煤矿区水土资源配置型复垦理论与方法研究
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摘要
我国人均耕地占有量逐年下降,煤矿区土地复垦是保证耕地占补平衡的重要举措。本文通过总结当前复垦研究中的趋势,从水土资源配置、高效利用的角度研究煤矿区的复垦问题。
在已有复垦研究成果的基础上,提出了煤矿区水土资源配置型复垦理论,阐述了水土资源配置型复垦的概念、内涵和客观条件,并建立了水土资源配置型复垦的理论框架。
水土资源配置型复垦理论强调复垦区条件研究,为此以系统理论、资源系统理论等为依据,提出了“煤矿区-小流域”复合系统观,构建了煤矿区生态环境系统和社会经济系统框架,系统分析了煤矿区土地生产力下降、生态演变、地形地貌变化和水土资源时空赋存条件改变等内容。
复垦决策与水土资源最优化配置是水土资源配置型复垦理论的技术关键之一。论文根据煤矿区系统的层次性特征,利用层次分析方法( AHP)对煤矿区水土资源配置型复垦决策,以煤矿区所在小流域为背景,从宏观尺度调控煤矿区的水资源量,解决煤矿区内部水多、水少的空间不均衡性。煤矿区复垦后土地利用结构、产业结构和可供水量具有动态特征,水土资源配置引入了动态规划方法(DP),解决可用水量一定的情况下水土资源多目标分配问题,并制订了综合效益最大的水土资源多目标分配方案,从理论上为煤矿区复垦多目标供水土资源平衡分析提供新的方法。
水土资源配置型复垦理论要求突出复垦区的灌溉系统设计,农业复垦一直是我国煤矿区的复垦核心,农业用水所占比例最大,论文在多目标供水分配的基础上,针对水源型缺水的干旱煤矿区,引入灌水量与作物生产关系原理和水分生产函数模型(Jensen模型),建立农作物的优化灌溉制度,探讨了复垦区灌溉系统的管道规划设计,通过实证研究,管道灌溉系统节水、节地、节能、增收等效益明显。
水土资源配置型复垦理论还特别注重复垦后评价,认为复垦实现的最终目标是生态环境和社会经济的协调发展。在遵循系统理论与方法的基础上,论文研究分析了煤矿区采煤前至复垦后不同阶段生态环境和社会经济的变化特点,引入了系统耦合理论与评价方法,根据煤矿区系统的具体特征,划分生态环境和社会经济评价指标体系,建立生态环境和社会经济指数的综合函数模型,通过煤矿区生态环境和社会经济系统的耦合度、耦合协调度、综合指数等,分析水土资源配置型复垦所实现的综合效益。生态环境与社会经济系统耦合的评价方法能够系统评价复垦的综合效益,具有全面、可操作性等特点,为煤矿区复垦综合效益的评价提供了新模式,突破了当前复垦按新增耕地指标、成本核算等单一评价。
水土资源配置型复垦理论是在已有的复垦成果上提出来的,突出了复垦区水、土两大资源的综合协调和优化配置理念,树立了复垦的系统观,将这一新的复垦理论推广应用到煤矿区生态修复与复垦是接下来需要重点研究的问题。
The available cultivable land per person was declining year by year in China. Land reclamation in coal mine was an important measure to ensure the cultivable land balance. Based on the summary of the current research and trends of future research on reclamation, the paper studied the reclamation in mining area from the angle of allocation and efficient utilization of water and soil resources.
On the basis of the achievements of the existing research, the paper proposed the water and land resources allocation-based reclamation theory and established theoretical framework based on the concepts, meanings and objective conditions.
Water and land resources allocation-based reclamation theory emphasized the research on conditions of reclamation area. Based on system theory and resources systems theory, it proposed the "coal mining area - a small watershed " composite system, it established the framework of the coal mining areas eco-environmental system and socio-economic system, it also analyzed the land productivity decline, ecological evolution, terrains and landforms variation, changes in water and land resources in terms of space-time occurrence, etc.
Reclamation decision and allocation optimization of water and land resources were the key of the water and land resources allocation-based reclamation. According to the hierarchy feature of coal mining area system, the paper makes water and land resources allocation-based reclamation decisions by AHP method. Therefore, it controlled the water resources in the amount of coal mining areas from a macro-scale to solve the coal mining area within the water more or less in space imbalance by taking small watershed in coal mining area as the background. The land use structure, industrial structure and the availability of water after the coal mining area reclamation had dynamic feature, dynamic programming method ( DP) could be introduced into water and land resources allocation to solve the multi-objective allocation problems under the limited water and land resources. It made a program with comprehensive benefit which conformed to the largest multi-objective water and water resources allocation, and provided a new approach to analyze the coal mining area land reclamation multi-objective water resource balance in theory.
Water and land resources allocation-based reclamation highlighted the irrigation system design in reclamation area. Agricultural land reclamation had been the core of coal mine reclamation area in China, the water use in agricultural was the largest. Based on the multi-objective water allocation, the paper introduced the irrigation and crop water relations of production theory and production function model (Jensen model) to establish the crop irrigation system for water-deficient coal mining area, and discussed the pipeline irrigation system planning and design in reclamation area. The empirical research showed that the benefits of pipe irrigation systems on water, land, energy saving, income were obvious.
Water and land resources allocation-based reclamation paid attention to the post-evaluation, it considered coordination of the ecological environment and socio-economic development as the ultimate goal of reclamation. On the basis of the systematic theory and method, the paper analyzed the characteristics of ecological environment and socio-economic from the former coal mining area to the reclamation at different stages by introducing the system coupling theory and evaluation methods. According to the specific characteristics of coal mine area systems, it divided the ecological environment and socio-economic evaluation index system, and established the ecological environment and socio-economic indicators of the integrated function model. It analyzed the comprehensive benefits achieved by land and water resources allocation through the ecological environment and the coupling, coupling the coordination degree, comprehensive index of socio-economic system. The evaluation method that coupling ecological environment and socio-economic could systematically evaluate the overall efficiency of reclamation system with comprehensive and operational characteristics. It provided a new pattern for the evaluation of comprehensive benefits of the mining area, and broke the current evaluation method according to new farmland indicator and costing for reclamation.
Water and land resources allocation-based reclamation theory was proposed on the achievements of the existing reclamation research. It highlighted comprehensive coordination and optimized configuration of water and land resources in reclamation area by establishing the concept of reclamation system. The next step research should focus on putting the new reclamation theory to promotion and application of ecological restoration and reclamation in coal mining area.
在已有复垦研究成果的基础上,提出了煤矿区水土资源配置型复垦理论,阐述了水土资源配置型复垦的概念、内涵和客观条件,并建立了水土资源配置型复垦的理论框架。
水土资源配置型复垦理论强调复垦区条件研究,为此以系统理论、资源系统理论等为依据,提出了“煤矿区-小流域”复合系统观,构建了煤矿区生态环境系统和社会经济系统框架,系统分析了煤矿区土地生产力下降、生态演变、地形地貌变化和水土资源时空赋存条件改变等内容。
复垦决策与水土资源最优化配置是水土资源配置型复垦理论的技术关键之一。论文根据煤矿区系统的层次性特征,利用层次分析方法( AHP)对煤矿区水土资源配置型复垦决策,以煤矿区所在小流域为背景,从宏观尺度调控煤矿区的水资源量,解决煤矿区内部水多、水少的空间不均衡性。煤矿区复垦后土地利用结构、产业结构和可供水量具有动态特征,水土资源配置引入了动态规划方法(DP),解决可用水量一定的情况下水土资源多目标分配问题,并制订了综合效益最大的水土资源多目标分配方案,从理论上为煤矿区复垦多目标供水土资源平衡分析提供新的方法。
水土资源配置型复垦理论要求突出复垦区的灌溉系统设计,农业复垦一直是我国煤矿区的复垦核心,农业用水所占比例最大,论文在多目标供水分配的基础上,针对水源型缺水的干旱煤矿区,引入灌水量与作物生产关系原理和水分生产函数模型(Jensen模型),建立农作物的优化灌溉制度,探讨了复垦区灌溉系统的管道规划设计,通过实证研究,管道灌溉系统节水、节地、节能、增收等效益明显。
水土资源配置型复垦理论还特别注重复垦后评价,认为复垦实现的最终目标是生态环境和社会经济的协调发展。在遵循系统理论与方法的基础上,论文研究分析了煤矿区采煤前至复垦后不同阶段生态环境和社会经济的变化特点,引入了系统耦合理论与评价方法,根据煤矿区系统的具体特征,划分生态环境和社会经济评价指标体系,建立生态环境和社会经济指数的综合函数模型,通过煤矿区生态环境和社会经济系统的耦合度、耦合协调度、综合指数等,分析水土资源配置型复垦所实现的综合效益。生态环境与社会经济系统耦合的评价方法能够系统评价复垦的综合效益,具有全面、可操作性等特点,为煤矿区复垦综合效益的评价提供了新模式,突破了当前复垦按新增耕地指标、成本核算等单一评价。
水土资源配置型复垦理论是在已有的复垦成果上提出来的,突出了复垦区水、土两大资源的综合协调和优化配置理念,树立了复垦的系统观,将这一新的复垦理论推广应用到煤矿区生态修复与复垦是接下来需要重点研究的问题。
The available cultivable land per person was declining year by year in China. Land reclamation in coal mine was an important measure to ensure the cultivable land balance. Based on the summary of the current research and trends of future research on reclamation, the paper studied the reclamation in mining area from the angle of allocation and efficient utilization of water and soil resources.
On the basis of the achievements of the existing research, the paper proposed the water and land resources allocation-based reclamation theory and established theoretical framework based on the concepts, meanings and objective conditions.
Water and land resources allocation-based reclamation theory emphasized the research on conditions of reclamation area. Based on system theory and resources systems theory, it proposed the "coal mining area - a small watershed " composite system, it established the framework of the coal mining areas eco-environmental system and socio-economic system, it also analyzed the land productivity decline, ecological evolution, terrains and landforms variation, changes in water and land resources in terms of space-time occurrence, etc.
Reclamation decision and allocation optimization of water and land resources were the key of the water and land resources allocation-based reclamation. According to the hierarchy feature of coal mining area system, the paper makes water and land resources allocation-based reclamation decisions by AHP method. Therefore, it controlled the water resources in the amount of coal mining areas from a macro-scale to solve the coal mining area within the water more or less in space imbalance by taking small watershed in coal mining area as the background. The land use structure, industrial structure and the availability of water after the coal mining area reclamation had dynamic feature, dynamic programming method ( DP) could be introduced into water and land resources allocation to solve the multi-objective allocation problems under the limited water and land resources. It made a program with comprehensive benefit which conformed to the largest multi-objective water and water resources allocation, and provided a new approach to analyze the coal mining area land reclamation multi-objective water resource balance in theory.
Water and land resources allocation-based reclamation highlighted the irrigation system design in reclamation area. Agricultural land reclamation had been the core of coal mine reclamation area in China, the water use in agricultural was the largest. Based on the multi-objective water allocation, the paper introduced the irrigation and crop water relations of production theory and production function model (Jensen model) to establish the crop irrigation system for water-deficient coal mining area, and discussed the pipeline irrigation system planning and design in reclamation area. The empirical research showed that the benefits of pipe irrigation systems on water, land, energy saving, income were obvious.
Water and land resources allocation-based reclamation paid attention to the post-evaluation, it considered coordination of the ecological environment and socio-economic development as the ultimate goal of reclamation. On the basis of the systematic theory and method, the paper analyzed the characteristics of ecological environment and socio-economic from the former coal mining area to the reclamation at different stages by introducing the system coupling theory and evaluation methods. According to the specific characteristics of coal mine area systems, it divided the ecological environment and socio-economic evaluation index system, and established the ecological environment and socio-economic indicators of the integrated function model. It analyzed the comprehensive benefits achieved by land and water resources allocation through the ecological environment and the coupling, coupling the coordination degree, comprehensive index of socio-economic system. The evaluation method that coupling ecological environment and socio-economic could systematically evaluate the overall efficiency of reclamation system with comprehensive and operational characteristics. It provided a new pattern for the evaluation of comprehensive benefits of the mining area, and broke the current evaluation method according to new farmland indicator and costing for reclamation.
Water and land resources allocation-based reclamation theory was proposed on the achievements of the existing reclamation research. It highlighted comprehensive coordination and optimized configuration of water and land resources in reclamation area by establishing the concept of reclamation system. The next step research should focus on putting the new reclamation theory to promotion and application of ecological restoration and reclamation in coal mining area.
引文
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