唐家山高速短程滑坡堵江及溃坝机制研究
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摘要
二十世纪50年代之后,世界各地发生了许多大型高速岩质滑坡,这使得80、90年代高速滑坡研究空前繁荣,许多创造性的理论被相继提出,并成功应用于实践。然而地震滑坡碰撞刹车制动机制和堰塞坝溃坝模式等课题的系统性研究较少,取得的少数科研成果也具有很大的局限性。此外关于堰塞坝应急抢险的成功案例也屈指可数,更谈不上系统全面的防灾减灾预案和经验总结。而我国西南高山峡谷区,由于地震和降雨作用强烈,大型滑坡时有发生,堵江形成的堰塞湖规模巨大,如不及时降低湖水位排除险情,必将造成难以想象的灾难。
2008年5月12日,四川省汶川县发生了里氏8级大地震,在受灾严重的山区触发大量崩塌、滑坡、泥石流。其中北川县上游通口河右岸唐家山发生高速滑坡堵江,并形成顺河向长803.4m,横河向最大宽度611.8m,高82-124m,面积约30万m2,推测体积为2037万m3的堰塞坝。随着堰塞湖水位逐渐抬升,堰塞坝上下游水头差不断增大,水流已通过坝体向下游渗透。堰塞坝体是否发生渗流管涌或坝体边坡失稳,进而导致整体溃坝成为众人关注的焦点问题。
灾害给我们带来牺牲和悲痛的同时,也给我们提供了研究的机会并指明了前进的方向。由于唐家山滑坡堰塞坝集地震诱发滑坡、高速碰撞刹车制动、坝体渗流和成功抢险排洪等因素和特性于一体,成为众多滑坡堵江事件中一份极为珍贵的科研素材。若能对其深入系统的研究,必能更好地指导今后同类事件抢险工作。
本文以唐家山高速滑坡动力学过程分析和堰塞坝稳定性研究为主线,以唐家山堰塞坝的溃坝模式为目的,系统而全面的开展了唐家山滑坡堵江过程中相关机理的研究,论文主要研究成果和创新点如下：
(1)在准确获取唐家山地震前后地形特征,堰塞坝体地质结构及相关土体物理力学参数的基础上,对唐家山滑坡形成条件及失稳滑动机理进行分析。得出唐家山斜坡三面临空的地形特征、顺层岸坡结构以及巨大地震力是触发唐家山滑坡的最主要因素。提出了顺层岩质斜坡“后缘拉裂-中部岩块楔劈和顺层剪切滑移-底部锁固段脆性剪断-突发高速启动”的失稳机理,并着重阐述了拉裂面形成机制、“楔劈”岩块的杠杆作用和碎屑岩块的滚动摩擦效应,并推导出地震作用下岩质斜坡顺层滑移的破坏判据。
(2)通过弹性力学、断裂力学的原理和方法,推导出顺层岩质斜坡临滑瞬间锁固段的剪切形变能计算公式,考虑锁固段岩体形变能释放的优势方向,运用能量转化原理,给出了更为合理和精确的顺层岩质滑坡突发启动速度公式。采用弹塑性力学和离散元数值模拟等一系列手段,系统开展了高速“短程”滑坡运动全过程动力学分析和堵江机制的研究。
(3)通过研究滑坡行程阶段的水、气浪冲击效应,底摩擦效应,碰撞效应,温度效应等多种作用,重点探讨了顺层岩质滑坡“刹车”制动机制及制动类型对堰塞坝体地质结构的控制效应,合理地解释了唐家山堰塞坝内部地质结构的特征并阐明堰塞坝的形成机制。
(4)通过三维Vmodelflow次件模拟了不同水位条件下堰塞坝体内部渗流场,分析水位抬升对堰塞坝土体渗流稳定性影响以及不同水位下堰塞坝体的渗流稳定性,推测堰塞坝在漫坝后的破坏模式。
(5)采用Geostudio软件对740m水位条件下堰塞坝上下游边坡稳定性进行模拟,结果表明,除坝体表面碎石土在上游前缘表层及下游坡脚处发生小范围破坏外,坝体整体稳定,即使在Ⅷ度地震烈度下坝体整体依然稳定,不会发生整体性溃决或半溃。当水位超过坝顶最低高程时(752m),坝体将发生漫坝破坏,其溃决模式为渐进式溃决。
After the1950s, many large high-speed rocky landslides occur all over the world. The catastrophic events promote high-speed landslide studies unprecedented prosperity in the80s and90s. Many creative theory have been proposed successively and successfully applied in practice. However, the systematic studies of collision braking mechanism of the earthquake-induced landslide and dam-breaking mode of barrier dam, etc are less, a few achieved scientific research also has significant limitations. In addition, the successful cases on emergency rescue of barrier dams are rare, let alone that the comprehensive system of disaster prevention and mitigation plans and experience summary have not been proposed yet. By the impact of strong earthquakes and heavy rainfall, large-scale landslides often occur in mountain and canyon area of southwest China. If the blocking magnitude is huge and no effective measure or condition to lower the level of lake to exclude the danger, some unimaginable catastrophic would be caused.
On May12,2008, Wenchuan earthquake with the magnitude of8.0happened in Wenchuan County in Sichuan Province. It caused a large number of further earthquake-induced geological disasters, such as rock fall, landslide and debris flow, especially in the worst affected mountain region. The earthquake had triggered Tangjiashan high-speed landslide which is on the right bank of Tongkou River and upstream of Beichuan County. The landslide blocked the river and formed Tangjiashan barrier dam, with length of803.4m, width of611.8m (maximum width), height of82m to124m, area of300,000m2and speculated volume of20,370,000m3. As the water level gradually rose and the hydraulic head pressure difference between upstream and downstream was continuously increasing, it had been appeared infiltrating on downstream slope of the dam. Whether the barrier dam will occur seepage, piping or slope failure, and then leading to dam-breaking has become the focus of common concern.
The disaster has brought us the sacrifice and sorrow, at the same time, also offered us the opportunity to study and the way forward. Because Tangjiashan landslide have the characteristic such as earthquake-induced, high-speed starting, collision and braking to stop, infiltrating, successful flood relief, rescue, etc factors, it becomes an extremely valuable research material in many landslide-blocked river event. If in-deep and systematic study could be carried out, the achievement should play a connecting role and would be better able to guide the rescue work for similar incidents in the future.
In the specific implementation process of study, the dynamic process analysis of Tangjiashan high-speed landslide and the stability study of barrier dam are adopted as the main line; the dam-breaking mode of the Tangjiashan barrier dam is determined for the purpose; the mechanism study of the process of Tangjiashan landslide blocking the river are carried out systematically and comprehensively. The innovation points and the main achievement are summarized as follows:
(1) Based on the accurate access to the topography of Tangjiashan slope before and after earthquake, geological structure of the barrier dam and physical and mechanical parameters of soil, the formation conditions and failure mechanism of Tangjiashan landslide are analyzed firstly. It can be derived that the three free facing terrain features of Tangjiashan slope, consequent bedding structure and intense seismic forces is the most important factor triggering the Tangjiashan landslide. The new failure mechanism of rocky landslide with consequent bedding structure is put forward:"earthquake prompted tension rupture of landslide trailing edge-rock wedge splitting and interface shear sliding on central landslide plane-brittle shear breaking of the bottom rock masses-sudden high-speed set out". And the elaborated formation mechanism of tension rupture, the leverage of wedge splitting rock masses and the fast rolling friction effects of elastic rock debris are described in detail. Furthermore, a stability-loss criterion about cataclinal rock slope sliding along the structural plane under earthquake is deduced.
(2) In accordance with the approaches and the theories of elasticity and fracture mechanics, failure criterion of locked-up segment of consequent bedding rock slope is deduced. And the calculating formula of deformation energy of locked-up rock masses, while the locked-up segment is sharply cut off under earthquake, is also deduced. Considering the advantage releasing direction of deformation energy of locked-up rock masses, the energy conversion principle is applied to propose a more reasonable and accurate burst starting velocity formula of the consequent bedding rock landslide. Moreover, applicating the elasticity-plastic theories and the discrete element numerical simulation method, the whole process dynamics analysis of high-speed short-run landslide and the study of blocking-river mechanism are conducted.
(3) Trough the analysis of the impact effect of water and air wave, bottom friction effects, collision effect as well as temperature effect, the braking mechanism of consequent bedding rocky landslide and how the landslide brake type control the geologic structure of barrier dam are mainly discussed. A reasonable explanation for the characteristics of the internal geological structure of Tangjiashan barrier dam and the description of its formation mechanism are provided and delivered in this essay.
(4) Through simulating the internal seepage field of barrier dam at different water level conditions by the employment of three dimensional software, Vmodelflow, the thesis has analyzed the following aspects:influence upon the seepage stability of barrier dam inflicted by the water level rise and the seepage stability of barrier dam at different water levels. Thus the dam-breaking model of barrier dam,after the water exceeds its capacity, is speculated.
(5) By the employment of the Geostudio, the stability of upstream and downstream slope at740m water level is simulated. The outcome shows that the barrier dam, as a whole, still remains solid and stable, except the gravel soil could destroyed, at the shallow upstream slope and the downstream slope's toe, in a limited scope. Thus the dam can still remain stable and no overall or partial outburst collapse will take place, even if a Ⅷ seismic intensity afterquake occurs.It is also indicated that when the water level is over the lowest crest elevation.(752m), the dam will occur flood overtopping failure, and its dam-breaking mode could be progressive outburst to gully.
2008年5月12日,四川省汶川县发生了里氏8级大地震,在受灾严重的山区触发大量崩塌、滑坡、泥石流。其中北川县上游通口河右岸唐家山发生高速滑坡堵江,并形成顺河向长803.4m,横河向最大宽度611.8m,高82-124m,面积约30万m2,推测体积为2037万m3的堰塞坝。随着堰塞湖水位逐渐抬升,堰塞坝上下游水头差不断增大,水流已通过坝体向下游渗透。堰塞坝体是否发生渗流管涌或坝体边坡失稳,进而导致整体溃坝成为众人关注的焦点问题。
灾害给我们带来牺牲和悲痛的同时,也给我们提供了研究的机会并指明了前进的方向。由于唐家山滑坡堰塞坝集地震诱发滑坡、高速碰撞刹车制动、坝体渗流和成功抢险排洪等因素和特性于一体,成为众多滑坡堵江事件中一份极为珍贵的科研素材。若能对其深入系统的研究,必能更好地指导今后同类事件抢险工作。
本文以唐家山高速滑坡动力学过程分析和堰塞坝稳定性研究为主线,以唐家山堰塞坝的溃坝模式为目的,系统而全面的开展了唐家山滑坡堵江过程中相关机理的研究,论文主要研究成果和创新点如下：
(1)在准确获取唐家山地震前后地形特征,堰塞坝体地质结构及相关土体物理力学参数的基础上,对唐家山滑坡形成条件及失稳滑动机理进行分析。得出唐家山斜坡三面临空的地形特征、顺层岸坡结构以及巨大地震力是触发唐家山滑坡的最主要因素。提出了顺层岩质斜坡“后缘拉裂-中部岩块楔劈和顺层剪切滑移-底部锁固段脆性剪断-突发高速启动”的失稳机理,并着重阐述了拉裂面形成机制、“楔劈”岩块的杠杆作用和碎屑岩块的滚动摩擦效应,并推导出地震作用下岩质斜坡顺层滑移的破坏判据。
(2)通过弹性力学、断裂力学的原理和方法,推导出顺层岩质斜坡临滑瞬间锁固段的剪切形变能计算公式,考虑锁固段岩体形变能释放的优势方向,运用能量转化原理,给出了更为合理和精确的顺层岩质滑坡突发启动速度公式。采用弹塑性力学和离散元数值模拟等一系列手段,系统开展了高速“短程”滑坡运动全过程动力学分析和堵江机制的研究。
(3)通过研究滑坡行程阶段的水、气浪冲击效应,底摩擦效应,碰撞效应,温度效应等多种作用,重点探讨了顺层岩质滑坡“刹车”制动机制及制动类型对堰塞坝体地质结构的控制效应,合理地解释了唐家山堰塞坝内部地质结构的特征并阐明堰塞坝的形成机制。
(4)通过三维Vmodelflow次件模拟了不同水位条件下堰塞坝体内部渗流场,分析水位抬升对堰塞坝土体渗流稳定性影响以及不同水位下堰塞坝体的渗流稳定性,推测堰塞坝在漫坝后的破坏模式。
(5)采用Geostudio软件对740m水位条件下堰塞坝上下游边坡稳定性进行模拟,结果表明,除坝体表面碎石土在上游前缘表层及下游坡脚处发生小范围破坏外,坝体整体稳定,即使在Ⅷ度地震烈度下坝体整体依然稳定,不会发生整体性溃决或半溃。当水位超过坝顶最低高程时(752m),坝体将发生漫坝破坏,其溃决模式为渐进式溃决。
After the1950s, many large high-speed rocky landslides occur all over the world. The catastrophic events promote high-speed landslide studies unprecedented prosperity in the80s and90s. Many creative theory have been proposed successively and successfully applied in practice. However, the systematic studies of collision braking mechanism of the earthquake-induced landslide and dam-breaking mode of barrier dam, etc are less, a few achieved scientific research also has significant limitations. In addition, the successful cases on emergency rescue of barrier dams are rare, let alone that the comprehensive system of disaster prevention and mitigation plans and experience summary have not been proposed yet. By the impact of strong earthquakes and heavy rainfall, large-scale landslides often occur in mountain and canyon area of southwest China. If the blocking magnitude is huge and no effective measure or condition to lower the level of lake to exclude the danger, some unimaginable catastrophic would be caused.
On May12,2008, Wenchuan earthquake with the magnitude of8.0happened in Wenchuan County in Sichuan Province. It caused a large number of further earthquake-induced geological disasters, such as rock fall, landslide and debris flow, especially in the worst affected mountain region. The earthquake had triggered Tangjiashan high-speed landslide which is on the right bank of Tongkou River and upstream of Beichuan County. The landslide blocked the river and formed Tangjiashan barrier dam, with length of803.4m, width of611.8m (maximum width), height of82m to124m, area of300,000m2and speculated volume of20,370,000m3. As the water level gradually rose and the hydraulic head pressure difference between upstream and downstream was continuously increasing, it had been appeared infiltrating on downstream slope of the dam. Whether the barrier dam will occur seepage, piping or slope failure, and then leading to dam-breaking has become the focus of common concern.
The disaster has brought us the sacrifice and sorrow, at the same time, also offered us the opportunity to study and the way forward. Because Tangjiashan landslide have the characteristic such as earthquake-induced, high-speed starting, collision and braking to stop, infiltrating, successful flood relief, rescue, etc factors, it becomes an extremely valuable research material in many landslide-blocked river event. If in-deep and systematic study could be carried out, the achievement should play a connecting role and would be better able to guide the rescue work for similar incidents in the future.
In the specific implementation process of study, the dynamic process analysis of Tangjiashan high-speed landslide and the stability study of barrier dam are adopted as the main line; the dam-breaking mode of the Tangjiashan barrier dam is determined for the purpose; the mechanism study of the process of Tangjiashan landslide blocking the river are carried out systematically and comprehensively. The innovation points and the main achievement are summarized as follows:
(1) Based on the accurate access to the topography of Tangjiashan slope before and after earthquake, geological structure of the barrier dam and physical and mechanical parameters of soil, the formation conditions and failure mechanism of Tangjiashan landslide are analyzed firstly. It can be derived that the three free facing terrain features of Tangjiashan slope, consequent bedding structure and intense seismic forces is the most important factor triggering the Tangjiashan landslide. The new failure mechanism of rocky landslide with consequent bedding structure is put forward:"earthquake prompted tension rupture of landslide trailing edge-rock wedge splitting and interface shear sliding on central landslide plane-brittle shear breaking of the bottom rock masses-sudden high-speed set out". And the elaborated formation mechanism of tension rupture, the leverage of wedge splitting rock masses and the fast rolling friction effects of elastic rock debris are described in detail. Furthermore, a stability-loss criterion about cataclinal rock slope sliding along the structural plane under earthquake is deduced.
(2) In accordance with the approaches and the theories of elasticity and fracture mechanics, failure criterion of locked-up segment of consequent bedding rock slope is deduced. And the calculating formula of deformation energy of locked-up rock masses, while the locked-up segment is sharply cut off under earthquake, is also deduced. Considering the advantage releasing direction of deformation energy of locked-up rock masses, the energy conversion principle is applied to propose a more reasonable and accurate burst starting velocity formula of the consequent bedding rock landslide. Moreover, applicating the elasticity-plastic theories and the discrete element numerical simulation method, the whole process dynamics analysis of high-speed short-run landslide and the study of blocking-river mechanism are conducted.
(3) Trough the analysis of the impact effect of water and air wave, bottom friction effects, collision effect as well as temperature effect, the braking mechanism of consequent bedding rocky landslide and how the landslide brake type control the geologic structure of barrier dam are mainly discussed. A reasonable explanation for the characteristics of the internal geological structure of Tangjiashan barrier dam and the description of its formation mechanism are provided and delivered in this essay.
(4) Through simulating the internal seepage field of barrier dam at different water level conditions by the employment of three dimensional software, Vmodelflow, the thesis has analyzed the following aspects:influence upon the seepage stability of barrier dam inflicted by the water level rise and the seepage stability of barrier dam at different water levels. Thus the dam-breaking model of barrier dam,after the water exceeds its capacity, is speculated.
(5) By the employment of the Geostudio, the stability of upstream and downstream slope at740m water level is simulated. The outcome shows that the barrier dam, as a whole, still remains solid and stable, except the gravel soil could destroyed, at the shallow upstream slope and the downstream slope's toe, in a limited scope. Thus the dam can still remain stable and no overall or partial outburst collapse will take place, even if a Ⅷ seismic intensity afterquake occurs.It is also indicated that when the water level is over the lowest crest elevation.(752m), the dam will occur flood overtopping failure, and its dam-breaking mode could be progressive outburst to gully.
引文
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