川西坳陷中段须家河组天然气地化特征与气源追踪
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摘要
川西坳陷是发育在中三叠世海相褶皱盖层基底之上、自晚三叠世至今呈NE-SW向展布的前陆盆地。川西坳陷中段为川西前陆盆地的主体部分,包括孝泉-新场-丰谷近东西向隆起带,上三叠统从下而上可以分为马鞍塘-小塘子组、须家河组(须二段、须三段、须四段、须五段)地层。
川西坳陷中段深层须家河组具备良好的生、储、盖条件:充足的气源条件和较高的生烃强度为天然气的生成提供了有利的物质基础;良好的油气输导体系为天然气的运移提供了有利的运移条件;适时的古隆起、古斜坡和圈闭的发育以及大面积分布的巨厚储层为天然气的聚集提供了有利的场所;大面积分布的区域性盖层为天然气的保存提供了有利的封盖条件。
川西坳陷中段储集岩厚度大、分布广,源储共生,是川西坳陷的主力烃源岩。尽管前人在构造、储层、成藏等各方面进行了大量的探索,目前所获天然气探明储量仅占总资源量的7.7%左右,且主要集中在侏罗系浅、中层领域,除了由于源岩超致密、超高压、埋深一般大于3000米,加之构造运动导致的多期成藏等客观因素勘探开发难度极高外,在流体成因、分布、油气成藏期以及其动态成藏过程等方面研究的相对薄弱所造成的油气勘探思路不够明确是研究区天然气探明储量偏低的更深层次的原因。
本文以沉积学、油气地球化学理论为指导,实际钻井资料地球化学分析为手段,结合川西坳陷中段的构造演化特征及沉积特征,完成了川西坳陷中段须家河组地球化学特征的研究及气源的追踪工作。具体内容有:
(1)有效生油气层系评价:收集川西坳陷中段须家河组烃源岩有机碳、有机硫、氯仿沥青“A”、氯仿沥青族组分、干酪根显微组分、饱和烃色谱、饱和烃碳同位素、岩石热解、镜质体反射率、C、H、O元素、砂体划分、储层物性以及盖层等相关资料,明确研究区须家河组烃源岩基本地化特征,对烃源岩有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化程度等方面进行研究,确定了有效生油层系。
对川西坳陷碎屑岩含气领域进行了系统的成藏系统划分:即马鞍塘组、小塘子组-须二段-须三段,须三段-须四段-须五段和须五段-侏罗系、白垩系三个主要成藏系统,在此基础上对两个储层段——须四段、须二段的烃源岩也进行了系统研究,指出须家河组内部发育成藏子系统。
(2)对须家河组各段烃源岩的地球化学特征进行了深入研究,为分析各成藏系统特征奠定了有利基础。须家河组源岩有机碳含量高,成熟度较高,绝大多数源岩进入了高成熟阶段,少量进入过成熟阶段,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,含少量Ⅱ型有机质。
(3)采集、收集了研究区天然气组分、同位素及轻烃等数据,系统分析了研究区天然气基本特征并对研究区天然气进行了精细对比(包括区内对比与区内区外对比),利用天然气碳同位素特征、氢同位素特征、轻烃特征及稀有气体特征划分了天然气成因类型,证明川西坳陷中段天然气来源相对单一,主要为高演化程度的煤型气;另外通过大量的天然气地化数据统计,对研究区原、次生气藏天然气的基本特征进行了系统对比,结果表明研究区须家河组气藏属于原生气藏。
(4)对主要气藏气源进行了深入分析,特别是针对天然气分异程度低的特征,开展了源岩与天然气轻烃指纹分析、同位素分析等多种手段进行气源追踪,结果表明川西坳陷各层天然气来源整体表现为须二天然气以自生自储为主,不排除下部T3t+m源岩对其有一定贡献;须四上亚段天然气也以自生自储为主,在有断达深部的断裂发育地区可能有下部(如须二)天然气窜层运移至该层,下亚段天然气主要来自须三段。
(5)在对典型地区须家河组气藏成藏分析总结的基础上,建立了成藏系统、典型气藏的成藏模式,预测了须家河组勘探有利区带,指出须二段在川西坳陷具有较好的勘探潜力,其一类区主要分布在龙门山前缘的大邑-金马-鸭子河-绵竹一带,东西向的孝泉-新场-合兴场-高庙子-丰谷构造带,以及南北向构造带的洛带地区。二类区主要分布在坳陷中的马井地区和南北向构造带上的中江地区;须四下亚段有利区主要分布在龙门山前缘的金马-鸭子河-绵竹一带,东西向上主要分布在孝泉-新场-合兴场-高庙子地区。上亚段有利区主要在龙门山前缘的金马-鸭子河-绵竹一带具有较好的勘探前景,东西向上主要分布在孝泉-新场-合兴场-高庙子地区,其中的西部的孝泉-新场构造带相对更好。
Western Sichuan Depression is a foreland basin which develops on the Triassic basement fold cover and NE-SW direction since the Late Triassic. The middle section of western Sichuan depression is the main part of foreland basin, including Xiaoquan-Xinchang-Fenggu welt of east-west direction. The upper Triassic can be divided into T3t+m, T3x (T3x2, T3x3, T3x4, T3x5) formations.
There is source-reservoir-cap rock in deep T3x in mid-west Sichuan depression: abundant gas source and higher hydrocarbon generation intensity provide a favorable material base; oil and gas transporting system provide favorable conditions for migration; timely ancient uplift, the development of ancient slopes and traps and thick large area distribution of the reservoir for the accumulation of gas; Widespread regional cap provide favorable capping conditions.
Reservoir rock in this depression, thick, widely distributed and source storage symbiotic, is main source rock. Natural gas prospective reserves currently are only about 7.7% of total resource, which is mainly in shallow and middle of the Jurassic, although predecessors carried out a large number of explorations in structure, reservoir, accumulation, and other aspects. Apart from super-dense, high pressure of the source rock, usually greater than 3,000 meters depth, and multi-stage forming caused by tectonic movement, petroleum exploration not clear enough are the deeper reasons for low natural gas proved reserves. The reasons for indefinite clue are relatively weakness of the study in fluid causes, distribution, oil and gas accumulation period and its dynamic accumulation process.
This paper, guided by sediment logy, petroleum geochemistry theory, resorted to geochemical analysis of drilling data, and combined with the tectonic evolution and sedimentary characteristics in mid-west Sichuan depression, completed geochemical analysis of T3x in mid-western Sichuan depression and gas source tracking work:
(1) Collect the related information of organic carbon, organic sulfur, chloroform bitumen "A", chloroform bitumen ethnic composition, kerosene maceral, saturated Hydrocarbons, saturated hydrocarbons, carbon isotopes, pyrolysis, virginities reflectance, C, H, O elements, sand classification, reservoir properties and cover of T3x in mid-western Sichuan depression, definite the geochemical characteristics of basic source rocks in study area T3x and study the organic matter abundance, organic matter type, thermal evolution extent of hydrocarbon source rocks in research areas, and determined the effective source rock system.
Systematic division of clastic rock in gas field in the mid-western Sichuan depression: T3t+m -T3x2-T3x3, T3x3-T3x4-T3x5, T3x5-Jurassic, Cretaceous, three main reservoir systems. Based on this division, two reservoirs-T3x4 and T3x2-have been systematically studied and pointed out that T3x develop internal subsystems.
(2) Deeply researched geochemistry of T3x source rock, laid a foundation for analysis of the characteristics of the reservoir system. Organic carbon of source rock of T3x has the characteristic of the high organic carbon content, high maturity, high mature stage of most of the, over mature of little source rocks, typeⅢof the main type of organic matter,Ⅱtype with a small amount of organic matter.
(3) Collected gas composition, isotopes and hydrocarbon and other data, analyzed the basic characteristics of natural gas in the study area and fined contrast basic characteristics of natural gas (including the contrast in and outside the region). Divide genetic type of natural gas according to carbon isotope characteristics, hydrogen isotopes, light hydrocarbon features and noble gas characteristics. The result showed that the natural gas in the mid-western Sichuan depression was of relatively homogeneous and was mainly high evolution levels coal-type gas; A systematic comparison between primary gas pool and secondary gas pool was carried out according to Satiating a large number geochemistry data of natural gas, and the results showed that the natural gas in T3x in study area belonged to the original reservoir gas pools.
(4) Analyze the gas source of main gas reservoir deeply, especially for the natural gas of low degree of differentiation characteristics. Carry out fingerprint analysis of light hydrocarbon, isotope analysis and other means within and source rocks to track the original rock. Results show that the natural gas in T3x2 is mainly of self-generating and self-preserving shall not exclusive of the contribution of subjacent T3t+m original rock; the natural gas in sub-section T3x4 is also mainly of self-generating and self-preserving, while under sub-section of natural gas mainly from T3x3.
(5) Established of a reservoir system and gas accumulation in the typical pattern and forecasted exploration area of T3x based on analysis of summary of reservoir in T3x in the typical regions. Pointed out T3x2 has exploration potential, Type I mainly in Dayi-Jinma-Yazihe-Mianzhu,Xiaoquan-Xinchang-Hexingchang-Gaomiaozi-Fenggu structural belt, and north-south tectonic zone Luodai. Type II areas mainly in Majing and Zhongjiang, Which of T3x4 mainly in Jinma-Yazihe-Mianzhu area, Xiaoquan-Xinchang-Hexingchang-Gaomiaozi, including the western Xiaoquan-Xinchang a better structure relatively.
川西坳陷中段深层须家河组具备良好的生、储、盖条件:充足的气源条件和较高的生烃强度为天然气的生成提供了有利的物质基础;良好的油气输导体系为天然气的运移提供了有利的运移条件;适时的古隆起、古斜坡和圈闭的发育以及大面积分布的巨厚储层为天然气的聚集提供了有利的场所;大面积分布的区域性盖层为天然气的保存提供了有利的封盖条件。
川西坳陷中段储集岩厚度大、分布广,源储共生,是川西坳陷的主力烃源岩。尽管前人在构造、储层、成藏等各方面进行了大量的探索,目前所获天然气探明储量仅占总资源量的7.7%左右,且主要集中在侏罗系浅、中层领域,除了由于源岩超致密、超高压、埋深一般大于3000米,加之构造运动导致的多期成藏等客观因素勘探开发难度极高外,在流体成因、分布、油气成藏期以及其动态成藏过程等方面研究的相对薄弱所造成的油气勘探思路不够明确是研究区天然气探明储量偏低的更深层次的原因。
本文以沉积学、油气地球化学理论为指导,实际钻井资料地球化学分析为手段,结合川西坳陷中段的构造演化特征及沉积特征,完成了川西坳陷中段须家河组地球化学特征的研究及气源的追踪工作。具体内容有:
(1)有效生油气层系评价:收集川西坳陷中段须家河组烃源岩有机碳、有机硫、氯仿沥青“A”、氯仿沥青族组分、干酪根显微组分、饱和烃色谱、饱和烃碳同位素、岩石热解、镜质体反射率、C、H、O元素、砂体划分、储层物性以及盖层等相关资料,明确研究区须家河组烃源岩基本地化特征,对烃源岩有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化程度等方面进行研究,确定了有效生油层系。
对川西坳陷碎屑岩含气领域进行了系统的成藏系统划分:即马鞍塘组、小塘子组-须二段-须三段,须三段-须四段-须五段和须五段-侏罗系、白垩系三个主要成藏系统,在此基础上对两个储层段——须四段、须二段的烃源岩也进行了系统研究,指出须家河组内部发育成藏子系统。
(2)对须家河组各段烃源岩的地球化学特征进行了深入研究,为分析各成藏系统特征奠定了有利基础。须家河组源岩有机碳含量高,成熟度较高,绝大多数源岩进入了高成熟阶段,少量进入过成熟阶段,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,含少量Ⅱ型有机质。
(3)采集、收集了研究区天然气组分、同位素及轻烃等数据,系统分析了研究区天然气基本特征并对研究区天然气进行了精细对比(包括区内对比与区内区外对比),利用天然气碳同位素特征、氢同位素特征、轻烃特征及稀有气体特征划分了天然气成因类型,证明川西坳陷中段天然气来源相对单一,主要为高演化程度的煤型气;另外通过大量的天然气地化数据统计,对研究区原、次生气藏天然气的基本特征进行了系统对比,结果表明研究区须家河组气藏属于原生气藏。
(4)对主要气藏气源进行了深入分析,特别是针对天然气分异程度低的特征,开展了源岩与天然气轻烃指纹分析、同位素分析等多种手段进行气源追踪,结果表明川西坳陷各层天然气来源整体表现为须二天然气以自生自储为主,不排除下部T3t+m源岩对其有一定贡献;须四上亚段天然气也以自生自储为主,在有断达深部的断裂发育地区可能有下部(如须二)天然气窜层运移至该层,下亚段天然气主要来自须三段。
(5)在对典型地区须家河组气藏成藏分析总结的基础上,建立了成藏系统、典型气藏的成藏模式,预测了须家河组勘探有利区带,指出须二段在川西坳陷具有较好的勘探潜力,其一类区主要分布在龙门山前缘的大邑-金马-鸭子河-绵竹一带,东西向的孝泉-新场-合兴场-高庙子-丰谷构造带,以及南北向构造带的洛带地区。二类区主要分布在坳陷中的马井地区和南北向构造带上的中江地区;须四下亚段有利区主要分布在龙门山前缘的金马-鸭子河-绵竹一带,东西向上主要分布在孝泉-新场-合兴场-高庙子地区。上亚段有利区主要在龙门山前缘的金马-鸭子河-绵竹一带具有较好的勘探前景,东西向上主要分布在孝泉-新场-合兴场-高庙子地区,其中的西部的孝泉-新场构造带相对更好。
Western Sichuan Depression is a foreland basin which develops on the Triassic basement fold cover and NE-SW direction since the Late Triassic. The middle section of western Sichuan depression is the main part of foreland basin, including Xiaoquan-Xinchang-Fenggu welt of east-west direction. The upper Triassic can be divided into T3t+m, T3x (T3x2, T3x3, T3x4, T3x5) formations.
There is source-reservoir-cap rock in deep T3x in mid-west Sichuan depression: abundant gas source and higher hydrocarbon generation intensity provide a favorable material base; oil and gas transporting system provide favorable conditions for migration; timely ancient uplift, the development of ancient slopes and traps and thick large area distribution of the reservoir for the accumulation of gas; Widespread regional cap provide favorable capping conditions.
Reservoir rock in this depression, thick, widely distributed and source storage symbiotic, is main source rock. Natural gas prospective reserves currently are only about 7.7% of total resource, which is mainly in shallow and middle of the Jurassic, although predecessors carried out a large number of explorations in structure, reservoir, accumulation, and other aspects. Apart from super-dense, high pressure of the source rock, usually greater than 3,000 meters depth, and multi-stage forming caused by tectonic movement, petroleum exploration not clear enough are the deeper reasons for low natural gas proved reserves. The reasons for indefinite clue are relatively weakness of the study in fluid causes, distribution, oil and gas accumulation period and its dynamic accumulation process.
This paper, guided by sediment logy, petroleum geochemistry theory, resorted to geochemical analysis of drilling data, and combined with the tectonic evolution and sedimentary characteristics in mid-west Sichuan depression, completed geochemical analysis of T3x in mid-western Sichuan depression and gas source tracking work:
(1) Collect the related information of organic carbon, organic sulfur, chloroform bitumen "A", chloroform bitumen ethnic composition, kerosene maceral, saturated Hydrocarbons, saturated hydrocarbons, carbon isotopes, pyrolysis, virginities reflectance, C, H, O elements, sand classification, reservoir properties and cover of T3x in mid-western Sichuan depression, definite the geochemical characteristics of basic source rocks in study area T3x and study the organic matter abundance, organic matter type, thermal evolution extent of hydrocarbon source rocks in research areas, and determined the effective source rock system.
Systematic division of clastic rock in gas field in the mid-western Sichuan depression: T3t+m -T3x2-T3x3, T3x3-T3x4-T3x5, T3x5-Jurassic, Cretaceous, three main reservoir systems. Based on this division, two reservoirs-T3x4 and T3x2-have been systematically studied and pointed out that T3x develop internal subsystems.
(2) Deeply researched geochemistry of T3x source rock, laid a foundation for analysis of the characteristics of the reservoir system. Organic carbon of source rock of T3x has the characteristic of the high organic carbon content, high maturity, high mature stage of most of the, over mature of little source rocks, typeⅢof the main type of organic matter,Ⅱtype with a small amount of organic matter.
(3) Collected gas composition, isotopes and hydrocarbon and other data, analyzed the basic characteristics of natural gas in the study area and fined contrast basic characteristics of natural gas (including the contrast in and outside the region). Divide genetic type of natural gas according to carbon isotope characteristics, hydrogen isotopes, light hydrocarbon features and noble gas characteristics. The result showed that the natural gas in the mid-western Sichuan depression was of relatively homogeneous and was mainly high evolution levels coal-type gas; A systematic comparison between primary gas pool and secondary gas pool was carried out according to Satiating a large number geochemistry data of natural gas, and the results showed that the natural gas in T3x in study area belonged to the original reservoir gas pools.
(4) Analyze the gas source of main gas reservoir deeply, especially for the natural gas of low degree of differentiation characteristics. Carry out fingerprint analysis of light hydrocarbon, isotope analysis and other means within and source rocks to track the original rock. Results show that the natural gas in T3x2 is mainly of self-generating and self-preserving shall not exclusive of the contribution of subjacent T3t+m original rock; the natural gas in sub-section T3x4 is also mainly of self-generating and self-preserving, while under sub-section of natural gas mainly from T3x3.
(5) Established of a reservoir system and gas accumulation in the typical pattern and forecasted exploration area of T3x based on analysis of summary of reservoir in T3x in the typical regions. Pointed out T3x2 has exploration potential, Type I mainly in Dayi-Jinma-Yazihe-Mianzhu,Xiaoquan-Xinchang-Hexingchang-Gaomiaozi-Fenggu structural belt, and north-south tectonic zone Luodai. Type II areas mainly in Majing and Zhongjiang, Which of T3x4 mainly in Jinma-Yazihe-Mianzhu area, Xiaoquan-Xinchang-Hexingchang-Gaomiaozi, including the western Xiaoquan-Xinchang a better structure relatively.
引文
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