微尺度燃烧及其热电转化基础研究
摘要
微尺度燃烧是随着MEMS技术的发展，为了满足可携带电子设备的长时间供电和国防上微小型高性能动力源和电源的需求而开展研究的。由于开展研究时间较短，还有许多科学和技术难题需要去攻克。
本文的研究主要是围绕着微尺度燃烧的燃烧特性和产生能量的利用转化而展开的。首先考虑熄火距离的影响建立了火焰燃烧模型；然后对微尺度下的燃烧进行了相关实验研究以了解其燃烧特性；接着对微尺度下数值模拟方法在燃烧方面的应用给出了作者的看法；随后对微尺度燃烧产生能量的利用进行了实验性研究；最后给出了设计新型微尺度燃烧器的思路并给出了一种新型微尺度燃烧器的MEMS加工工艺。
在考虑熄火距离影响的基础上建立了二维火焰燃烧模型，通过对模型的定性分析，表明在微尺度燃烧中容易发生熄火和吹熄，不容易发生回火。考虑熄火距离的影响，对火焰传播速度通过两种方法进行了理论分析。给出了考虑熄火距离后火焰传播速度的表达式，分析表明在微尺度下熄火距离是影响火焰传播的重要因素，同时熄火距离和火焰传播速度在微尺度下相互作用，使燃烧向着不利于稳定的方向发展。
对微尺度下燃烧进行了实验性研究，采用具有稳定燃烧的T型微细管道研究了预混氢气—空气在微尺度条件下的燃烧。在适当的当量比下，预混气在T型管道中一定的混合气流速下可维持长时间稳定燃烧。燃烧中最高温度发生在空气稍微过量的条件下。在一定当量比、能够稳定燃烧情况下，火焰温度随燃料气流量的增大而升高。由于散热的影响，氢气或空气流量小时容易发生熄火。管道散热比例很高，一定条件下只考虑水平管道部分外壁的散热就占反应放热的1／3左右。与大尺度燃烧相比，管道中的燃烧着火浓度范围下限影响不太大，而上限降低。在氢气流量一定时，燃烧效率在完全燃烧当量比附近存在峰值，最高燃烧效率接近100％。
在实验条件下，混和气流速较高时燃烧会发声，随着流量的增加，管内燃烧对应的最大声级有逐渐增强的趋势，而且较大的波峰的数量随流量的增加而减少。同时时域分析显示声音的波动振幅在较大的流量下一般较大。
在针对热电转化设计的三种燃烧器中，氢气—空气都能在其中稳定燃烧，相同材料的不同燃烧器，容积热负荷高的壁面温度较高。不同材料的燃烧器，其材料的导热能力较强的，散热较强。同一种燃烧器中，预混燃烧比扩散燃烧温度高，但扩散燃烧易于控制火焰位置，而且不易发生回火。由于丙烷的体积能量密度较高，相同燃料流量的丙烷—空气要比氢气—空气燃烧的温度高。
在微尺度管道内对烷烃加氢及催化燃烧进行了实验，甲烷和乙烷在管道内不
With the development of MEMS, micro-combustion is studied to meet the demand of the portable electronic equipment and the need of efficient drive and electric power for the micro-system in military field. At the beginning of its study from the middle of the 1990's, there are still a number of scientific and technical problem needs to be resolved.
This thesis focuses on the micro-combustion characteristic and its energy transformation. Some work was developed with experimental and academic methods. First, the flame combustion model was established in consideration of the quenching distance; secondly, some experiment reseaches were described; thirdly, the thermoelectric micro-combustor was studied; fourthly, the author described the micro-combustion numerical simulation; and finally, some suggestion were put forword the design of the new micro-combustor.
In order to study the characteristic of micro-combustion, a two-dimensional flame-burning model was established, in which the quenching distance is considered. The conclusion is that the flame is easy to quench and blowout but difficult to backfire on the microscale. The laminar flame propagation speed was analyzed theoretically with two methods and the expression of the laminar flame propagation speed was described when the quenching distance is under consideration. The analytic results showed that the quenching distance is the important factor which effects the laminar flame propagation. Both the quenching distance and the flame propagation speed interact and they make the flame stabilization deteriorate on the microscale.
This thesis describes the premixed combustion of hydrogen and air in microscale T style tube and finds this structure helpful for stable burning. Some conclusions were drawn about flame temperature, flux, hydrogen-air equivalence ratio, and combustion efficiency. The stable burning can be observed when the premixed gas velocity changed from 0.57m/s to 18.4m/s in a suitable hydrogen-air equivalence ratio. It is easy to flameout for the heat loss influence distinctly when the premixed gas flux is small. In a certain hydrogen flux, there exists the highest combustion efficiency near to the complete combustion equivalence ratio, and the combustion efficiency about 100%. In a certain condition, the heat loss for the level part of the T style tube is one third of the reaction heat. In comparation with the macroscale combustion, the high fuel concentration limit decreases but for low limit there is no obvious difference.
In the experiment, when the premixed gas velocity was high, some flame noise could be heard. With the increase of the flux, the maximum sound level will be
本文的研究主要是围绕着微尺度燃烧的燃烧特性和产生能量的利用转化而展开的。首先考虑熄火距离的影响建立了火焰燃烧模型；然后对微尺度下的燃烧进行了相关实验研究以了解其燃烧特性；接着对微尺度下数值模拟方法在燃烧方面的应用给出了作者的看法；随后对微尺度燃烧产生能量的利用进行了实验性研究；最后给出了设计新型微尺度燃烧器的思路并给出了一种新型微尺度燃烧器的MEMS加工工艺。
在考虑熄火距离影响的基础上建立了二维火焰燃烧模型，通过对模型的定性分析，表明在微尺度燃烧中容易发生熄火和吹熄，不容易发生回火。考虑熄火距离的影响，对火焰传播速度通过两种方法进行了理论分析。给出了考虑熄火距离后火焰传播速度的表达式，分析表明在微尺度下熄火距离是影响火焰传播的重要因素，同时熄火距离和火焰传播速度在微尺度下相互作用，使燃烧向着不利于稳定的方向发展。
对微尺度下燃烧进行了实验性研究，采用具有稳定燃烧的T型微细管道研究了预混氢气—空气在微尺度条件下的燃烧。在适当的当量比下，预混气在T型管道中一定的混合气流速下可维持长时间稳定燃烧。燃烧中最高温度发生在空气稍微过量的条件下。在一定当量比、能够稳定燃烧情况下，火焰温度随燃料气流量的增大而升高。由于散热的影响，氢气或空气流量小时容易发生熄火。管道散热比例很高，一定条件下只考虑水平管道部分外壁的散热就占反应放热的1／3左右。与大尺度燃烧相比，管道中的燃烧着火浓度范围下限影响不太大，而上限降低。在氢气流量一定时，燃烧效率在完全燃烧当量比附近存在峰值，最高燃烧效率接近100％。
在实验条件下，混和气流速较高时燃烧会发声，随着流量的增加，管内燃烧对应的最大声级有逐渐增强的趋势，而且较大的波峰的数量随流量的增加而减少。同时时域分析显示声音的波动振幅在较大的流量下一般较大。
在针对热电转化设计的三种燃烧器中，氢气—空气都能在其中稳定燃烧，相同材料的不同燃烧器，容积热负荷高的壁面温度较高。不同材料的燃烧器，其材料的导热能力较强的，散热较强。同一种燃烧器中，预混燃烧比扩散燃烧温度高，但扩散燃烧易于控制火焰位置，而且不易发生回火。由于丙烷的体积能量密度较高，相同燃料流量的丙烷—空气要比氢气—空气燃烧的温度高。
在微尺度管道内对烷烃加氢及催化燃烧进行了实验，甲烷和乙烷在管道内不
With the development of MEMS, micro-combustion is studied to meet the demand of the portable electronic equipment and the need of efficient drive and electric power for the micro-system in military field. At the beginning of its study from the middle of the 1990's, there are still a number of scientific and technical problem needs to be resolved.
This thesis focuses on the micro-combustion characteristic and its energy transformation. Some work was developed with experimental and academic methods. First, the flame combustion model was established in consideration of the quenching distance; secondly, some experiment reseaches were described; thirdly, the thermoelectric micro-combustor was studied; fourthly, the author described the micro-combustion numerical simulation; and finally, some suggestion were put forword the design of the new micro-combustor.
In order to study the characteristic of micro-combustion, a two-dimensional flame-burning model was established, in which the quenching distance is considered. The conclusion is that the flame is easy to quench and blowout but difficult to backfire on the microscale. The laminar flame propagation speed was analyzed theoretically with two methods and the expression of the laminar flame propagation speed was described when the quenching distance is under consideration. The analytic results showed that the quenching distance is the important factor which effects the laminar flame propagation. Both the quenching distance and the flame propagation speed interact and they make the flame stabilization deteriorate on the microscale.
This thesis describes the premixed combustion of hydrogen and air in microscale T style tube and finds this structure helpful for stable burning. Some conclusions were drawn about flame temperature, flux, hydrogen-air equivalence ratio, and combustion efficiency. The stable burning can be observed when the premixed gas velocity changed from 0.57m/s to 18.4m/s in a suitable hydrogen-air equivalence ratio. It is easy to flameout for the heat loss influence distinctly when the premixed gas flux is small. In a certain hydrogen flux, there exists the highest combustion efficiency near to the complete combustion equivalence ratio, and the combustion efficiency about 100%. In a certain condition, the heat loss for the level part of the T style tube is one third of the reaction heat. In comparation with the macroscale combustion, the high fuel concentration limit decreases but for low limit there is no obvious difference.
In the experiment, when the premixed gas velocity was high, some flame noise could be heard. With the increase of the flux, the maximum sound level will be
引文
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