轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机研究
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摘要
新型轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机具有转矩密度高、结构简单、制造成本低和节约材料等优点,因而受到广泛关注。它既可以作为调速电机应用于电气传动系统,又可以作为发电机应用在汽车发电以及水力、风力发电等领域,具有很好的应用前景。国内外对新型轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的研究尚处于起步阶段,针对目前缺乏该种电机系统的分析理论与设计方法的研究现状,在辽宁省教育厅创新团队项目和与德国Trimerics研发公司国际合作项目的支持下,从电机的基本电磁关系出发,开展了针对轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机系统的研究工作。
首先,对轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的有关分析理论和电磁模型进行了系统研究。与传统爪极电机相比,定转子结构和磁路型式的不同决定了现有的分析模型和方法不再直接适用于该种电机的研究。为此,本文分析了轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的基本电磁关系以及机电能量转换机理;对定子爪极所用的软磁复合材料(SMC)进行了分析,阐述了该材料的特性,并与硅钢片的性能进行了对比;建立了轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的等效磁路、电路和热路模型,推导了模型中各部分磁阻、热阻的解析表达式,并研制开发了该种电机的设计仿真程序,对各种运行工况进行了仿真研究。
其次,电机参数是仿真研究电机运行特性的基础,为了准确计算该种电机的电磁参数,对轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机进行了磁场分析。运用三维有限元分析方法研究了电机的空载反电动势及气隙磁密分布;对电机的电抗、等效气隙磁密计算系数、等效空载漏磁系数等参数进行了深入系统的研究;该种电机漏磁通丰富且路径复杂,通过对漏磁通进行分析计算,修正了磁路模型中磁阻解析公式中近似处理带来的误差。
第三,对轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的转矩密度和齿槽转矩进行了深入研究。分别推导了该种电机转矩密度和齿槽转矩的解析计算式,并用三维有限元法对上述解析式进行了验证,从该种电机齿槽转矩产生原因入手,提出了该特殊结构电机齿槽转矩的抑制办法。
第四,针对该种电机控制策略尚不成熟的问题,建立了轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的传递函数和微分方程数学模型,并在此基础上,设计了该种电机的控制系统,利用所建立的仿真模型分别对其电动机和发电机两种状态下的运行特性进行了仿真研究。在理论与仿真研究的基础上,提出了轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的控制策略。
在上述理论研究的基础上,提出了该种电机的设计特点和设计方法。设计并研制了一台1.5kW的12极实验样机,对样机进行了详细的性能测试;实验结果与理论分析的一致性,验证了所提出设计与分析方法的正确性和可行性,为进一步深入研究该种电机奠定了理论和技术基础。
Novel axial sectional claw pole machine with PM outer rotor (ASCPM) has caused wide concern because of high torque density, simple structure and low cost. It acts not only as an adjustable velocity electric machine to be applied in electrical drive system but also as a generator to be applied in car, water power and wind power. Study on ASCPM is still at an elementary stage at home and abroad, due to lack of analysis theory and design method about this kind of machine at present, the systemic research works are done from the starting of the basic electromagnetic relationship under the supports of creative group project from education office of Liaoning province and international cooperation project with Trimerics Gmbh of Germany.
Firstly, analytic theory and electromagnetic model about ASCPM have been studied systematically. In comparison with conventional claw pole machine, its structure of stator and rotor and magnetic circuit are different, the existing analysis model and method are no longer adapted for this machine. Therefore, basic electromagnetic relationship and principle of electromechanical energy conversion about ASCPM are analyzed; and soft magnetic composite material (SMC) used in rotor claw pole is described; the characteristics of material and performance comparison with silicon steel sheet is presented; Models of equivalent magnetic circuit, electrical circuit and thermal circuit about ASCPM are created; calculation equations of reluctance and thermal resistance of key segment are derived; the design simulation procedure is developed and the simulation research is done under the different operating conditions.
Secondly, parameters of electric machine are research foundation of operating characteristics, in order to acquire the parameters of ASCPM correctly, magnetic analysis about ASCPM is done. By means of three dimension (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) method, no load electromotive force and air gap magnetic flux density distribution are studied; the reactance, equivalent coefficient of air gap magnetic flux density and equivalent leakage magnetic coefficient about ASCPM are studied deeply; Leakage flux of this machine is complex, through the computation of leakage flux, the errors caused by approximate treatment in magnetic circuit model are amended.
Thirdly, torque density and cogging torque are studied deeply. Analytical formulas of torque density and cogging torque are deduced respectively; formulas are verified by means of 3D FEA method. The methods of decreasing the cogging torque about ASCPM are put forward.
Fourthly, due to immaturity of control methods about ASCPM, Mathematic models of the transfer function and differential equation of ASCPM are established; the control system of electric machine is designed; the simulation researches operated as a motor and a generator are done by means of simulation model. On the basis of theory and simulation research, the control strategy is brought forward.
Finally, based on theoretical research above, design characteristic and design procedure are put forward. A 1.5kW 12-poles prototype of ASCPM is designed and manufactured; the whole performance test of this prototype is completed; Correctness and feasibility of design and analysis method mentioned are verified through the comparison of experiment result and theory analysis, foundation of theory and technology is laid on further research on this kind of machine.
首先,对轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的有关分析理论和电磁模型进行了系统研究。与传统爪极电机相比,定转子结构和磁路型式的不同决定了现有的分析模型和方法不再直接适用于该种电机的研究。为此,本文分析了轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的基本电磁关系以及机电能量转换机理;对定子爪极所用的软磁复合材料(SMC)进行了分析,阐述了该材料的特性,并与硅钢片的性能进行了对比;建立了轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的等效磁路、电路和热路模型,推导了模型中各部分磁阻、热阻的解析表达式,并研制开发了该种电机的设计仿真程序,对各种运行工况进行了仿真研究。
其次,电机参数是仿真研究电机运行特性的基础,为了准确计算该种电机的电磁参数,对轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机进行了磁场分析。运用三维有限元分析方法研究了电机的空载反电动势及气隙磁密分布;对电机的电抗、等效气隙磁密计算系数、等效空载漏磁系数等参数进行了深入系统的研究;该种电机漏磁通丰富且路径复杂,通过对漏磁通进行分析计算,修正了磁路模型中磁阻解析公式中近似处理带来的误差。
第三,对轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的转矩密度和齿槽转矩进行了深入研究。分别推导了该种电机转矩密度和齿槽转矩的解析计算式,并用三维有限元法对上述解析式进行了验证,从该种电机齿槽转矩产生原因入手,提出了该特殊结构电机齿槽转矩的抑制办法。
第四,针对该种电机控制策略尚不成熟的问题,建立了轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的传递函数和微分方程数学模型,并在此基础上,设计了该种电机的控制系统,利用所建立的仿真模型分别对其电动机和发电机两种状态下的运行特性进行了仿真研究。在理论与仿真研究的基础上,提出了轴向分段式外永磁转子爪极电机的控制策略。
在上述理论研究的基础上,提出了该种电机的设计特点和设计方法。设计并研制了一台1.5kW的12极实验样机,对样机进行了详细的性能测试;实验结果与理论分析的一致性,验证了所提出设计与分析方法的正确性和可行性,为进一步深入研究该种电机奠定了理论和技术基础。
Novel axial sectional claw pole machine with PM outer rotor (ASCPM) has caused wide concern because of high torque density, simple structure and low cost. It acts not only as an adjustable velocity electric machine to be applied in electrical drive system but also as a generator to be applied in car, water power and wind power. Study on ASCPM is still at an elementary stage at home and abroad, due to lack of analysis theory and design method about this kind of machine at present, the systemic research works are done from the starting of the basic electromagnetic relationship under the supports of creative group project from education office of Liaoning province and international cooperation project with Trimerics Gmbh of Germany.
Firstly, analytic theory and electromagnetic model about ASCPM have been studied systematically. In comparison with conventional claw pole machine, its structure of stator and rotor and magnetic circuit are different, the existing analysis model and method are no longer adapted for this machine. Therefore, basic electromagnetic relationship and principle of electromechanical energy conversion about ASCPM are analyzed; and soft magnetic composite material (SMC) used in rotor claw pole is described; the characteristics of material and performance comparison with silicon steel sheet is presented; Models of equivalent magnetic circuit, electrical circuit and thermal circuit about ASCPM are created; calculation equations of reluctance and thermal resistance of key segment are derived; the design simulation procedure is developed and the simulation research is done under the different operating conditions.
Secondly, parameters of electric machine are research foundation of operating characteristics, in order to acquire the parameters of ASCPM correctly, magnetic analysis about ASCPM is done. By means of three dimension (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) method, no load electromotive force and air gap magnetic flux density distribution are studied; the reactance, equivalent coefficient of air gap magnetic flux density and equivalent leakage magnetic coefficient about ASCPM are studied deeply; Leakage flux of this machine is complex, through the computation of leakage flux, the errors caused by approximate treatment in magnetic circuit model are amended.
Thirdly, torque density and cogging torque are studied deeply. Analytical formulas of torque density and cogging torque are deduced respectively; formulas are verified by means of 3D FEA method. The methods of decreasing the cogging torque about ASCPM are put forward.
Fourthly, due to immaturity of control methods about ASCPM, Mathematic models of the transfer function and differential equation of ASCPM are established; the control system of electric machine is designed; the simulation researches operated as a motor and a generator are done by means of simulation model. On the basis of theory and simulation research, the control strategy is brought forward.
Finally, based on theoretical research above, design characteristic and design procedure are put forward. A 1.5kW 12-poles prototype of ASCPM is designed and manufactured; the whole performance test of this prototype is completed; Correctness and feasibility of design and analysis method mentioned are verified through the comparison of experiment result and theory analysis, foundation of theory and technology is laid on further research on this kind of machine.
引文
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