碳氢燃料爆轰特性的研究
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摘要
本文详细研究了几种碳氢燃料空气混合物(工业燃料C_5H_(8.68)和环氧丙烷)的爆轰反应特性。主要内容如下：在不同型号的激波管中进行了激波与水滴相互作用的研究并分析了激波对燃料的作用。研究发现水滴在激波作用下经历一个变形、破碎和雾化过程，只有水雾密度达到一定值，激波在水雾中的衰减才明显。在立式激波管中测试了工业燃料C_5H_(8.68)的临界起爆能、爆速、爆压、爆轰极限，得到了爆轰参数与当量比之间的关系；从爆轰反应是一个链反应机理出发，分析碳氢燃料的反应动力学过程。在常压和负压两种条件下测试了环氧丙烷(PO)在激波管中的胞格尺寸，分别测得了规则和不规则的胞格结构烟迹，得出了胞格宽度与当量比是“U”型曲线关系的结论；并分析了云雾爆轰的反应机理。对已有模型进行了改进，计算和分析了PO云雾爆轰的反应区和CJ面上的爆轰参数。
The detonation reactivity of some hydrocarbon-air mixtures such as industrial hydrocarbon C5H8.68 and propylene epoxide (PO) has been studied in this paper. The main works are as follows: The interaction of shock and water drops have been carried out in different-size shock tubes and it has been analyzed that shock acts on the hydrocarbon. With the action of shock, water drops undergo the process of deformation, fragmentation and atomization. The shock is decreased substantially only when density of water drops in air reaches a certain value. In the shock tube, the detonation parameters, such as critical initiation energy, detonation velocity, detonation pressure, detonation limitation and etc., have been measured and the relation is too obtained between detonation parameters and equivalence ratio. Chemical kinetics process of hydrocarbon fuel has been analyzed according to the chain reaction mechanism. The cellular structures width of PO in the shock tube in atmospheric pressure and negative pressure condition has been measured. Due to different condition, the figurations of the cellular structure obtained are either regular or irregular respectively. The relation between the cellular width and equivalence ratio is "U" shape. At last, the reaction mechanism of fuel spray in air is also analyzed. According to the modified model, the detonation parameters are calculated and analyzed in the reaction zone of PO spray in air and the CJ plane.
The detonation reactivity of some hydrocarbon-air mixtures such as industrial hydrocarbon C5H8.68 and propylene epoxide (PO) has been studied in this paper. The main works are as follows: The interaction of shock and water drops have been carried out in different-size shock tubes and it has been analyzed that shock acts on the hydrocarbon. With the action of shock, water drops undergo the process of deformation, fragmentation and atomization. The shock is decreased substantially only when density of water drops in air reaches a certain value. In the shock tube, the detonation parameters, such as critical initiation energy, detonation velocity, detonation pressure, detonation limitation and etc., have been measured and the relation is too obtained between detonation parameters and equivalence ratio. Chemical kinetics process of hydrocarbon fuel has been analyzed according to the chain reaction mechanism. The cellular structures width of PO in the shock tube in atmospheric pressure and negative pressure condition has been measured. Due to different condition, the figurations of the cellular structure obtained are either regular or irregular respectively. The relation between the cellular width and equivalence ratio is "U" shape. At last, the reaction mechanism of fuel spray in air is also analyzed. According to the modified model, the detonation parameters are calculated and analyzed in the reaction zone of PO spray in air and the CJ plane.
引文
1 A. L. Kuhl, H. M. Kamel. Pressure Waves Generated by Steady Flame. 14th Symposium(International) on Combustion. 1973: 1201～1215
2 R. Knystautas, J. H. Lee, C. M. Guirao. The Critical Tube Diameter for Detonation Failure in Hydrocarbon-Air Mixtures. Combustion and Flame. 1982: 48～63
3 A. A. Borisov. Fuel-Air Explosion. [来南京理工大学讲学稿]. 1995
4 E. K. Dabora. The Relation between Energy and Power for Direct Initiation of Hydrogen-Air Detonations. 2th International Workshop on The Impact of Hydrogen on Water Reactor Safety. 1982:56～61
5 B. Fishburn. The Effects of Physical Chemical Processes on Two-Phase detonation. Acta Astronautica. 1974(1): 1267～1284
6 郭长铭，李剑．40×40方截面双层爆轰激波管的改造．实验力学．1997，(12)：401-405
7 A. J. Tulis, J. R. Selman. Detonation Tube Studies of Aluminum Particles Dispersed in Air. 9th Symposium(International) on Combustion. 1987:655～663
8 M. Wolinski, P. Wolanski. Gaseous Detonation Processes in the Presence of Inert Particles. Presented at the Second Int. Colloquium on Dust Explosions. 1986
9 W. R. Kenneth. The Propagation and Structure of Two Phase Detonation. The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Michigan, U. S. A. 1977
10 J. A. Nicholls. Fast Reactions in Dispersed Heterogeneous Energetic Systems. Combustion and Flame. 1992, 45(3): 47
11 C. W. Kauffman, C. J. Yan and J. A. Nicholls. Gaseous Detonation Fracture of Porous Materials for Enhanced Fossil Fuel Utilization and Recovery. Final Reports, Um-016693-E, U. S. A., 1981
12 许学忠．FAE的化学起爆技术研究．[博士论文]．南京：南京理工大学，2000
13 解立峰．云雾爆轰测试系统设计和云雾爆轰特性研究．[博士论文]．南京理工大学，2000
14 J. Papavassiliou. Measurements of Cellular Structure in Spray Detonation. Presented 13th Symposium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive System.
1991
15 陈志华．气云与粉尘燃烧爆炸现象的研究．[博士论文]南京：南京理工大学，1997
16 刘晓利．可燃粉尘—空气混合物燃烧与爆轰特性的实验研究和数值模拟．[博士论文]．南京：南京理工大学，1993
17 M. J. Tang, J. A. Nicholls, Z. C. Lin. The Direct Initiation of Detonation in Decane-Air and Decane-Oxygen Spray. Report No. UM-018404-1, 1984
18 M. J. Tang, J. A. Nicholls, C.W. Kauffman. Two Models of Blasting Initiation of Detonation in a Decane Spray. MI148109 U.S.A.
19 M. J. Tang et al. Detonation Velocity in Heterogeneous Liquid-Gas Systems. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109--2140
20 Z. C. Lin et al. Vapor Pressure and Sensitization Effects in Detonation of a Decane Spray. 20th Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1984: 1709～1716.
21 J. H. Lee, I. O. Moen, H. Matsui. On the Measure of the Relative Detonation Hazards of Gaseous Fuel-Oxygen and Air Mixtures. 17th Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1979:1269～1280
22 C. K. Westbrook. Chemical Kinetics Prediction of Critical Parameters in Gaseous Detonation. 19th Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1982, 35(1): 615
23 C. K. Westbrook, P.A. Urtiew. Chemical Kinetics of Hydrocarbon Oxidation in Gaseous Detonation. Combustion and Flame. 1982, 46(3): 191
24 K. Kailasanath, E. S. Oran. Power-Energy Relations for the Direct Initiation of Gaseous Detonation. Naval Research Laboratory. Washington, D.C.
25 陈成光，陈志坚，吴宝国．气相爆轰波临界直径的实验研究．爆炸与冲击．1990，10(4)：1990
26 S. R. Kumer, W. J. Pizz. Detonation Cell Widths in Hydrogen-Oxygen -Diluent Mixtures. Combustion and Flame. 1990, 80: 157
27 I. O. Moen. Detonation in Fuel-Air Explosive Clouds. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1993, 33:159
28 I. O. Moen. Transition to Detonation in Fuel-Air Explosive Clouds. 来南京理工大学讲学稿．1997
29 D. C. Bull and J. E. Elsworth. Detonation Cell Structure in Fuel-Air Mixtures.
Combustion and Flame. 1982, 45: 7
30 胡湘渝，张得良．气相爆轰波贯穿胞格变化研究．北京理工大学学报．2001，21(3)：286-291
31 A. Teodorezyk, J.H. Lee, and R. Knystautas. Photographic Studies of the Structure and Propagation Mechanisms of Quasi-Detonations in Rough Tube. Presented at 12th ICDERS, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA Inc., 1989, 133: 223
32 S.R. Tieszen, D.W. Stamps, C.K. Westbrook, W.J. Pitz. Gaseous Hydrocarbon-Air detonations. Combustion and Flame. 1991, 84:376-390
33 E. K. Dabora. Effect of Additives on the lean Detonation Limit of Kerosene Sprays. Final Report, Grant No. DAAG29-78-G0074, U. S. A. 1987
34 R. Knystautas, J. H. Lee. On the Effective Energy for Direct Initiation of Gaseous Detonation. Combustion and Flame. 1976, 27: 221
35 汤明钧，彭金华．爆轰管中有效传输能量的实验和理论研究．第四届全国爆轰管与激波学术会论文集．南京：1987
36 A. A. Borisov et al. Critical Energy of Direct Detonation Initiation in Gaseous Mixtures. AIAA, 1991, 133: 245
37 杨惠星，陈华，韩德刚．化学激波管测定环氧乙烷异构化生成乙醛的速率常数的研究．化学学报．1989，47：941-946
38 龚佑祥，杨惠星，覃志伟，韩得刚．环氧氯炳烷在单脉冲化学激波管中裂解反应动力学研究．北京大学学报(自然科学版)．1991，27(4)：385-392
39 覃志伟，杨惠星，韩得刚．化学激波管管中环氧炳烷异构反应动力学研究．物理化学学报．1990，6(1)：39-45
40 陈华，杨惠星，韩德刚．非缝合条件激波管的化学动力学研究．力学学报．1989，21(6)：722-727
41 R. Ricker. Blast Wave from Bursting Pressurized Spheres. [M.S thesis]. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept. Univ. of ILL., Urbana-Champaign, ILL., 1975
42 R. T. Luckritz. An Investigation of Blast Wave Generated by Contant Velocity Flames. Ph.D. thesis. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept. Univ. of ILL., Urbana-Champaign, ILL., 1977
43 范宝春．气云爆炸的一维模型．爆炸与冲击．1994，10(4)：90
44 张得良，谢巍，郭长铭，胡湘渝．气相爆轰胞格结构和马赫反射数值模拟．爆炸与冲击．2001，21(3)：161-167
45 S. C. Chang. The Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element--A New Approach for solving the Navier-Stokes and Euler Equation [J]. Journal of Computational Physics. 1995(119): 295-334
46 郭永辉，田宙，郝保田．隐式TVD格式在气液两相爆轰数值模拟中的应用．应用数学和力学．2000，21(6)：655-660
47 范宝春．两相系统得燃烧、爆炸和爆轰．北京：国防工业出版社，1998
48 宋述忠，彭金华等．硝酸异丙酯与空气混合物的爆轰性能研究[J]．爆破器材．2002，31(1)：4-6
49 E.L. Axesson, K. Brezinsky, C.K. Westbrook. Chemical Kinetic Modeling of the Oxidation of Large n-Octane Fuel. 21th Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1986:783-799
50 范宝春，汤明钧．气云爆炸模型．力学学报．1992，24(5)：560-566
51 宋述忠．一次引爆型FAE复合燃料性能研究．[硕士论文]．南京：南京理工大学，2001
52 杨立中．碳氢燃料-空气混合物爆轰反应性研究．[博士论文]．南京：南京理工大学，1996
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54 胡栋，龙属川等．可爆气体爆炸极限和爆燃转爆轰的研究．爆炸与冲击．1989，9(3)
55 胡栋，章冠人，林其文等．正庚烷云雾爆轰特性的研究．爆炸与冲击．1991，11(2)
56 惠君明，刘容海，葛桂兰．提高FAE威力的研究．南京理工大学学报．1995，19(5)
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72 惠君明，等．提高FAE威力研究(Ⅱ)．南京理工大学学报(自然版)．95，19(6)．
2 R. Knystautas, J. H. Lee, C. M. Guirao. The Critical Tube Diameter for Detonation Failure in Hydrocarbon-Air Mixtures. Combustion and Flame. 1982: 48～63
3 A. A. Borisov. Fuel-Air Explosion. [来南京理工大学讲学稿]. 1995
4 E. K. Dabora. The Relation between Energy and Power for Direct Initiation of Hydrogen-Air Detonations. 2th International Workshop on The Impact of Hydrogen on Water Reactor Safety. 1982:56～61
5 B. Fishburn. The Effects of Physical Chemical Processes on Two-Phase detonation. Acta Astronautica. 1974(1): 1267～1284
6 郭长铭，李剑．40×40方截面双层爆轰激波管的改造．实验力学．1997，(12)：401-405
7 A. J. Tulis, J. R. Selman. Detonation Tube Studies of Aluminum Particles Dispersed in Air. 9th Symposium(International) on Combustion. 1987:655～663
8 M. Wolinski, P. Wolanski. Gaseous Detonation Processes in the Presence of Inert Particles. Presented at the Second Int. Colloquium on Dust Explosions. 1986
9 W. R. Kenneth. The Propagation and Structure of Two Phase Detonation. The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Michigan, U. S. A. 1977
10 J. A. Nicholls. Fast Reactions in Dispersed Heterogeneous Energetic Systems. Combustion and Flame. 1992, 45(3): 47
11 C. W. Kauffman, C. J. Yan and J. A. Nicholls. Gaseous Detonation Fracture of Porous Materials for Enhanced Fossil Fuel Utilization and Recovery. Final Reports, Um-016693-E, U. S. A., 1981
12 许学忠．FAE的化学起爆技术研究．[博士论文]．南京：南京理工大学，2000
13 解立峰．云雾爆轰测试系统设计和云雾爆轰特性研究．[博士论文]．南京理工大学，2000
14 J. Papavassiliou. Measurements of Cellular Structure in Spray Detonation. Presented 13th Symposium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive System.
1991
15 陈志华．气云与粉尘燃烧爆炸现象的研究．[博士论文]南京：南京理工大学，1997
16 刘晓利．可燃粉尘—空气混合物燃烧与爆轰特性的实验研究和数值模拟．[博士论文]．南京：南京理工大学，1993
17 M. J. Tang, J. A. Nicholls, Z. C. Lin. The Direct Initiation of Detonation in Decane-Air and Decane-Oxygen Spray. Report No. UM-018404-1, 1984
18 M. J. Tang, J. A. Nicholls, C.W. Kauffman. Two Models of Blasting Initiation of Detonation in a Decane Spray. MI148109 U.S.A.
19 M. J. Tang et al. Detonation Velocity in Heterogeneous Liquid-Gas Systems. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109--2140
20 Z. C. Lin et al. Vapor Pressure and Sensitization Effects in Detonation of a Decane Spray. 20th Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1984: 1709～1716.
21 J. H. Lee, I. O. Moen, H. Matsui. On the Measure of the Relative Detonation Hazards of Gaseous Fuel-Oxygen and Air Mixtures. 17th Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1979:1269～1280
22 C. K. Westbrook. Chemical Kinetics Prediction of Critical Parameters in Gaseous Detonation. 19th Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1982, 35(1): 615
23 C. K. Westbrook, P.A. Urtiew. Chemical Kinetics of Hydrocarbon Oxidation in Gaseous Detonation. Combustion and Flame. 1982, 46(3): 191
24 K. Kailasanath, E. S. Oran. Power-Energy Relations for the Direct Initiation of Gaseous Detonation. Naval Research Laboratory. Washington, D.C.
25 陈成光，陈志坚，吴宝国．气相爆轰波临界直径的实验研究．爆炸与冲击．1990，10(4)：1990
26 S. R. Kumer, W. J. Pizz. Detonation Cell Widths in Hydrogen-Oxygen -Diluent Mixtures. Combustion and Flame. 1990, 80: 157
27 I. O. Moen. Detonation in Fuel-Air Explosive Clouds. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1993, 33:159
28 I. O. Moen. Transition to Detonation in Fuel-Air Explosive Clouds. 来南京理工大学讲学稿．1997
29 D. C. Bull and J. E. Elsworth. Detonation Cell Structure in Fuel-Air Mixtures.
Combustion and Flame. 1982, 45: 7
30 胡湘渝，张得良．气相爆轰波贯穿胞格变化研究．北京理工大学学报．2001，21(3)：286-291
31 A. Teodorezyk, J.H. Lee, and R. Knystautas. Photographic Studies of the Structure and Propagation Mechanisms of Quasi-Detonations in Rough Tube. Presented at 12th ICDERS, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA Inc., 1989, 133: 223
32 S.R. Tieszen, D.W. Stamps, C.K. Westbrook, W.J. Pitz. Gaseous Hydrocarbon-Air detonations. Combustion and Flame. 1991, 84:376-390
33 E. K. Dabora. Effect of Additives on the lean Detonation Limit of Kerosene Sprays. Final Report, Grant No. DAAG29-78-G0074, U. S. A. 1987
34 R. Knystautas, J. H. Lee. On the Effective Energy for Direct Initiation of Gaseous Detonation. Combustion and Flame. 1976, 27: 221
35 汤明钧，彭金华．爆轰管中有效传输能量的实验和理论研究．第四届全国爆轰管与激波学术会论文集．南京：1987
36 A. A. Borisov et al. Critical Energy of Direct Detonation Initiation in Gaseous Mixtures. AIAA, 1991, 133: 245
37 杨惠星，陈华，韩德刚．化学激波管测定环氧乙烷异构化生成乙醛的速率常数的研究．化学学报．1989，47：941-946
38 龚佑祥，杨惠星，覃志伟，韩得刚．环氧氯炳烷在单脉冲化学激波管中裂解反应动力学研究．北京大学学报(自然科学版)．1991，27(4)：385-392
39 覃志伟，杨惠星，韩得刚．化学激波管管中环氧炳烷异构反应动力学研究．物理化学学报．1990，6(1)：39-45
40 陈华，杨惠星，韩德刚．非缝合条件激波管的化学动力学研究．力学学报．1989，21(6)：722-727
41 R. Ricker. Blast Wave from Bursting Pressurized Spheres. [M.S thesis]. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept. Univ. of ILL., Urbana-Champaign, ILL., 1975
42 R. T. Luckritz. An Investigation of Blast Wave Generated by Contant Velocity Flames. Ph.D. thesis. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept. Univ. of ILL., Urbana-Champaign, ILL., 1977
43 范宝春．气云爆炸的一维模型．爆炸与冲击．1994，10(4)：90
44 张得良，谢巍，郭长铭，胡湘渝．气相爆轰胞格结构和马赫反射数值模拟．爆炸与冲击．2001，21(3)：161-167
45 S. C. Chang. The Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element--A New Approach for solving the Navier-Stokes and Euler Equation [J]. Journal of Computational Physics. 1995(119): 295-334
46 郭永辉，田宙，郝保田．隐式TVD格式在气液两相爆轰数值模拟中的应用．应用数学和力学．2000，21(6)：655-660
47 范宝春．两相系统得燃烧、爆炸和爆轰．北京：国防工业出版社，1998
48 宋述忠，彭金华等．硝酸异丙酯与空气混合物的爆轰性能研究[J]．爆破器材．2002，31(1)：4-6
49 E.L. Axesson, K. Brezinsky, C.K. Westbrook. Chemical Kinetic Modeling of the Oxidation of Large n-Octane Fuel. 21th Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1986:783-799
50 范宝春，汤明钧．气云爆炸模型．力学学报．1992，24(5)：560-566
51 宋述忠．一次引爆型FAE复合燃料性能研究．[硕士论文]．南京：南京理工大学，2001
52 杨立中．碳氢燃料-空气混合物爆轰反应性研究．[博士论文]．南京：南京理工大学，1996
53 A. L. Kuhl, M. M. Kamel, A. K. Oppenheim. Pressure waves generated by steady flame. 14th Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1973, 3; 1201～1215
54 胡栋，龙属川等．可爆气体爆炸极限和爆燃转爆轰的研究．爆炸与冲击．1989，9(3)
55 胡栋，章冠人，林其文等．正庚烷云雾爆轰特性的研究．爆炸与冲击．1991，11(2)
56 惠君明，刘容海，葛桂兰．提高FAE威力的研究．南京理工大学学报．1995，19(5)
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