微弱多径信号时延估计技术研究
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摘要
本文主要的研究是基于民用机会照射源的无源雷达系统的关键技术之一：探测目标散射信号的时延估计问题。论文围绕着散射信号(多径信号)时延估计问题展开讨论，文中提出、推导了一系列具有理论及实用价值的新多径时延估计算法，分析了影响多径时延估计性能的因素及解决途径、基于相关分析的时延估计方法、超分辨率时延估计方法和微弱信号检测与时延估计方法。通过计算机仿真实验验证了所提算法的优良性能。归纳起来，本文的贡献主要包括以下几个方面：
1、通过推导两路多径信号时延估计方差的理论下限(CRLB)，演绎出多径信号环境下影响时延估计方差的因素，根据这些影响因素，指出提高时延估计性能的途径。根据CRLB的参数，建立多径信号仿真模型，并对信号模型做了功率谱分析和时间延迟验证。
2、系统分析了基于相关分析的时延估计方法：互相关法、谱估计法、插值法、EM算法和Wrelax算法。提出一种多径信号时延估计方法—Sem法，该方法根据EM算法降维处理思想、采用对信号进行时域插值的方式替代了Wrelax算法的傅立叶变换获得连续时延估计，避免了截断效应对时延估计产生的不利影响，与参照算法相比具有更优的时延估计性能。理论分析了相关分析时延估计法的分辨能力，指出提高基于相关分析时延估计方法分辨性能的途径。通过计算机仿真验证了提出方法的性能。
3、在简要介绍采用谱估计技术进行时延估计的原理和方法的基础上，提出了快速时延MUSIC法和波束域时延MUSIC法。快速时延MUSIC法通过重构接收信号协方差阵，与传统的MUSCI时延测量法相比，运算量减小约2个数量级；后一种方法根据信号时延的时间分布形成波束转换矩阵，再用快速MUSIC法做时延估计，波束转换矩阵的作用相当于一个时间带通滤波器，其中波束所覆盖的时间区域则相当于滤波器的通带，使波束覆盖时间以外的噪声得到有效抑制，因而算法在低信噪比条件下与参照算法相比具有更优时延分辨性能。通过计算机仿真验证提出方法的有效性。
4、提出了一种基于软件无线电架构的单接收站无源雷达系统，该系统采用一副天线阵列同时接收直达信号(参考信号)和目标散射信号，简化了系统硬件构成，增加系统机动灵活性能。文中详细讨论了基于该系统的参考信号提取和目标散射信号检测、接收和时延估计方法。提出一种参考信号提取方法，该方法采用天线阵列的数控定向接收技术对强地物杂波信号形成上百dB的零陷，实行空域滤波处理，提取纯净的直达波信号作为参考信号。提出一种微弱散射信号检测方法，该方法联合使用空域滤波技术和相干检测技术，可实现对微弱散射检测检测和接收；新方法的相关积累时间远小于传统的微弱信号检测方法。通过计算机仿真验证了提出方法的可行性。
This dissertation focuses on the issue of the target scatting signal's time delay estimation, which is one of the key technologies for passive radar systems based on the civil transmitter of opportunity. Methods of time delay estimation of scatted signal (multipath signal) are discussed. Several theoretically methods and practically valued methods are proposed and derived for time delay estimation in multipath signal environment, including cause analysis and settlement ways of determining the performance of multipath time delay estimation, methods of time delay estimation based on correlation analysis, methods of super-resolution time delay estimation and methods of space-time joint processing time delay estimation. Computer simulations and theirs results are given to verify the efficiency of these proposed methods. The main contributions of this dissertation can be concluded as follows:
1、After the variance theory low bound (Cramer-Rao Lower Bound, CRLB) of time delay estimation of two path signal is derived, the parameters of variance low bound of time delay estimation in multipath signal environment is deduced. The multipath signal simulation model is built base on the parameters. Signal model are verified with power spectrum analyses and time delay experiment
2、The methods of time delay estimation based on correlation analysis are comprehensive analyzed, including the method such as correlation, spectral estimation, interpolation, EM and Wrleax. Sem (Spline EM) method, a method for estimating the multipath time delay of signals is proposed. The new method is based on the dimension reduction idea of EM method. To avoid truncation effect reducing the performance, using Fourier transform in Wrelax method is replace with interpolation. The performance of the new method is higher than reference method. The resolving power of time delay estimation method based on correlation is anglicized in theory and the way of improving performance of time delay estimation is advised. Computer simulation show that the proposed method can work well in weak multipath signal environment.
3、The principle of Time delay estimation using spectral estimation is briefly introduced. Fast time delay MUSIC method and beam-forming time delay MUSIC method are proposed. The computational complexity of fast time delay MUSIC method is two orders of magnitude lower than tradition MUSIC method by rebuild received signal covariance matrix. The later proposed method build switched beam matrix according to time distribution of signal time delay, and then use Fast time delay MUSIC method to estimate time delay. The function of switch beam matrix is equivalent to time band-pass filter. The beam cover area is pass band of the filter and the noise outside the area is removed. Therefore, the later proposed method has more excellent resolving power of time delay estimation in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The feasibility of the two proposed methods is verified by computer simulation.
4、A single receiving station passive radar system framework based on Software Defined Radio is proposed. Receiving directly signal (reference signal), scatted signal use an array antenna simultaneously in the radar system. Therefore, the hardware structure of the system is simplified, Maneuvering and Flexible design are improved. Reference signal Extraction and scattered signals detection, receiving and time delay estimation in the radar system are introduced in detail. A new reference signal extraction method is proposed. The method use digital control beam-forming technology to filter background clutter signal and abstain purely direct signal as reference signal. A extremely weak scatter signal detection method is proposed. The new method use spatial filtering and coherent detection technology to realize extremely weak signal detection and reception and the time correlative accumulation is far less than the reference detection method. The feasibility of the two proposed methods is verified by computer simulation.
1、通过推导两路多径信号时延估计方差的理论下限(CRLB)，演绎出多径信号环境下影响时延估计方差的因素，根据这些影响因素，指出提高时延估计性能的途径。根据CRLB的参数，建立多径信号仿真模型，并对信号模型做了功率谱分析和时间延迟验证。
2、系统分析了基于相关分析的时延估计方法：互相关法、谱估计法、插值法、EM算法和Wrelax算法。提出一种多径信号时延估计方法—Sem法，该方法根据EM算法降维处理思想、采用对信号进行时域插值的方式替代了Wrelax算法的傅立叶变换获得连续时延估计，避免了截断效应对时延估计产生的不利影响，与参照算法相比具有更优的时延估计性能。理论分析了相关分析时延估计法的分辨能力，指出提高基于相关分析时延估计方法分辨性能的途径。通过计算机仿真验证了提出方法的性能。
3、在简要介绍采用谱估计技术进行时延估计的原理和方法的基础上，提出了快速时延MUSIC法和波束域时延MUSIC法。快速时延MUSIC法通过重构接收信号协方差阵，与传统的MUSCI时延测量法相比，运算量减小约2个数量级；后一种方法根据信号时延的时间分布形成波束转换矩阵，再用快速MUSIC法做时延估计，波束转换矩阵的作用相当于一个时间带通滤波器，其中波束所覆盖的时间区域则相当于滤波器的通带，使波束覆盖时间以外的噪声得到有效抑制，因而算法在低信噪比条件下与参照算法相比具有更优时延分辨性能。通过计算机仿真验证提出方法的有效性。
4、提出了一种基于软件无线电架构的单接收站无源雷达系统，该系统采用一副天线阵列同时接收直达信号(参考信号)和目标散射信号，简化了系统硬件构成，增加系统机动灵活性能。文中详细讨论了基于该系统的参考信号提取和目标散射信号检测、接收和时延估计方法。提出一种参考信号提取方法，该方法采用天线阵列的数控定向接收技术对强地物杂波信号形成上百dB的零陷，实行空域滤波处理，提取纯净的直达波信号作为参考信号。提出一种微弱散射信号检测方法，该方法联合使用空域滤波技术和相干检测技术，可实现对微弱散射检测检测和接收；新方法的相关积累时间远小于传统的微弱信号检测方法。通过计算机仿真验证了提出方法的可行性。
This dissertation focuses on the issue of the target scatting signal's time delay estimation, which is one of the key technologies for passive radar systems based on the civil transmitter of opportunity. Methods of time delay estimation of scatted signal (multipath signal) are discussed. Several theoretically methods and practically valued methods are proposed and derived for time delay estimation in multipath signal environment, including cause analysis and settlement ways of determining the performance of multipath time delay estimation, methods of time delay estimation based on correlation analysis, methods of super-resolution time delay estimation and methods of space-time joint processing time delay estimation. Computer simulations and theirs results are given to verify the efficiency of these proposed methods. The main contributions of this dissertation can be concluded as follows:
1、After the variance theory low bound (Cramer-Rao Lower Bound, CRLB) of time delay estimation of two path signal is derived, the parameters of variance low bound of time delay estimation in multipath signal environment is deduced. The multipath signal simulation model is built base on the parameters. Signal model are verified with power spectrum analyses and time delay experiment
2、The methods of time delay estimation based on correlation analysis are comprehensive analyzed, including the method such as correlation, spectral estimation, interpolation, EM and Wrleax. Sem (Spline EM) method, a method for estimating the multipath time delay of signals is proposed. The new method is based on the dimension reduction idea of EM method. To avoid truncation effect reducing the performance, using Fourier transform in Wrelax method is replace with interpolation. The performance of the new method is higher than reference method. The resolving power of time delay estimation method based on correlation is anglicized in theory and the way of improving performance of time delay estimation is advised. Computer simulation show that the proposed method can work well in weak multipath signal environment.
3、The principle of Time delay estimation using spectral estimation is briefly introduced. Fast time delay MUSIC method and beam-forming time delay MUSIC method are proposed. The computational complexity of fast time delay MUSIC method is two orders of magnitude lower than tradition MUSIC method by rebuild received signal covariance matrix. The later proposed method build switched beam matrix according to time distribution of signal time delay, and then use Fast time delay MUSIC method to estimate time delay. The function of switch beam matrix is equivalent to time band-pass filter. The beam cover area is pass band of the filter and the noise outside the area is removed. Therefore, the later proposed method has more excellent resolving power of time delay estimation in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The feasibility of the two proposed methods is verified by computer simulation.
4、A single receiving station passive radar system framework based on Software Defined Radio is proposed. Receiving directly signal (reference signal), scatted signal use an array antenna simultaneously in the radar system. Therefore, the hardware structure of the system is simplified, Maneuvering and Flexible design are improved. Reference signal Extraction and scattered signals detection, receiving and time delay estimation in the radar system are introduced in detail. A new reference signal extraction method is proposed. The method use digital control beam-forming technology to filter background clutter signal and abstain purely direct signal as reference signal. A extremely weak scatter signal detection method is proposed. The new method use spatial filtering and coherent detection technology to realize extremely weak signal detection and reception and the time correlative accumulation is far less than the reference detection method. The feasibility of the two proposed methods is verified by computer simulation.
引文
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