四川盆地西部下二叠统白云岩形成机制
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摘要
碳酸盐的成岩作用与成岩环境一直是沉积地质学和石油地质学研究的核心领域之一，而与白云化作用和白云岩成因有关的研究更是一个长期令无数地质学家为之着迷和经久不衰的课题。对四川盆地及其周缘地区下二叠统白云岩的研究在30年前就已经开始，近些年的勘探成果表明四川盆地西部地区白云岩储层具有良好储集条件，是盆地二叠系中新的有利勘探领域。下二叠统的白云岩主要集中在栖霞组，其厚度大都在数米到数十米之间，现有的勘探资料表明这些白云岩在烃类勘探中的良好前景。本论文在充分获取四川盆地西部下二叠统栖霞组碳酸盐岩的矿物学、岩石学和地球化学信息的基础上，研究沉积期后各阶段流体的性质、来源、演化和主要控制因素及其与白云石沉淀作用、石灰岩溶解作用的关系，结合岩浆活动、构造运动、古气候、海平面变化、层序格架、埋藏历史和碳酸盐岩的其它成岩作用研究，对四川盆地西部下二叠统栖霞组碳酸盐岩储层的形成机制进行研究，探索白云化和白云岩成因等基础理论问题，建立适合四川盆地西部下二叠统栖霞组碳酸盐岩成岩作用（尤其是白云化作用）的理论与模式，为四川盆地西部下二叠统栖霞组碳酸盐岩储层的勘探提供必要的理论基础，也为全球范围内沉积盆地中白云化作用的研究提供有价值的中国实例。
四川盆地西部下二叠统栖霞组在结构上基本缺乏原始结构保存的白云岩，几乎全为结晶白云岩，并且基本不存在完全由白云石组的岩石样品，说明白云化作用持续时间有限，地层中镁离子有限，白云化作用不彻底。白云岩中白云石的晶体较大，同样说明镁浓度较低和结晶中心较少的地质事实，白云石晶体大小主要分布在细晶—极粗晶的范围，主要的结构类型有平直晶面斑状晶、平直晶面半自形晶和自形晶、非平直晶面它形晶、非平直晶面鞍形晶、过度白云石化、具破碎和溶解结构的白云石等，显示高温白云化/白云石沉淀的特征。白云岩中还广泛存在自生伊利石、萤石、石英、氟磷灰石和重晶石等非碳酸盐矿物，它们主要赋存于白云岩的孔隙中，尤其是白云石溶解后的孔隙中，这些矿物可能也表明白云化作用与外来热流体有关。
四川盆地西部下二叠统碳酸盐岩的各种成岩组分都具有较高的均一化温度，白云石中包裹体均一化温度平均值为135.5℃，显著高于方解石的109.5℃；在不同结构的各种白云石类型中，非平直晶面鞍形晶具有最高的包裹体均一化温度，平均值为151℃；非平直晶面它形晶白云石也具有较高的包裹体均一化温度，平均值为140℃；各种具平直晶面的白云石具有较低的包裹体均一化温度，其中平直晶面斑状晶为89℃，自形晶为103℃，半自形晶为109℃；白云石的过度生长边具有比主晶更高的包裹体均一化温度，说明白云石是在温度升高过程中继续生长的。虽然非平直晶面鞍形白云石具有最高的包裹体均一化温度，但在沉淀时间上比其晚的、充填于其溶解孔洞中的亮晶方解石反而具有较低的包裹体均一化温度，平均值仅为78℃。矿物的沉淀过程与地热增温过程倒置，显示白云石沉淀温度的非地热来源，在鞍形白云石沉淀之后，栖霞组地层中碳酸盐成岩环境的温度发生了倒退，温度降低值大于70℃，同时该温度差也导致了鞍形白云石的破碎。
通过包裹体均一化温度、矿物氧同位素组成和流体氧同位素组成三变量相关性研究反演了四川盆地西部下二叠统与白云化/白云石沉淀有关的流体性质，结果表明：栖霞组具不同结构的白云石的沉淀流体或白云化流体所具有的盐度都高于海水，因而白云石都是高温条件下由咸水或超咸水沉淀或白云石化作用的产物。沉淀非平直晶面鞍形晶白云石的流体δ~(18)O值主要分布在+8—+12‰SMOW之间，因此可以认为沉淀鞍形白云石等非平直晶面白云石类型的流体是高温且具有较高盐度的热液流体，具其它结构的白云石的流体δ~(18)O值主要分布在0—+8‰SMOW之间，与正常海相白云岩的白云化流体相比，仍旧属于高温的热液流体。而大多数方解石都具有和海水类似的盐度特征，流体的δ~(18)O值变化在-5—+1‰SMOW。
根据四川盆地西部下二统白云岩/白云石及伴岩石/矿物的结构、成分，相应的元素地球化学和氧、碳同位素地球化学特征，以及包裹体均一化温度测试，结合埋藏历史及热史，我们可以基本肯定四川盆地下二叠统栖霞组白云岩主流类型的形成机制和峨眉山玄武岩/地幔柱伴生的热事件有关，白云化作用是一种不完全、不彻底的白云化，也是一种回头白云化，白云化流体是在海源流体基础上叠加有限的外来离子/流体后的盐度高于海水的高温高盐度流体，但主要的镁来源仍是地层中的海源流体。峨眉山玄武岩/地幔柱伴生的热事件在四川盆地西部下二叠统栖霞组白云岩的形成中具有重要作用，温度升高克服了白云石形成的动力学屏障，并造成镁含量较低或Mg/Ca比值较低的流体环境中发生白云化或白云石的沉淀，热作用的时间较短和地层中镁总体上的不足导致白云化作用的不彻底性，并主要形成所谓的灰斑云岩或云斑灰岩。与峨眉山玄武岩/地幔柱有关的热作用结束时，地层温度急剧降低，加之镁的消耗，白云石形成的动力学屏障重新建立，因而白云化作用停止，同时这种低温度和Mg消耗的流体对白云石不饱和（倒退溶解模式和Mg消耗两个因素），因而白云石、尤其是特高温度条件下形成的鞍形白云石的破碎和溶解。
Diagenesis and diagenetic environment of carbonate is one of the most importantcore fields of sedimentary geology and petroleum geology. Among these diageneticresearches, the dolomitization and the formation mechanism of dolomite attract manygeologists in long time. Dolomites of the Lower Permian Qixia Formation were studiedthree decades ago in Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas. Recent explorations suggestthat the dolomites of western Sichuan Basin have good reservoir quality and could beseen as the new exploration target. Dolomites mainly occur in2nd member of QixiaFormation, and have the thickness of meters to tens of meters. Based on availableexploration information, these dolomites have excellent hydrocarbon explorationpotential. This dissertation, based on mineralogical, petrologic and geochemicalinformation of different carbonate phases in Qixia Formation, studies the characters,origin, evolution and control factors of multistage diagenetic fluids, and also researchesthe relationship between diagenetic fluids and dolomite precipitation and limestonedissolution. Combining the information of magmatic activities, tectonic movement,paleoclimate, sea-level change, sequence stratigraphy, burial history and othercarbonate diagenetic events, the formation mechanism of carbonate reservoir in LowerPermian Qixia Formation of western Sichuan Basin is studied, the basic theoretic issueof dolomitization is researched, and the carbonate diagenetic theory and model(especially the dolomitization model) in Lower Permian Qixia Formation of westernSichuan Basin is established. Current research provides the essential theoretic conceptfor carbonate reservoir exploration in Lower Permian Qixia Formaton of westernSichuan Basin, and also provides the valuable case study for dolomitization insedimentary basin.
Fabric-preserved dolomites are absent in Lower Permian Qixia Formation of western Sichuan Basin. Almost all rocks are crystalline dolomite rocks. And the puredolomite rock is also absent in current study, suggesting that the duration ofdolomitization was short, the magnesium ion in strata was limited, and thedolomitization was incomplete. The crystal sizes of dolomites are large, also indicatingthat the concentration of magnesium ion was relatively low and the number ofnucleation site was poor. Dolomites mainly have the crystal size of fine toextremely-coarse. And the dolomite fabrics include planar dolomite rhombs, planarsubhedral to euhedral crystals, non-planar anhedral crystals, non-planar saddle crystals,dolomite overgrowth and dolomite crystals with fragment and dissolved features. Thesefabrics indicate the elevated temperature in dolomitization or dolomite precipitation.Authigenic non-carbonate minerals like illite, fluorite, quartz, fluorapatite and baritewidely occur in pores and vugs of dolomites, especially in the dissolved dolomite vugs.These authigenic minerals could be the indicators of external hydrothermal fluids indolomitization.
All fluid inclusions in different carbonate fabrics in Qixia Formation have highhomogenization temperatures (Th). The average Thvalue of dolomite fabrics is135.5℃,higher than calcite fabrics (109.5℃). In different dolomite fabrics, the non-planarsaddle dolomites have the highest average Thvalue of151℃, the non-planar anhedraldolomites also have high average Thvalue of140℃. Different planar fabrics haverelatively low Thvalues. The average Thvalues of dolomite rhombs, euhedral crystalsand subhedral crystals are89℃,103℃and109℃, respectively. The dolomiteovergrowths have higher Thvalues than its host crystals, suggesting the dolomitegrowth were accompanied with progressively elevated temperatures. Although thesaddle dolomites have the highest Thvalues, the later formed calcites in saddle dolomitedissolved pores have the lower Thvalues. The average Thvalue is78℃. The mineralprecipitation order was contrary to geothermal gradient of progressive burial,suggesting the temperatures of dolomite precipitation were not caused by geothermal,and the temperatures of diagenetic environment in Qixia Formation had retrogradationafter the precipitation of saddle dolomites. The temperature decrease was more than70℃. Such scale of temperature fall would lead to the fragmentation of saddledolomites.
By combining the research results of homogenization temperatures, oxygenisotopic compositions of minerals and oxygen isotopic compositions of fluids, thecharacters of dolomitizing fluid in the Lower Permian Qixia Formation of westernSichuan Basin are identified by inversion analysis method. All dolomitizing fluids have the higher salinities than sea water, that is to say the different dolomite fabrics wereproduced by or precipitated from saline water or hypersaline water with elevatedtemperatures. The fluids that precipitated saddle dolomite have the oxygen isotopevalue of+8to+12‰SMOW, and could be seen as hydrothermal fluids with highsalinity. The fluids that produced other dolomite fabrics have the oxygen isotope valueof0to+8‰SMOW. Compared with the dolomites that precipitated from normal seawater, these fluids also could be seen as hydrothermal fluids. Most of the calcites wereprecipitated from the fluids of normal marine salinities, the oxygen isotope value ofprecipitating fluids are from-5to+1‰SMOW.
Based on the fabrics and compositions of different carbonate and non-carbonatephases, the corresponding element and stable isotope geochemistry information, themicrothermometry of fluid inclusions, and the burial and thermal histories, currentresearch concludes that the formation mechanism of mainstream dolomite fabrics in theLower Permian Qixia Formation was related to the thermal event caused by Emeishanbasalt/mantle plume. The dolomitization was an incomplete and turn-round process.The dolomitizing fluid was the mixture of marine-derived water and limited externalion/fluid, and had higher salinity and higher temperature than sea water. However, theorigin of magnesium was still the marine-derived water in strata. The thermal eventcaused by Emeishan basalt/mantle plume plays a significant role in dolomitization ofQixia Formation. The elevated temperature overcomes the dynamic obstacle indolomite precipitation, and contributes to dolomite precipitation under the aqueousenvironment of low magnesium concentration or low Mg/Ca ratio. The short durationof thermal event and the shortage of magnesium in strata lead to incompletedolomitization. Therefore, the dolomitic limestone and limy dolomites were producedas major phases. Once the thermal event terminated, the formation temperaturedeclined rapidly. In addition the depletion of magnesium, the dynamic obstacle ofdolomitization was reconstructed, leading to the termination of dolomitization.Considering the retrograde dissolution of lower temperature and the depletion ofmagnesium in diagenetic fluid, the dolomite would be fragmented and dissolved,especially the saddle dolomite precipitated in elevated temperature.
四川盆地西部下二叠统栖霞组在结构上基本缺乏原始结构保存的白云岩，几乎全为结晶白云岩，并且基本不存在完全由白云石组的岩石样品，说明白云化作用持续时间有限，地层中镁离子有限，白云化作用不彻底。白云岩中白云石的晶体较大，同样说明镁浓度较低和结晶中心较少的地质事实，白云石晶体大小主要分布在细晶—极粗晶的范围，主要的结构类型有平直晶面斑状晶、平直晶面半自形晶和自形晶、非平直晶面它形晶、非平直晶面鞍形晶、过度白云石化、具破碎和溶解结构的白云石等，显示高温白云化/白云石沉淀的特征。白云岩中还广泛存在自生伊利石、萤石、石英、氟磷灰石和重晶石等非碳酸盐矿物，它们主要赋存于白云岩的孔隙中，尤其是白云石溶解后的孔隙中，这些矿物可能也表明白云化作用与外来热流体有关。
四川盆地西部下二叠统碳酸盐岩的各种成岩组分都具有较高的均一化温度，白云石中包裹体均一化温度平均值为135.5℃，显著高于方解石的109.5℃；在不同结构的各种白云石类型中，非平直晶面鞍形晶具有最高的包裹体均一化温度，平均值为151℃；非平直晶面它形晶白云石也具有较高的包裹体均一化温度，平均值为140℃；各种具平直晶面的白云石具有较低的包裹体均一化温度，其中平直晶面斑状晶为89℃，自形晶为103℃，半自形晶为109℃；白云石的过度生长边具有比主晶更高的包裹体均一化温度，说明白云石是在温度升高过程中继续生长的。虽然非平直晶面鞍形白云石具有最高的包裹体均一化温度，但在沉淀时间上比其晚的、充填于其溶解孔洞中的亮晶方解石反而具有较低的包裹体均一化温度，平均值仅为78℃。矿物的沉淀过程与地热增温过程倒置，显示白云石沉淀温度的非地热来源，在鞍形白云石沉淀之后，栖霞组地层中碳酸盐成岩环境的温度发生了倒退，温度降低值大于70℃，同时该温度差也导致了鞍形白云石的破碎。
通过包裹体均一化温度、矿物氧同位素组成和流体氧同位素组成三变量相关性研究反演了四川盆地西部下二叠统与白云化/白云石沉淀有关的流体性质，结果表明：栖霞组具不同结构的白云石的沉淀流体或白云化流体所具有的盐度都高于海水，因而白云石都是高温条件下由咸水或超咸水沉淀或白云石化作用的产物。沉淀非平直晶面鞍形晶白云石的流体δ~(18)O值主要分布在+8—+12‰SMOW之间，因此可以认为沉淀鞍形白云石等非平直晶面白云石类型的流体是高温且具有较高盐度的热液流体，具其它结构的白云石的流体δ~(18)O值主要分布在0—+8‰SMOW之间，与正常海相白云岩的白云化流体相比，仍旧属于高温的热液流体。而大多数方解石都具有和海水类似的盐度特征，流体的δ~(18)O值变化在-5—+1‰SMOW。
根据四川盆地西部下二统白云岩/白云石及伴岩石/矿物的结构、成分，相应的元素地球化学和氧、碳同位素地球化学特征，以及包裹体均一化温度测试，结合埋藏历史及热史，我们可以基本肯定四川盆地下二叠统栖霞组白云岩主流类型的形成机制和峨眉山玄武岩/地幔柱伴生的热事件有关，白云化作用是一种不完全、不彻底的白云化，也是一种回头白云化，白云化流体是在海源流体基础上叠加有限的外来离子/流体后的盐度高于海水的高温高盐度流体，但主要的镁来源仍是地层中的海源流体。峨眉山玄武岩/地幔柱伴生的热事件在四川盆地西部下二叠统栖霞组白云岩的形成中具有重要作用，温度升高克服了白云石形成的动力学屏障，并造成镁含量较低或Mg/Ca比值较低的流体环境中发生白云化或白云石的沉淀，热作用的时间较短和地层中镁总体上的不足导致白云化作用的不彻底性，并主要形成所谓的灰斑云岩或云斑灰岩。与峨眉山玄武岩/地幔柱有关的热作用结束时，地层温度急剧降低，加之镁的消耗，白云石形成的动力学屏障重新建立，因而白云化作用停止，同时这种低温度和Mg消耗的流体对白云石不饱和（倒退溶解模式和Mg消耗两个因素），因而白云石、尤其是特高温度条件下形成的鞍形白云石的破碎和溶解。
Diagenesis and diagenetic environment of carbonate is one of the most importantcore fields of sedimentary geology and petroleum geology. Among these diageneticresearches, the dolomitization and the formation mechanism of dolomite attract manygeologists in long time. Dolomites of the Lower Permian Qixia Formation were studiedthree decades ago in Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas. Recent explorations suggestthat the dolomites of western Sichuan Basin have good reservoir quality and could beseen as the new exploration target. Dolomites mainly occur in2nd member of QixiaFormation, and have the thickness of meters to tens of meters. Based on availableexploration information, these dolomites have excellent hydrocarbon explorationpotential. This dissertation, based on mineralogical, petrologic and geochemicalinformation of different carbonate phases in Qixia Formation, studies the characters,origin, evolution and control factors of multistage diagenetic fluids, and also researchesthe relationship between diagenetic fluids and dolomite precipitation and limestonedissolution. Combining the information of magmatic activities, tectonic movement,paleoclimate, sea-level change, sequence stratigraphy, burial history and othercarbonate diagenetic events, the formation mechanism of carbonate reservoir in LowerPermian Qixia Formation of western Sichuan Basin is studied, the basic theoretic issueof dolomitization is researched, and the carbonate diagenetic theory and model(especially the dolomitization model) in Lower Permian Qixia Formation of westernSichuan Basin is established. Current research provides the essential theoretic conceptfor carbonate reservoir exploration in Lower Permian Qixia Formaton of westernSichuan Basin, and also provides the valuable case study for dolomitization insedimentary basin.
Fabric-preserved dolomites are absent in Lower Permian Qixia Formation of western Sichuan Basin. Almost all rocks are crystalline dolomite rocks. And the puredolomite rock is also absent in current study, suggesting that the duration ofdolomitization was short, the magnesium ion in strata was limited, and thedolomitization was incomplete. The crystal sizes of dolomites are large, also indicatingthat the concentration of magnesium ion was relatively low and the number ofnucleation site was poor. Dolomites mainly have the crystal size of fine toextremely-coarse. And the dolomite fabrics include planar dolomite rhombs, planarsubhedral to euhedral crystals, non-planar anhedral crystals, non-planar saddle crystals,dolomite overgrowth and dolomite crystals with fragment and dissolved features. Thesefabrics indicate the elevated temperature in dolomitization or dolomite precipitation.Authigenic non-carbonate minerals like illite, fluorite, quartz, fluorapatite and baritewidely occur in pores and vugs of dolomites, especially in the dissolved dolomite vugs.These authigenic minerals could be the indicators of external hydrothermal fluids indolomitization.
All fluid inclusions in different carbonate fabrics in Qixia Formation have highhomogenization temperatures (Th). The average Thvalue of dolomite fabrics is135.5℃,higher than calcite fabrics (109.5℃). In different dolomite fabrics, the non-planarsaddle dolomites have the highest average Thvalue of151℃, the non-planar anhedraldolomites also have high average Thvalue of140℃. Different planar fabrics haverelatively low Thvalues. The average Thvalues of dolomite rhombs, euhedral crystalsand subhedral crystals are89℃,103℃and109℃, respectively. The dolomiteovergrowths have higher Thvalues than its host crystals, suggesting the dolomitegrowth were accompanied with progressively elevated temperatures. Although thesaddle dolomites have the highest Thvalues, the later formed calcites in saddle dolomitedissolved pores have the lower Thvalues. The average Thvalue is78℃. The mineralprecipitation order was contrary to geothermal gradient of progressive burial,suggesting the temperatures of dolomite precipitation were not caused by geothermal,and the temperatures of diagenetic environment in Qixia Formation had retrogradationafter the precipitation of saddle dolomites. The temperature decrease was more than70℃. Such scale of temperature fall would lead to the fragmentation of saddledolomites.
By combining the research results of homogenization temperatures, oxygenisotopic compositions of minerals and oxygen isotopic compositions of fluids, thecharacters of dolomitizing fluid in the Lower Permian Qixia Formation of westernSichuan Basin are identified by inversion analysis method. All dolomitizing fluids have the higher salinities than sea water, that is to say the different dolomite fabrics wereproduced by or precipitated from saline water or hypersaline water with elevatedtemperatures. The fluids that precipitated saddle dolomite have the oxygen isotopevalue of+8to+12‰SMOW, and could be seen as hydrothermal fluids with highsalinity. The fluids that produced other dolomite fabrics have the oxygen isotope valueof0to+8‰SMOW. Compared with the dolomites that precipitated from normal seawater, these fluids also could be seen as hydrothermal fluids. Most of the calcites wereprecipitated from the fluids of normal marine salinities, the oxygen isotope value ofprecipitating fluids are from-5to+1‰SMOW.
Based on the fabrics and compositions of different carbonate and non-carbonatephases, the corresponding element and stable isotope geochemistry information, themicrothermometry of fluid inclusions, and the burial and thermal histories, currentresearch concludes that the formation mechanism of mainstream dolomite fabrics in theLower Permian Qixia Formation was related to the thermal event caused by Emeishanbasalt/mantle plume. The dolomitization was an incomplete and turn-round process.The dolomitizing fluid was the mixture of marine-derived water and limited externalion/fluid, and had higher salinity and higher temperature than sea water. However, theorigin of magnesium was still the marine-derived water in strata. The thermal eventcaused by Emeishan basalt/mantle plume plays a significant role in dolomitization ofQixia Formation. The elevated temperature overcomes the dynamic obstacle indolomite precipitation, and contributes to dolomite precipitation under the aqueousenvironment of low magnesium concentration or low Mg/Ca ratio. The short durationof thermal event and the shortage of magnesium in strata lead to incompletedolomitization. Therefore, the dolomitic limestone and limy dolomites were producedas major phases. Once the thermal event terminated, the formation temperaturedeclined rapidly. In addition the depletion of magnesium, the dynamic obstacle ofdolomitization was reconstructed, leading to the termination of dolomitization.Considering the retrograde dissolution of lower temperature and the depletion ofmagnesium in diagenetic fluid, the dolomite would be fragmented and dissolved,especially the saddle dolomite precipitated in elevated temperature.
引文
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