复垦区土壤重金属污染特征及农田杂草修复潜力研究
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摘要
淮南是一个开采历史达百年的煤炭城市,是我国重要的煤炭能源生产基地。煤炭资源开发利用促进了淮南市经济社会的发展,但同进也引发了一系列天然岩、水、土的环境地质问题和生态环境问题,如煤矸石的大量堆存、塌陷区的形成等。
淮南矿区利用煤矸石填充塌陷地已有几十年历史,传统的复垦工艺不考虑土壤重构因素,使复垦区土壤理化性质、土壤物理结构以及土壤环境等发生了很大变化。同时,煤矸石充填塌陷区所带来的土壤重金属污染问题一直是矿区复垦研究的一个重点和难点。由于植物修复技术在修复土壤重金属污染方面,具有投入成本低、不破坏土壤结构、能起到一定美化环境作用和易于为社会所接受等优点,已成为当前国内外的热点科学问题和前沿研究领域,特别是在农田杂草资源中超积累植物筛选利用。
但是,长期以来缺乏对煤矿区煤矸石充填复垦土壤特性、重金属污染特征、土壤—植物系统重金属迁移规律、农田杂草的重金属植物修复潜力的系统性研究。
本论文在较系统地综述了国内外矿区复垦土壤重金属植物修复技术研究进展基础上,以潘一煤矿复垦区土壤及农田杂草为研究对象,重点开展了三方面的研究工作：
1.复垦区土壤及煤矸石特性研究
结合现场实测与室内实验,较系统地研究了复垦土壤和煤矸石的理化特性,分析了充填复垦土壤特性和肥力水平的变化。结果表明：与对照区土壤特性相比,潘一矿复垦区土壤含水量、有机质、速效钾、速效磷、全氮含量偏低；潘一矿复垦区土壤营养元素中有机质和速效磷比较缺乏,特别是有机质含量处于严重缺乏水平。分析用于充填复垦的煤矸石理化特性,结果表明风化后的煤矸石营养元素含量较丰富,可以满足植物生长的需要。但其含盐量较高,容易引起接触层土壤发生盐碱化。
2.复垦区土壤重金属污染特征研究
在研究区域现场分层采集土壤样品140个,详细地研究了复垦区土壤中Cu、Cr、Mn、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd、Hg、As这9种重金属元素的垂直和水平空间分布特征,并利用surfer8.0软件对重金属的水平分布特征可视化表达。结果表明：采用煤矸石充填复垦存在有害重金属元素向覆土层迁移的风险,且煤矸石山的堆积和粉煤灰贮灰场的存在对复垦区土壤造成了一定程度和范围的重金属污染。并在此基础上,进行了重金属含量之间及土壤重金属含量与土壤特性的相关性研究。
3.农田杂草修复土壤重金属污染潜力研究
以潘一矿复垦区12种优势农田杂草为研究对象,分析农田杂草对9种重金属的吸收积累特征,结合富集系数和转移系数对12种优势农田杂草的重金属植物修复潜力进行筛选。参考超积累植物筛选标准,筛选出了野豇豆对Zn元素、一年蓬和洋姜对Cd元素、一年蓬、鬼针草、加拿大一枝黄花、钻叶紫菀和野豇豆对Hg元素同时具备超积累植物的两个基本特征。但是筛选出来的6种菊科植物地上部分重金属含量均未达到超积累植物的临界含量标准,没有筛选出重金属超积累植物。
图[20]表[19]参[53]
Huainan with a 100-year coal-mining history is an important coal-production base of the country in East China.The exploitation and utilization of coal resources has promoted the city economic and social development, however, at the same time it has also inspired a series of questions including geological environment and ecological environment problems for natural rock, water, and soil, for example large amount of coal gangue heaping, formation of subsidence areas, and so on.
Using coal gangue to fill subsidence areas has been for several decades at Huainan mining area. Soil reconstruction factors were not considered in the traditional reclamation technology, which made great changes of soil physicochemical property physical structure and soil environment in the reclamation area. Meanwhile, the soil pollution problem of heavy metals was always an important and difficult point for study of mining area reclamation, which was produced by using coal gangue to fill subsidence areas. Because phytoremediation has a lot of advantage in soils remediation polluted to heavy metals, such as low cost, not destroying the soil structure, play a certain role to beautify the environment, and easily be accepted for the society, and so on. Nowadays, it has been focal problem of science and frontier field of research at home and abroad, especially Screening out and utilization of hyperaccumulators from the resources of farmland weeds.
But for a long time, it is short of the studies about the physicochemical property of reclamation soil filled with coal gangue in coal mining area, the characteristics of heavy metals pollution, the transformation law of heavy metals in soil-plant system, and the systemic research of potentiality of phytoremediation for heavy metals with farmland weeds.
Systematically summarized the development of research at home and abroad on the phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution in reclamation soil, this paper focuses on the following three research works:
1. Research on characters of reclamation soil and coal gangue
Combined with the field measurement and laboratory tests, the reclaimed soil and the coal gangue characters were relatively systematically researched, soil character of the filled reclaimed soil and the change of level were analyses. The results show that compared with characters of comparative soil, the moisture content, organic matter, rapidly-available potassium, rapidly-available phosphorus and total nitrogen in the soil of Panyi reclamation area were relatively low; both the amount of organic matter and rapidly-available phosphorus of the soil nutrient in Panyi reclamation area were relatively lacking, especially the organic matter amounts were in a famine level. By analyzing the characters of coal gangue that was used to filling the reclamation, the results indicated that the nutrient amounts of coal gangue after weathering were relatively rich, which could satisfy the need of plants' growth. But the saltness was relatively high, which might cause the salinization of the soil between the contact layers.
2. Research on heavy metal pollution characteristics of reclamation soil
To collect 140 soil samples on the different layers of research area locale, these 9 heavy metals' space distribution characters of both vertical and horizontal—Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg and As in the reclamation soil were detailedly researched, and the surfer8.0 software was utilized to show a visualization express for the horizontal distribution of these heavy metals. The results indicated that there was some heavy metals risk of reclamation soil which comes from using coal gangue to fill the subsidence areas, and there was also some extend and scope of heavy metals pollution caused by accumulation of coal gangue hills and the existence of coal ash storage yard. And on the basis of these problems, some related researches on the heavy metals and the relevance between the soil heavy metal contents and the soil characters were conducted.
3. Research on phytoremediation potential of farmland weeds
Based on the 12 kinds of dominant farmland weeds of Panyi reclamation area as the research objects, the absorption and accumulation characters of these 9 heavy metals of the farmland weeds were analyzed, and then combined with Enrichment coefficient and translocation factor to screen out the heavy metals phytoremediation potential of these 12 kinds of dominant weeds. By referring to the screening standards of hyperaccumulator, Zn was accumulated by wild Vigna vexillata, Cd was accumulated by Erigeron annuus and Helianthus tuberosus. Hg was accumulated by Erigeron annuus, Bidens pilosa, Solidago canadensis, Aster subulatus and Vigna vexillata with two basic characteristics of hyperaccumulator.
But the heavy metal amounts of the overground tissue which come from 6 kinds of compositae didn't reach to the critical content standards of hyperaccumulator, so the hyperaccumulator of heavy metal had been not screened out.
Figure [20] table [19] reference [53]
淮南矿区利用煤矸石填充塌陷地已有几十年历史,传统的复垦工艺不考虑土壤重构因素,使复垦区土壤理化性质、土壤物理结构以及土壤环境等发生了很大变化。同时,煤矸石充填塌陷区所带来的土壤重金属污染问题一直是矿区复垦研究的一个重点和难点。由于植物修复技术在修复土壤重金属污染方面,具有投入成本低、不破坏土壤结构、能起到一定美化环境作用和易于为社会所接受等优点,已成为当前国内外的热点科学问题和前沿研究领域,特别是在农田杂草资源中超积累植物筛选利用。
但是,长期以来缺乏对煤矿区煤矸石充填复垦土壤特性、重金属污染特征、土壤—植物系统重金属迁移规律、农田杂草的重金属植物修复潜力的系统性研究。
本论文在较系统地综述了国内外矿区复垦土壤重金属植物修复技术研究进展基础上,以潘一煤矿复垦区土壤及农田杂草为研究对象,重点开展了三方面的研究工作：
1.复垦区土壤及煤矸石特性研究
结合现场实测与室内实验,较系统地研究了复垦土壤和煤矸石的理化特性,分析了充填复垦土壤特性和肥力水平的变化。结果表明：与对照区土壤特性相比,潘一矿复垦区土壤含水量、有机质、速效钾、速效磷、全氮含量偏低；潘一矿复垦区土壤营养元素中有机质和速效磷比较缺乏,特别是有机质含量处于严重缺乏水平。分析用于充填复垦的煤矸石理化特性,结果表明风化后的煤矸石营养元素含量较丰富,可以满足植物生长的需要。但其含盐量较高,容易引起接触层土壤发生盐碱化。
2.复垦区土壤重金属污染特征研究
在研究区域现场分层采集土壤样品140个,详细地研究了复垦区土壤中Cu、Cr、Mn、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd、Hg、As这9种重金属元素的垂直和水平空间分布特征,并利用surfer8.0软件对重金属的水平分布特征可视化表达。结果表明：采用煤矸石充填复垦存在有害重金属元素向覆土层迁移的风险,且煤矸石山的堆积和粉煤灰贮灰场的存在对复垦区土壤造成了一定程度和范围的重金属污染。并在此基础上,进行了重金属含量之间及土壤重金属含量与土壤特性的相关性研究。
3.农田杂草修复土壤重金属污染潜力研究
以潘一矿复垦区12种优势农田杂草为研究对象,分析农田杂草对9种重金属的吸收积累特征,结合富集系数和转移系数对12种优势农田杂草的重金属植物修复潜力进行筛选。参考超积累植物筛选标准,筛选出了野豇豆对Zn元素、一年蓬和洋姜对Cd元素、一年蓬、鬼针草、加拿大一枝黄花、钻叶紫菀和野豇豆对Hg元素同时具备超积累植物的两个基本特征。但是筛选出来的6种菊科植物地上部分重金属含量均未达到超积累植物的临界含量标准,没有筛选出重金属超积累植物。
图[20]表[19]参[53]
Huainan with a 100-year coal-mining history is an important coal-production base of the country in East China.The exploitation and utilization of coal resources has promoted the city economic and social development, however, at the same time it has also inspired a series of questions including geological environment and ecological environment problems for natural rock, water, and soil, for example large amount of coal gangue heaping, formation of subsidence areas, and so on.
Using coal gangue to fill subsidence areas has been for several decades at Huainan mining area. Soil reconstruction factors were not considered in the traditional reclamation technology, which made great changes of soil physicochemical property physical structure and soil environment in the reclamation area. Meanwhile, the soil pollution problem of heavy metals was always an important and difficult point for study of mining area reclamation, which was produced by using coal gangue to fill subsidence areas. Because phytoremediation has a lot of advantage in soils remediation polluted to heavy metals, such as low cost, not destroying the soil structure, play a certain role to beautify the environment, and easily be accepted for the society, and so on. Nowadays, it has been focal problem of science and frontier field of research at home and abroad, especially Screening out and utilization of hyperaccumulators from the resources of farmland weeds.
But for a long time, it is short of the studies about the physicochemical property of reclamation soil filled with coal gangue in coal mining area, the characteristics of heavy metals pollution, the transformation law of heavy metals in soil-plant system, and the systemic research of potentiality of phytoremediation for heavy metals with farmland weeds.
Systematically summarized the development of research at home and abroad on the phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution in reclamation soil, this paper focuses on the following three research works:
1. Research on characters of reclamation soil and coal gangue
Combined with the field measurement and laboratory tests, the reclaimed soil and the coal gangue characters were relatively systematically researched, soil character of the filled reclaimed soil and the change of level were analyses. The results show that compared with characters of comparative soil, the moisture content, organic matter, rapidly-available potassium, rapidly-available phosphorus and total nitrogen in the soil of Panyi reclamation area were relatively low; both the amount of organic matter and rapidly-available phosphorus of the soil nutrient in Panyi reclamation area were relatively lacking, especially the organic matter amounts were in a famine level. By analyzing the characters of coal gangue that was used to filling the reclamation, the results indicated that the nutrient amounts of coal gangue after weathering were relatively rich, which could satisfy the need of plants' growth. But the saltness was relatively high, which might cause the salinization of the soil between the contact layers.
2. Research on heavy metal pollution characteristics of reclamation soil
To collect 140 soil samples on the different layers of research area locale, these 9 heavy metals' space distribution characters of both vertical and horizontal—Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg and As in the reclamation soil were detailedly researched, and the surfer8.0 software was utilized to show a visualization express for the horizontal distribution of these heavy metals. The results indicated that there was some heavy metals risk of reclamation soil which comes from using coal gangue to fill the subsidence areas, and there was also some extend and scope of heavy metals pollution caused by accumulation of coal gangue hills and the existence of coal ash storage yard. And on the basis of these problems, some related researches on the heavy metals and the relevance between the soil heavy metal contents and the soil characters were conducted.
3. Research on phytoremediation potential of farmland weeds
Based on the 12 kinds of dominant farmland weeds of Panyi reclamation area as the research objects, the absorption and accumulation characters of these 9 heavy metals of the farmland weeds were analyzed, and then combined with Enrichment coefficient and translocation factor to screen out the heavy metals phytoremediation potential of these 12 kinds of dominant weeds. By referring to the screening standards of hyperaccumulator, Zn was accumulated by wild Vigna vexillata, Cd was accumulated by Erigeron annuus and Helianthus tuberosus. Hg was accumulated by Erigeron annuus, Bidens pilosa, Solidago canadensis, Aster subulatus and Vigna vexillata with two basic characteristics of hyperaccumulator.
But the heavy metal amounts of the overground tissue which come from 6 kinds of compositae didn't reach to the critical content standards of hyperaccumulator, so the hyperaccumulator of heavy metal had been not screened out.
Figure [20] table [19] reference [53]
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