弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器热工特性的研究
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摘要
脉动燃烧具有燃烧效率高、传热系数大、污染物排放量低及可自吸排气等优点，但脉动燃烧机理复杂，燃烧器组件之间耦合性强，实现稳定脉动燃烧对运行条件及结构设计要求较高，故脉动燃烧器的设计大多是依靠反复实验得以实现。传统的机械阀式Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器运行可靠性差、受阀片自身性能影响使用寿命短、热负荷调节范围窄，使得脉动燃烧设备大型化受到限制；同时脉动燃烧技术的实验和理论研究主要限于直尾管脉动燃烧器。为完善脉动燃烧器的设计和有效利用空间，需采用弯尾管结构。本文建立了弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器实验系统，进行了频率特性、运行特性及传热和燃烧等热工特性的理论和实验研究，得如下研究结果：
建立了弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器实验系统，取消了传统的机械阀，采用连续供气方式，设计了不同的弯尾管结构形式，利用燃烧器声学结构与燃料燃烧放热耦合实现脉动燃烧，可以自主调节热负荷。实验结果表明所设计的弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激连续供气式脉动燃烧器可实现稳定的脉动燃烧，脉动振幅较大、频率较低。
实验研究了弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器的压力特性。稳定运行时，燃烧室内的压力振荡波形接近正弦曲线，压力均值和压力振幅沿尾管下降；燃烧室内的压力振幅随尾管弯曲角度的增加而减小，弯曲位置在尾管出口处时的压力振幅较弯曲位置在尾管入口处的大；在不改变燃烧器结构参数的条件下，压力振幅随热负荷和过量空气系数的增大而增大。实验研究得到了脉动燃烧器的NO_x排放特性，当燃烧器结构不变时，尾管出口烟气中NO_x排放量在开始阶段随热负荷的增加而增大，当热负荷增加到某一值时NO_x的排放量最大，而后NO_x排放量随热负荷的增加而减少；NO_x排放量随过量空气系数的增加而减少。本文实验条件下脉动燃烧器NO_x的生成类型主要是热力型NO_x，燃烧温度及烟气在高温区的停留时间对Helmhotlz型脉动燃烧器NO_x排放量有较大的影响，一般存在一个较合理的热负荷区间，在此区间内虽然热负荷较高，燃烧温度较高，但由于烟气在高温区停留时间变短，NO_x的排放量反而较低，这一特点对Helmhotlz型脉动燃烧器运行时如何降低NO_x的排放量有很大的指导意义。
运用流体网络理论，采用拟电路方法建立了弯尾管Helmhotlz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器集总参数理论模型，该模型考虑了燃烧器的结构参数、尾管传热、尾管阻力及运行参数对燃烧器运行特性的影响，推导出脉动频率的理论计算式。稳定运行时，脉动燃烧器脉动频率随尾管弯曲角度的增大而降低，弯曲位置在尾管出口处时的脉动频率较弯曲位置在尾管入口处低；在不改变燃烧器结构参数的条件下，脉动频率随过量空气系数的增加而降低，随热负荷的增加而增大；理论计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。不同尾管结构的脉动燃烧器在改变热负荷和过量空气系数时均出现了频率跳变现象，燃烧器在较高的热负荷和适当增加过量空气系数下运行能有效阻止脉动频率的跳变。尾管结构参数对弯尾管脉动燃烧器频率跳变有很大的影响，随弯管弯曲角度的增加，频率跳变现象明显且过渡期变长，弯曲位置在尾管入口处时较弯曲位置在尾管出口处时频率跳变现象明显且过渡期变长。
实验研究了弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器尾管的传热特性，结果表明尾管传热系数随脉动压力振幅和频率的增加而增大，是相同雷诺数下稳定流传热系数的2~5倍；弯尾管传热系数较直尾管大。采用Fluent软件对90弯尾管脉动燃烧器尾管内脉动流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟，得到尾管内烟气流动特性，分析了脉动燃烧器弯尾管换热增强的原因。
采用Fluent软件对Helmhotlz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器的燃烧特性进行数值模拟，得到了脉动燃烧器燃烧特性，推测了脉动燃烧器可能的点火源；分析了运行参数对脉动燃烧特性的影响规律，得到燃烧室内的压力振幅随过量空气系数和入口质量流率的增大而增大，燃烧室内的温度随过量空气系数的增大而降低，随热负荷的增大而升高，数值计算结果与实验结果趋势一致。
Pulse combustion has many advantages, such as high combustion efficiency,high heat transfer coefficient, low pollutant emissions and self-aspiration so on.However, pulse combustion mechanism is very complex and the combustorcomponents are significantly coupling with each other and it has high requirementson operating conditions and structure design for realizing stable pulse combustion,so pulse combustors are usually designed through trial and error. Conventional pulsecombustors of Helmholtz type with mechanical valves have poor operationalreliability, short durability and low heat load adjustment scope due to valves’performance, which limits the development of large-scale pulse combustion devices.Meanwhile, experimental and theoretical researches on pulse combustion mainlylimit to pulse combustors with straight tailpipes. It’s necessary to adapt bendtailpipes for improving pulse combustors’ design and utilizing space efficiently. Anexperimental system of a valveless self-excited pulse combustor of Helmholtz typewith bend tailpipes was established. The thermal characteristics of the pulsecombustor, including the frequency characteristics, operating characteristics, heattransfer characteristics and combustion characteristics, were experimentally andtheoretically investigated. The content and results are as follows:
An experimental system of a valveless self-excited pulse combustor ofHelmholtz type with bend tailpipes was established. Mechanical valves werecanceled for continuous air and fuel supply. Different bend tailpipe structures weredesigned. Pulse combustion was produced by the coupling between the acousticstructure of the combustor and combustion heat release and self-adjusted for the heatload of the combustor can be achieved. The experimental results show that theHelmholtz type pulse combustor with a bend tailpipe can produce stable, largeamplitude and low frequency pulse combustion.
Pressure characteristics of the combustor were experimentally investigated. Forstable operation, pressure oscillation waves in combustion chamber approximatesine curves and average and amplitude of pressure decrease along tailpipe. Thepressure amplitude in combustion chamber decreases as the angle of tailpipe and islarger if the elbow located at exit of tailpipe than at entrance of tailpipe. If thestructure of combustor is constant, pressure amplitude increases as heat load andexcess air ratio. The NO_xemission characteristics of the combustor wereexperimentally investigated. NO_xemission at the exit of tailpipe increases as theheat load initially and reaches maximum when heat load reaches a certain value, after that decreases as heat load. NO_xemission decreases as excess air ratio. TheNO_xformation mechanism in this experiment is mainly thermal-nitrogen oxides.Combustion temperature and residence time of the flue gas in high temperature zoneinfluence NO_xemission significantly. Generally, there is a reasonable range of heatload and among which NO_xemission becomes low due to short residence time of theflue gas in high temperature zone although heat load and combustion temperatureare very high. It’s instructively significant to reduce NO_xemission for Helmholtztype pulse combustors.
Based on fluid network theory, a theoretical model of the valveless self-excitedpulse combustor of Helmholtz type with bend Tailpipe was established usinganalogy circuit method. The model took those factors which might affect thecombustion stability into account. The factors include the structure parameters ofthe combustor, the heat transfer and resistance in the tailpipe. The theoreticalexpression of operation frequency for the pulse combustor was derived. For stableoperation, frequency decreases as the angle of tailpipe and is lower if the elbowlocated at exit of tailpipe than at entrance of tailpipe. If the structure of combustor isconstant, frequency decreases as heat load and excess air ratio. Theoretical andexperimental results agree well with each other. The phenomena of frequencyhopping in pulse combustor with different tailpipe structures occurred when heatload or excess air ratio changed. Increasing excess air ratio can reduce frequencyhopping effectively when combustor operates at high heat load. The structure oftailpipe also influences frequency hopping in pulse combustor significantly. Thetransaction of frequency hopping becomes longer as tailpipe’s angle. Frequencyhopping is more obvious and its transaction is longer if the elbow located at entranceof tailpipe than at exit of tailpipe.
The heat transfer characteristics of the pulse combustor were investigated.Results show that heat transfer coefficient of tailpipe is about2-5times as high asstable flow at the same Re and increases as pressure amplitude and frequency. Heattransfer coefficients of bend tailpipes are higher than that of straight tailpipes. Thepulsating flow and heat transfer characteristics of90bend tailpipe pulse combustorwere numerical simulated and obtained by Fluent. The reasons of the enhancementin heat transfer of bend tailpipe were explained.
The combustion characteristics of the pulse combustor were numericalsimulated and obtained by Fluent. The possible ignition sources of pulse combustionwere predicted, and the effects of the operating parameters on the pulse combustionwere analyzed. The pressure amplitude in combustion chamber increases as excessair ratio and mass flow rate at the entrance. The temperature in combustion chamber decrease as excess air ratio and increases as heat load. The simulation results andexperimental results have consistent trends.
建立了弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器实验系统，取消了传统的机械阀，采用连续供气方式，设计了不同的弯尾管结构形式，利用燃烧器声学结构与燃料燃烧放热耦合实现脉动燃烧，可以自主调节热负荷。实验结果表明所设计的弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激连续供气式脉动燃烧器可实现稳定的脉动燃烧，脉动振幅较大、频率较低。
实验研究了弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器的压力特性。稳定运行时，燃烧室内的压力振荡波形接近正弦曲线，压力均值和压力振幅沿尾管下降；燃烧室内的压力振幅随尾管弯曲角度的增加而减小，弯曲位置在尾管出口处时的压力振幅较弯曲位置在尾管入口处的大；在不改变燃烧器结构参数的条件下，压力振幅随热负荷和过量空气系数的增大而增大。实验研究得到了脉动燃烧器的NO_x排放特性，当燃烧器结构不变时，尾管出口烟气中NO_x排放量在开始阶段随热负荷的增加而增大，当热负荷增加到某一值时NO_x的排放量最大，而后NO_x排放量随热负荷的增加而减少；NO_x排放量随过量空气系数的增加而减少。本文实验条件下脉动燃烧器NO_x的生成类型主要是热力型NO_x，燃烧温度及烟气在高温区的停留时间对Helmhotlz型脉动燃烧器NO_x排放量有较大的影响，一般存在一个较合理的热负荷区间，在此区间内虽然热负荷较高，燃烧温度较高，但由于烟气在高温区停留时间变短，NO_x的排放量反而较低，这一特点对Helmhotlz型脉动燃烧器运行时如何降低NO_x的排放量有很大的指导意义。
运用流体网络理论，采用拟电路方法建立了弯尾管Helmhotlz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器集总参数理论模型，该模型考虑了燃烧器的结构参数、尾管传热、尾管阻力及运行参数对燃烧器运行特性的影响，推导出脉动频率的理论计算式。稳定运行时，脉动燃烧器脉动频率随尾管弯曲角度的增大而降低，弯曲位置在尾管出口处时的脉动频率较弯曲位置在尾管入口处低；在不改变燃烧器结构参数的条件下，脉动频率随过量空气系数的增加而降低，随热负荷的增加而增大；理论计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。不同尾管结构的脉动燃烧器在改变热负荷和过量空气系数时均出现了频率跳变现象，燃烧器在较高的热负荷和适当增加过量空气系数下运行能有效阻止脉动频率的跳变。尾管结构参数对弯尾管脉动燃烧器频率跳变有很大的影响，随弯管弯曲角度的增加，频率跳变现象明显且过渡期变长，弯曲位置在尾管入口处时较弯曲位置在尾管出口处时频率跳变现象明显且过渡期变长。
实验研究了弯尾管Helmholtz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器尾管的传热特性，结果表明尾管传热系数随脉动压力振幅和频率的增加而增大，是相同雷诺数下稳定流传热系数的2~5倍；弯尾管传热系数较直尾管大。采用Fluent软件对90弯尾管脉动燃烧器尾管内脉动流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟，得到尾管内烟气流动特性，分析了脉动燃烧器弯尾管换热增强的原因。
采用Fluent软件对Helmhotlz型无阀自激脉动燃烧器的燃烧特性进行数值模拟，得到了脉动燃烧器燃烧特性，推测了脉动燃烧器可能的点火源；分析了运行参数对脉动燃烧特性的影响规律，得到燃烧室内的压力振幅随过量空气系数和入口质量流率的增大而增大，燃烧室内的温度随过量空气系数的增大而降低，随热负荷的增大而升高，数值计算结果与实验结果趋势一致。
Pulse combustion has many advantages, such as high combustion efficiency,high heat transfer coefficient, low pollutant emissions and self-aspiration so on.However, pulse combustion mechanism is very complex and the combustorcomponents are significantly coupling with each other and it has high requirementson operating conditions and structure design for realizing stable pulse combustion,so pulse combustors are usually designed through trial and error. Conventional pulsecombustors of Helmholtz type with mechanical valves have poor operationalreliability, short durability and low heat load adjustment scope due to valves’performance, which limits the development of large-scale pulse combustion devices.Meanwhile, experimental and theoretical researches on pulse combustion mainlylimit to pulse combustors with straight tailpipes. It’s necessary to adapt bendtailpipes for improving pulse combustors’ design and utilizing space efficiently. Anexperimental system of a valveless self-excited pulse combustor of Helmholtz typewith bend tailpipes was established. The thermal characteristics of the pulsecombustor, including the frequency characteristics, operating characteristics, heattransfer characteristics and combustion characteristics, were experimentally andtheoretically investigated. The content and results are as follows:
An experimental system of a valveless self-excited pulse combustor ofHelmholtz type with bend tailpipes was established. Mechanical valves werecanceled for continuous air and fuel supply. Different bend tailpipe structures weredesigned. Pulse combustion was produced by the coupling between the acousticstructure of the combustor and combustion heat release and self-adjusted for the heatload of the combustor can be achieved. The experimental results show that theHelmholtz type pulse combustor with a bend tailpipe can produce stable, largeamplitude and low frequency pulse combustion.
Pressure characteristics of the combustor were experimentally investigated. Forstable operation, pressure oscillation waves in combustion chamber approximatesine curves and average and amplitude of pressure decrease along tailpipe. Thepressure amplitude in combustion chamber decreases as the angle of tailpipe and islarger if the elbow located at exit of tailpipe than at entrance of tailpipe. If thestructure of combustor is constant, pressure amplitude increases as heat load andexcess air ratio. The NO_xemission characteristics of the combustor wereexperimentally investigated. NO_xemission at the exit of tailpipe increases as theheat load initially and reaches maximum when heat load reaches a certain value, after that decreases as heat load. NO_xemission decreases as excess air ratio. TheNO_xformation mechanism in this experiment is mainly thermal-nitrogen oxides.Combustion temperature and residence time of the flue gas in high temperature zoneinfluence NO_xemission significantly. Generally, there is a reasonable range of heatload and among which NO_xemission becomes low due to short residence time of theflue gas in high temperature zone although heat load and combustion temperatureare very high. It’s instructively significant to reduce NO_xemission for Helmholtztype pulse combustors.
Based on fluid network theory, a theoretical model of the valveless self-excitedpulse combustor of Helmholtz type with bend Tailpipe was established usinganalogy circuit method. The model took those factors which might affect thecombustion stability into account. The factors include the structure parameters ofthe combustor, the heat transfer and resistance in the tailpipe. The theoreticalexpression of operation frequency for the pulse combustor was derived. For stableoperation, frequency decreases as the angle of tailpipe and is lower if the elbowlocated at exit of tailpipe than at entrance of tailpipe. If the structure of combustor isconstant, frequency decreases as heat load and excess air ratio. Theoretical andexperimental results agree well with each other. The phenomena of frequencyhopping in pulse combustor with different tailpipe structures occurred when heatload or excess air ratio changed. Increasing excess air ratio can reduce frequencyhopping effectively when combustor operates at high heat load. The structure oftailpipe also influences frequency hopping in pulse combustor significantly. Thetransaction of frequency hopping becomes longer as tailpipe’s angle. Frequencyhopping is more obvious and its transaction is longer if the elbow located at entranceof tailpipe than at exit of tailpipe.
The heat transfer characteristics of the pulse combustor were investigated.Results show that heat transfer coefficient of tailpipe is about2-5times as high asstable flow at the same Re and increases as pressure amplitude and frequency. Heattransfer coefficients of bend tailpipes are higher than that of straight tailpipes. Thepulsating flow and heat transfer characteristics of90bend tailpipe pulse combustorwere numerical simulated and obtained by Fluent. The reasons of the enhancementin heat transfer of bend tailpipe were explained.
The combustion characteristics of the pulse combustor were numericalsimulated and obtained by Fluent. The possible ignition sources of pulse combustionwere predicted, and the effects of the operating parameters on the pulse combustionwere analyzed. The pressure amplitude in combustion chamber increases as excessair ratio and mass flow rate at the entrance. The temperature in combustion chamber decrease as excess air ratio and increases as heat load. The simulation results andexperimental results have consistent trends.
引文
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