research of Categorization and Classification Appraisal of Accidents Possibilities by Dangerous Materials" and Chapter "Research of Accidents Possibilities by Workmanship" of Research of Identification and Appraisal Technique for Major Dangers of Flammability, Explosibility and Poison, state key topic 85-924-01-01.
2.) The economic loss caused by fire or explosion accidents, per Dow's Fire and Explosion Index (seventh edition)". This Index is applied on identifying the underlying fatalness in workmanship for predicting the dangerous grade and loss due to production stop after accidents occur.
III The analysis of the impact by fire or explosion accidents in QingShuiHe West Branch. It includes:
l.)The harm to human body and the destroy to surrounding establishment that fireball brings when boiling water develops into steam bleve.
2.) The harm to human body and the destroy to surrounding establishment by steam mist explosion.
Section Two: draw detailed counterplan of Emergency Measures of QingShuiHe West Branch according to the discrimination of fatal sources of dangerousness.
1.) To draw a spot counterplan for each source;
2.) To evaluate the potential impact;
3.) To predict and evaluate the feature and scale of dangers as well as the internal relationship between events when emergency occurs; constitute plans to contact with the parties concerned, including emergency service center;
4.) To constitute processes on alerts and communications;
5.) To assign on-the-spot handlers and their duties and responsibilities;
6.) To decide the location and constitution of the emergency center;
7.) To regulate the activities of persons outside the spot;
8.) To constitute the remediation measures for important establishments, especially including the initial emergency measures;
9.) To define the procedures of gathering persons around;
10.) To assure the on-time arrival of the reinforcements;
The purpose of constituting emergency counterplan of fatal accidents:
To control and avoid the impact and expansion of the accident, or rather to eliminate loss as much as possible.
引文
[1] 顾祥柏．石油化工装置中安全联锁系统的设计．炼油化工自动化．1997，(4)
[2] 顾祥柏．安全联锁系统定量分析方法及程序．石油化工自动化．2000，(2)
[3] 道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价方法(第七版)．中国化工安全卫生技术协会，1997
[4] 魏少征主编．安全卫生管理基础．北京：化学工业出版社，2000．1
[5] 马祖健，邓秀蓉．美国道氏(6版)指数法在30万吨乙烯装置安全评价中的应用．石油化工安全技术．1993，(3)
[6] 中国石油化工总公司石化企业安全性综合评价办法(第一版)，1992．9
[7] 北京达飞安全科技有限公司编．事故应急处理预案编制指南．中国石化出版社，2000．4
[8] 郭鹏鸥主编．液化石油气安全技术与管理．中国劳动出版社，1989．12
[9] 陆愈实主编．事故处理与工伤保险实务．人民日报出版社，2001．3
[2] 陆愈实主编．人员的安全管理实务．人民日报出版社，2001．3
[3] 陆愈实主编．设备的安全管理实务．人民日报出版社，2001．3
[4] 陆愈实主编．作业环境的安全管理实务．人民日报出版社，2001．3
[5] 陆愈实主编．建立职业安全卫生管理体系．人民日报出版社，2001．3
[6] 21世纪安全生产教育丛书》编写组．中国劳动社会保障出版社，2000．10
[7] GB50058-92《爆炸和火灾危险环境电力装置设计规范》
[8] CJJ51-2001《城镇燃气设施运行、维护和抢修安全技术规程》
[9] GB50028-98《城镇燃气设计规范》
[10] Center For Chemical Process Safety,1989.Guidelines For Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis(CCPS,AICHE)
[11] Health&Safety At Work Etc Act 1974(HMSO,London.UK)
[12] Health And Safety Executive,1991,Successful Health And Safety Management,HS(G)65 (HMSO,London,UK)
[13] HSE,1984,Guidance Note EH40,Occupational Exposure Limits(HMSO,HK)
[14] Kletz,T,A;1988,Learning From Accidents In Industry(Butterworths,London,UK)
[15] Kletz,T,A;1991,Plant Design For Safety-A User-Friendly Approach．2nd Edition(Taylor&Francis)
[16] Pasquill,F;1961,Met Mag,Volume 90(HMSO,UK)
[17] Sir Frank Layfield,1987,Sizewell B Pudlic Enquiry(HMSO,London,UK)
[18] Occupational Health And Safety Act 1970(OSHA)(As Amended 5 November 1990)(US Dept Of Labor,Washinton,DC)
[19] WASH 1400 Reactor Safety Study, NUREC-75/014(US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington)
[20] Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures,CCPS, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,1982.
[21] Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards, Word Bank Technical Paper Number 55,1998
[22] Advisory Committee on Major Hazards, First Report, Health & Safety Commission, 1976, London
[23] ADA 181662, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of System Safety, March 1987
[24] Recommend on Transport of Dangerous Goods(7th .version), 1991
[2] 顾祥柏．安全联锁系统定量分析方法及程序．石油化工自动化．2000，(2)
[3] 道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价方法(第七版)．中国化工安全卫生技术协会，1997
[4] 魏少征主编．安全卫生管理基础．北京：化学工业出版社，2000．1
[5] 马祖健，邓秀蓉．美国道氏(6版)指数法在30万吨乙烯装置安全评价中的应用．石油化工安全技术．1993，(3)
[6] 中国石油化工总公司石化企业安全性综合评价办法(第一版)，1992．9
[7] 北京达飞安全科技有限公司编．事故应急处理预案编制指南．中国石化出版社，2000．4
[8] 郭鹏鸥主编．液化石油气安全技术与管理．中国劳动出版社，1989．12
[9] 陆愈实主编．事故处理与工伤保险实务．人民日报出版社，2001．3
[2] 陆愈实主编．人员的安全管理实务．人民日报出版社，2001．3
[3] 陆愈实主编．设备的安全管理实务．人民日报出版社，2001．3
[4] 陆愈实主编．作业环境的安全管理实务．人民日报出版社，2001．3
[5] 陆愈实主编．建立职业安全卫生管理体系．人民日报出版社，2001．3
[6] 21世纪安全生产教育丛书》编写组．中国劳动社会保障出版社，2000．10
[7] GB50058-92《爆炸和火灾危险环境电力装置设计规范》
[8] CJJ51-2001《城镇燃气设施运行、维护和抢修安全技术规程》
[9] GB50028-98《城镇燃气设计规范》
[10] Center For Chemical Process Safety,1989.Guidelines For Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis(CCPS,AICHE)
[11] Health&Safety At Work Etc Act 1974(HMSO,London.UK)
[12] Health And Safety Executive,1991,Successful Health And Safety Management,HS(G)65 (HMSO,London,UK)
[13] HSE,1984,Guidance Note EH40,Occupational Exposure Limits(HMSO,HK)
[14] Kletz,T,A;1988,Learning From Accidents In Industry(Butterworths,London,UK)
[15] Kletz,T,A;1991,Plant Design For Safety-A User-Friendly Approach．2nd Edition(Taylor&Francis)
[16] Pasquill,F;1961,Met Mag,Volume 90(HMSO,UK)
[17] Sir Frank Layfield,1987,Sizewell B Pudlic Enquiry(HMSO,London,UK)
[18] Occupational Health And Safety Act 1970(OSHA)(As Amended 5 November 1990)(US Dept Of Labor,Washinton,DC)
[19] WASH 1400 Reactor Safety Study, NUREC-75/014(US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington)
[20] Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures,CCPS, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,1982.
[21] Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards, Word Bank Technical Paper Number 55,1998
[22] Advisory Committee on Major Hazards, First Report, Health & Safety Commission, 1976, London
[23] ADA 181662, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of System Safety, March 1987
[24] Recommend on Transport of Dangerous Goods(7th .version), 1991
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