AF-BAF工艺对养猪废水处理的研究
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摘要
畜禽养殖业的飞速发展给社会带来物质财富和经济利益的同时，畜禽养殖废水所引起的环境污染问题也日趋严重。探索经济、高效的适合我国国情的养猪废水处理技术是当前水污染治理的热点和难点。针对养养猪废水化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_3-N)和悬浮物（SS）浓度高的特点，本试验采用厌氧生物滤池(AF)联合曝气生物滤池(BAF)作为处理工艺，研究其对废水中COD、NH_3-N和SS的去除效果，为养猪废水处理提供一种新的工艺。以来自陕西杨凌本香集团某养猪场的废水为研究对象，以COD、NH_3-N和SS浓度及去除率为测定指标。在AF、BAF反应器分别成功启动后，确定其最佳运行参数，并在此基础上研究AF-BAF工艺对废水COD、NH_3-N、SS的去除效果,主要结论如下：
（1）养猪废水经AF-BAF工艺处理后，出水COD、NH_3-N、SS浓度均满足《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》（GB18596—2001）的要求，AF-BAF工艺对养猪废水具有良好的处理效果。AF-BAF系统对COD、NH_3-N、SS的总去除率分别为94.69%、87.72%、79.67%。
（2）温度为30~35℃时，AF反应器经过89d启功成功，有机负荷可达到6.5kg/(m3·d)，AF稳定运行时，对COD的去除率平均值为81.13%，对NH_3-N的去除率平均值为18.93%，进水COD浓度为5500～6500mg/L，NH_3-N浓度为380～460mg/L时，出水COD浓度为960～1308mg/L，NH_3-N浓度为290～380mg/L，具有启动快、处理效果稳定、抗冲击负荷能力强等优点。
（3）温度为30~35℃时，AF反应器对COD的去除率最高，温度升高或降低都会引起COD去除率的下降。AF反应器的最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为18h，HRT低于18h时，COD去除率随HRT的延长而升高，HRT高于18h时，COD去除率增加不明显。
（4）AF进水的pH值波动范围是7.02~8.26，平均pH值为7.66，出水pH波动范围是6.06~7.80，平均pH值为7.17，整个运行过程，反应器内pH较稳定，未出现酸化现象。
（5）AF反应器中COD去除率随有机负荷的提升而升高，有机负荷从0.5提升到6.5kg/(m3·d)的过程中，COD去除率与进水有机负荷的关系满足y=3.5942x+56.271。最大负荷时COD去除率未出现下降，表明还未达到AF的最大处理能力。
（6）AF反应器中发生厌氧氨氧化作用，对NH_3-N有一定的去除效果，去除率平均值为18.93%，稳定运行时进水NH_3-N浓度为380~460mg/L，出水NH_3-N浓度为290~380mg/L。
（7）BAF反应器经25d成功启动，启动过程分启动阶段和负荷提升两个阶段。稳定运行时，BAF对COD的去除率平均值为77.38%，对NH_3-N的去除率平均值为86.42%。进水COD和NH_3-N浓度分别为960～1300mg/L、190～340mg/L，出水COD和NH_3-N浓度分别290～380mg/L、40～70mg/L。
（8）BAF的最佳运行参数为：温度为25℃，气水比为7，HRT为10h。温度、气水比的提高和HRT的延长，都会使污染物得到充分的降解，COD和NH_3-N去除率上升。但当参数值超过其最佳值时，会引起导致运行效果的下降和能耗的增加。
（9）BAF进水为AF出水，pH波动范围是6.06~7.80，平均pH值为7.17， BAF出水pH波动范围为7.03~8.11，平均pH值为7.46，整个运行过程，BAF反应器内pH较稳定，基本符合硝化过程及反硝化过程对pH值的要求。
The rapid development of Livestock and poultry breeding industry have provided socialmaterial wealth and economic benefit, but environmental pollutions caused by livestock andpoultry breeding waste water is becoming to be an increasingly serious problem at the sametime. Exploring an economic and effective piggery wastewater treatment technology whichsuits our national condition is the hot spot and difficulty of polluted water controlling. Thechemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia (NH_3-N) and Suspended matter（SS）concentrations in piggery wastewater are high. A treatment process of anaerobic filter (AF)plus biological aerated filter (BAF) was used.The objective was to study the effect ofAF-BAF process on wastewater COD, NH_3-N and SS content. The results could provide anew technology for the treatment of livestock and poultry cultivation wastewater. Wastewaterfrom a pig farm of Ben xiang group in Shaanxi Yangling was studied. COD, NH_3-N and SSremoval rates were selected as determination standard. After starting the AF and BAF reactors,the optimum operational parameters were determined. Next, the AF-BAF system wasoperated under these optimum conditions to determine the COD, NH_3-N removal rates fromwastewater. The main conclusions are as follows:
（1）The water quality indices(COD, NH_3-N, SS) of the effluent meet the DischargeStandard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding（GB18596—2001）after treatmentof AF-BAF. The process is effective for the treatment of piggery wastewater. On average, thetreatment process removed94.69%of the COD,87.72%of the NH_3-N and79.67%of the SS.
（2）At30~35℃, theAF reactor required89days for start-up. Organic load forAF canreach6.5kg/(m3·d). When AF operate stable, the treatment process removed81.13%of theCOD and18.93%of the NH_3-N on average. The COD of the influent ranged from5500to6500mg/L and the NH_3-N concentration ranged from380to460mg/L. After treatment, theCOD of the effluent ranged from960to1308mg/L and the NH_3-N concentration rangedfrom290to380mg/L.
（3）The optimum temperature for theAF was30~35℃. At30~35℃, the removal rate of COD is supreme. The increasing and decreasing of temperature can cause COD removalrate decline. The optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) for the AF was18h. HRT <18h,the COD removal rate increased with HRT, when HRT>18h, the increase of COD removalrate was not significantly.
（4）The influent pH value ranged form7.02to8.26inAF, the average is7.66. Theeffluent pH value ranged form6.06~7.80, the average is7.17.The pH value was stable in AFreactor during the whole operation process and acidification did not appear.
（5）COD removal rate increased with organic load elevation inAF reactor. The removalrate of COD and organic loading meet the relationships: y=3.5942x+56.271, when organicload increased from0.5to6.5kg/(m3·d). The COD removal rate did not decline when AFreached the maximum load that showed the maximum capacity of AF has not reached.
（6）Anaerobic ammonia oxidation occurs inAF reactor. The average removal rate ofNH_3-N is18.93%. Part of ammonia nitrogen depredated. When AF operate stable, the NH_3-Nof influent concentration ranged from380to460mg/L. After treatment, the NH_3-N ofeffluent concentration ranged from290to380mg/L.
（7）BAF reactor required25days for start-up. When BAF operate stable, the treatmentprocess removed77.38%of the COD and86.42%of the NH_3-N on average. The COD of theinfluent ranged from960to1300mg/L and the NH_3-N concentration ranged from290to380mg/L. After treatment, the COD of the effluent ranged from190to340mg/L and the NH_3-Nconcentration ranged from40to70mg/L.
（8）For the BAF, the optimum temperature was25℃, the optimum HRT was10and theoptimum gas to water ratio was7.Raise of temperature, gas water ratio and HRT can makethe pollutants depredate fully and COD and NH_3-N removal rate increase.But when theparameter values above the optimum value will cause decline of activated sludge andincreasing of energy consumption.
（9）The influent pH value ranged form6.06to8.80in BAF, the average is7.17. Theeffluent pH value ranged form7.03~8.11, the average is7.46. The pH values were stable inBAF reactor during the whole operation process and basically meet the needs of nitrificationand denitrification.
（1）养猪废水经AF-BAF工艺处理后，出水COD、NH_3-N、SS浓度均满足《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》（GB18596—2001）的要求，AF-BAF工艺对养猪废水具有良好的处理效果。AF-BAF系统对COD、NH_3-N、SS的总去除率分别为94.69%、87.72%、79.67%。
（2）温度为30~35℃时，AF反应器经过89d启功成功，有机负荷可达到6.5kg/(m3·d)，AF稳定运行时，对COD的去除率平均值为81.13%，对NH_3-N的去除率平均值为18.93%，进水COD浓度为5500～6500mg/L，NH_3-N浓度为380～460mg/L时，出水COD浓度为960～1308mg/L，NH_3-N浓度为290～380mg/L，具有启动快、处理效果稳定、抗冲击负荷能力强等优点。
（3）温度为30~35℃时，AF反应器对COD的去除率最高，温度升高或降低都会引起COD去除率的下降。AF反应器的最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为18h，HRT低于18h时，COD去除率随HRT的延长而升高，HRT高于18h时，COD去除率增加不明显。
（4）AF进水的pH值波动范围是7.02~8.26，平均pH值为7.66，出水pH波动范围是6.06~7.80，平均pH值为7.17，整个运行过程，反应器内pH较稳定，未出现酸化现象。
（5）AF反应器中COD去除率随有机负荷的提升而升高，有机负荷从0.5提升到6.5kg/(m3·d)的过程中，COD去除率与进水有机负荷的关系满足y=3.5942x+56.271。最大负荷时COD去除率未出现下降，表明还未达到AF的最大处理能力。
（6）AF反应器中发生厌氧氨氧化作用，对NH_3-N有一定的去除效果，去除率平均值为18.93%，稳定运行时进水NH_3-N浓度为380~460mg/L，出水NH_3-N浓度为290~380mg/L。
（7）BAF反应器经25d成功启动，启动过程分启动阶段和负荷提升两个阶段。稳定运行时，BAF对COD的去除率平均值为77.38%，对NH_3-N的去除率平均值为86.42%。进水COD和NH_3-N浓度分别为960～1300mg/L、190～340mg/L，出水COD和NH_3-N浓度分别290～380mg/L、40～70mg/L。
（8）BAF的最佳运行参数为：温度为25℃，气水比为7，HRT为10h。温度、气水比的提高和HRT的延长，都会使污染物得到充分的降解，COD和NH_3-N去除率上升。但当参数值超过其最佳值时，会引起导致运行效果的下降和能耗的增加。
（9）BAF进水为AF出水，pH波动范围是6.06~7.80，平均pH值为7.17， BAF出水pH波动范围为7.03~8.11，平均pH值为7.46，整个运行过程，BAF反应器内pH较稳定，基本符合硝化过程及反硝化过程对pH值的要求。
The rapid development of Livestock and poultry breeding industry have provided socialmaterial wealth and economic benefit, but environmental pollutions caused by livestock andpoultry breeding waste water is becoming to be an increasingly serious problem at the sametime. Exploring an economic and effective piggery wastewater treatment technology whichsuits our national condition is the hot spot and difficulty of polluted water controlling. Thechemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia (NH_3-N) and Suspended matter（SS）concentrations in piggery wastewater are high. A treatment process of anaerobic filter (AF)plus biological aerated filter (BAF) was used.The objective was to study the effect ofAF-BAF process on wastewater COD, NH_3-N and SS content. The results could provide anew technology for the treatment of livestock and poultry cultivation wastewater. Wastewaterfrom a pig farm of Ben xiang group in Shaanxi Yangling was studied. COD, NH_3-N and SSremoval rates were selected as determination standard. After starting the AF and BAF reactors,the optimum operational parameters were determined. Next, the AF-BAF system wasoperated under these optimum conditions to determine the COD, NH_3-N removal rates fromwastewater. The main conclusions are as follows:
（1）The water quality indices(COD, NH_3-N, SS) of the effluent meet the DischargeStandard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding（GB18596—2001）after treatmentof AF-BAF. The process is effective for the treatment of piggery wastewater. On average, thetreatment process removed94.69%of the COD,87.72%of the NH_3-N and79.67%of the SS.
（2）At30~35℃, theAF reactor required89days for start-up. Organic load forAF canreach6.5kg/(m3·d). When AF operate stable, the treatment process removed81.13%of theCOD and18.93%of the NH_3-N on average. The COD of the influent ranged from5500to6500mg/L and the NH_3-N concentration ranged from380to460mg/L. After treatment, theCOD of the effluent ranged from960to1308mg/L and the NH_3-N concentration rangedfrom290to380mg/L.
（3）The optimum temperature for theAF was30~35℃. At30~35℃, the removal rate of COD is supreme. The increasing and decreasing of temperature can cause COD removalrate decline. The optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) for the AF was18h. HRT <18h,the COD removal rate increased with HRT, when HRT>18h, the increase of COD removalrate was not significantly.
（4）The influent pH value ranged form7.02to8.26inAF, the average is7.66. Theeffluent pH value ranged form6.06~7.80, the average is7.17.The pH value was stable in AFreactor during the whole operation process and acidification did not appear.
（5）COD removal rate increased with organic load elevation inAF reactor. The removalrate of COD and organic loading meet the relationships: y=3.5942x+56.271, when organicload increased from0.5to6.5kg/(m3·d). The COD removal rate did not decline when AFreached the maximum load that showed the maximum capacity of AF has not reached.
（6）Anaerobic ammonia oxidation occurs inAF reactor. The average removal rate ofNH_3-N is18.93%. Part of ammonia nitrogen depredated. When AF operate stable, the NH_3-Nof influent concentration ranged from380to460mg/L. After treatment, the NH_3-N ofeffluent concentration ranged from290to380mg/L.
（7）BAF reactor required25days for start-up. When BAF operate stable, the treatmentprocess removed77.38%of the COD and86.42%of the NH_3-N on average. The COD of theinfluent ranged from960to1300mg/L and the NH_3-N concentration ranged from290to380mg/L. After treatment, the COD of the effluent ranged from190to340mg/L and the NH_3-Nconcentration ranged from40to70mg/L.
（8）For the BAF, the optimum temperature was25℃, the optimum HRT was10and theoptimum gas to water ratio was7.Raise of temperature, gas water ratio and HRT can makethe pollutants depredate fully and COD and NH_3-N removal rate increase.But when theparameter values above the optimum value will cause decline of activated sludge andincreasing of energy consumption.
（9）The influent pH value ranged form6.06to8.80in BAF, the average is7.17. Theeffluent pH value ranged form7.03~8.11, the average is7.46. The pH values were stable inBAF reactor during the whole operation process and basically meet the needs of nitrificationand denitrification.
引文
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Fujishima A, Honda K.1972.Electrochemical photolysis of water at semiconductor electrode.Nature,238(5358):37~38
Hyung Seok Yoo.1999. Nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater by simultaneous nitrificationand denitrification (SND) via nitrite in a intermittently-aerated reactor. Water Research.33(1):145~154.
Igor B, Bronislava H, Miloslav D.2002.The use of upflow anaerobic filter and an SBR for wastewatertreatment at ambient temperature.Water research,36:1084~1088
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Jea Youl Joung, Hae Woo Lee, Hyeoksun Choi.2009.Influences of organic loading disturbances on theperformance of anaerobic filter process to treat purified terephthalic acid wastewater. Ioresource echnology,100(8):2457~2461
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Vande Graaf A A, Kuenen J G.1995.Anaerobic oxidation of ammonium is a biologically mediatedprocess. APPl Environ Mierobiol,61:1246~1251.
Zeeman G, Methane P.1994. Roduetion/emission in storages for animal manure.Fertilizer research,37(3):207~211
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