南方集体林区木荷次生林生长规律及经营技术研究
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摘要
次生林已成为中国森林资源的主体。森林资源不合理经营与开发利用而导致森林资源匮乏,如何科学的经营好次生林是一个重大的理论与实践问题。论文属于林业公益性行业科研专项“南方集体林区次生林抚育间伐与高效利用技术研究(编号201004032)”的部分研究内容。在综述次生林结构、生长规律、经营技术的基础上,以湖南省炎陵县青石冈国有林场木荷次生林为研究对象,收集、调查、整理了有关木荷次林的标准地、解析木及测土配方资料,开展木荷次生林林分直径分布规律、竞争生长过程、经营技术体系及经营效果研究,构建间伐指数解决森林抚育间伐对象木选择难题,研究结果从理论上解决了木荷次生林抚育间伐开始期、抚育强度及抚育间伐对象木选择等经营技术难题,形成了木荷次生林经营技术体系。论文研究结果和主要研究结论如下：
(1)木荷次生林林分结构研究。①研究样地内年龄在10～24年之间的木荷林木株数约占木荷总株数的94.81%,形成以14年为顶峰,14年左右年龄的林木株数逐渐减少的单峰曲线。年龄在10～24年之间的马尾松株数约占马尾松总株数的80.25%；其他树种林木株数非常少,年龄主要集中在5～12年。②采用Weibull函数模拟木荷次生林直径分布,利用柯氏检验法检验直径分布实际值与拟合理论值的差异显著性,通过直径分布的理论偏度、峭度与实际偏度、峭度比较分析分布函数的适用性。研究表明,Weibull函数能够较好模拟具有不同偏度和峭度变化的木荷次生异龄林。
(2)木荷次生林生长模型研究。采用Hegyi竞争指数分析木荷次生林的竞争关系,研究确定木荷林分的最佳竞争半径(5m)。根据各个树种断面积占林分总断面积比,将树种分为木荷、马尾松和其他树种。根据标准差法将竞争指数值分为3级,将同一树种分为优势木、中庸木和劣势木,分别对木荷、马尾松和其他树种的优势木、中庸木与劣势木的胸径、树高和材积生长过程进行模拟。模拟结果：①各树种优势木、中庸木与劣势木的胸径生长方程拟合效果均以Johnson Schumacher方程最优；②木荷优势木和中庸木及马尾松劣势木、木荷劣势木与马尾松优势木、其他树种的优势木、中庸木和劣势木的树高生长拟合效果分别以Logistic方程、Gompertz方程、Johnson Schumacher方程最优；③木荷、马尾松的优势木、中庸木与劣势木的材积生长拟合效果均以Bertalanffy方程最优,其他树种优势木与中庸木、劣势木的材积生长拟合效果分别以Johnson Schumacher和Richards方程最优。
(3)木荷次生林竞争生长规律研究。①第一种竞争格局：8～15年内木荷对象木竞争指数缓慢增大,15年以后的竞争指数增加幅度加大。②第二种竞争格局：4～6年内竞争指数明显下降,而6年后缓慢下降。③第三种竞争格局：4-6年内对象木竞争指数迅速下降,6～8年内缓慢下降,第8年后对象木竞争指数呈现持续缓慢增大趋势。④第四种竞争格局：5～8年内对象木的竞争指数表现出明显下降趋势,而后缓慢下降。第9年开始,对象木竞争指数基本平稳在0.2～0.28左右,但有缓慢下降的变化趋势。
(4)抚育间伐开始期研究。应用ForStat2.1模拟4种竞争格局中对象木的竞争强度与年龄的关系。模拟结果表明,4种竞争格局中对象木的竞争指数均以模型(CI=c+b*A+d*A2——e*A3)模拟效果最优；竞争指数越大,林木间竞争越激烈。通过计算,第一种、第二种、第三种、第四种竞争格局的竞争达最大值时的年龄分别为15.8年、14.1年、15.2年、13.9年,结果表明4种竞争格局的竞争强度达最大时的目的树种平均年龄非常一致,据此确定研究区域木荷次生林的抚育间伐开始期为14～15年。
(5)竞争结构单元与最大竞争结构单元面积研究。竞争结构单元定义为以对象木为中心,其四个象限内各选1株与对象木最邻近的林木作为竞争木,对象木与4株竞争木组成结构单元。四株竞争木围成的平面四边形的面积称为竞争结构单元面积。通过证明,竞争结构单元平面四边形面积有最大值,其面积有下界但没有最小值。
(6)木荷次生林密度调控技术研究。以总生物量为因变量,郁闭度为自变量,模拟木荷次生林地上部分生物量与郁闭度之间的相关关系,模拟结果为W总=-18.4531+101.8078P-74.2689P2。林分地上部分生物量达最大时,林分的郁闭度为0.6854。林分郁闭度是平均冠半径与林分密度的函数,所以用林分平均冠幅与林分密度来推算林分的郁闭度。若控制郁闭度为0.68,竞争结构单元面积最大时,单位面积上的竞争结构单元的个数最少,而每个竞争结构单元由5株林木构成,则单位面积林分最少保留株数等于最少竞争结构单元个数与每个竞争结构单元林木株数的积,即为林分最少保留密度。以标准地19为例计算木荷次生林抚育间伐强度。
(7)间伐指数构建。结合运用头脑风暴法、Delphi法、会内会外法对构成间伐指数的指标进行筛选,确定构建间伐指数的指标,即自由度、混交度、开阔比数、健康指数、空间密度指数和目的树种特性指数,应用层次分析法求算构成间伐指数6个指标的权重。以标准地资料为例,计算标准地内每株林木的6种指标值及其间伐指数值,根据现实林分密度与最少保留密度的关系,确定抚育强度,依据间伐指数大小确定抚育间伐对象,从理论上解决了抚育间伐对象选择难题。
(8)木荷次生林经营模式及经营效果研究。根据经营目标,以木荷-南方红豆杉混交林为例设计6种经营模式,探索各经营模式的合理技术标准。对不同经营模式的经营效果进行对比研究：①不同经营模式之间：土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、最大持水量和田间持水量无明显差异,而总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度差异显著；土壤有机质含量均较高,全N、全P、有效P含量均相对较低。林分物种组成差异明显,其中乔木层物种以珍贵树种引种模式最丰富,抚育模式林分物种最少；灌木层物种以封禁模式最多,采育结合模式和抚育模式最少；草本层物种变化趋势与灌木层基本一致。林分高度级和径级结构存在差异,封禁模式林分高度级有5个,补植模式林分高度级有4个,采育结合模式林分只有3个高度级,抚育模式林分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ高度级分布比较均匀。②同一经营模式：不同土壤层次化学性质不同,pH值随土壤层次加深指标值上升,其他化学性质指标值随土壤层次加深而下降。
Secondary forest has become the main body of forest resource in China. Forest resource shortage were caused by unreasonable management and utilization, how to manage secondary forest scientifically is an important theory and practical problem. The paper is a part of the public welfare and forestry:Research on forest thinning and efficicent utilization of southern collective forest (Number:201004032). Based on the summary of the structure, growth law and management technology of secondary forest, Schima superba secondary forest had been taken as the study object in State-owned Forest Farm of Qingshigang. Data of sample plot, sample tree and soil testing were collected, and diameter distribution, competitive growth process, management technical system and effect were studied. In order to solve the problem of thinning object selection, the intermediate cutting index was built. The results solved these problems about beginning time of intermediate cutting, thinning intensity and selection of thinning object, then it formed the management technical system of Schima superba secondary forest. The result and main conclusion have been studied as following:
(1) Study on stand structure in Schima superba secondary forest.
①The quantity was accounted for94.81%of Schima superba which aged between10and24years. Unimodal curve with a peak was formed at14years. The quantity of trees which aged around14years decreased gradually. The quantity was accounted for80.25%of Pinus massoniana which aged between10and24years too. Other trees which aged mainly between5and12years were very few.②Weibull function was used to fitting the diameter distribution of Schima superba secondary forest, and significant difference of the actual value and theoretical fitting value of diameter distribution was verified with method of test for Coriolis. Through comparison between theoretical and practical about skew degree, kurtosis degree of DBH distribution, the applicability of the distribution function was confirmed. The result showed that Weibull function can satisfactorily fit the Schima superba secondary forest.
(2) Study on growth model in Schima superba secondary forest.
In order to confirm the best competitive radius of the Schima superba secondary stand, Hegyi competition index was used to analyze the competitive relationship. According to individual tree basal area accounted for the total stand basal area ratio, species were divided into Schima superb, Pinus massoniana and other tree. According to the standard deviation, competition index was divided into3levels. According to the average competition index, each species was divided into superior tree, mediocre tree and inferior tree, then diameter, height and volume increment process of the superior tree, mediocre tree and inferior tree were imitated separately, The fitting results were as following:①Fitting effective of Johnson Schumacher equation presented the most optimal to diameter growth of all species;②Logistic equation presented the most optimal fitting effective to hight growth of Schima superb superior tree, mediocre tree and Pinus massoniana inferior tree, Gompertz equation presented the most optimal fitting effective to hight growth of Schima superb inferior tree and Pinus massoniana superior tree, while Johnson Schumacher presented the most optimal fitting effective to hight growth of other superior tree, mediocre tree and inferior tree;③Bertalanffy equation presented the most optimal fitting effective to volume growth of all Schima superb and Pinus massoniana. Johnson Schumacher equation presented the most optimal fitting effective to volume growth of other superior tree and mediocre tree, while Richards equation presented the most optimal fitting effective to volume growth of other inferior tree.
(3) Study on competitive growth law in Schima superba secondary forest.
①The First competition pattern:Competition index of Schima superba objective tree which aged between8and15years increased slowly and increased more fast than the former after15years.②The Second competition pattern:Competition index of Schima superba objective tree which aged between4and6years decreased obviously and decreased slowly after6years.③The Third competition pattern:Competition index of Schima superba objective tree which aged between4and6years decreased quickly and which aged between6and8years decreased slowly, while competition index increased continuously and slowly after8years.④The Fourth competition pattern:Competition index of Schima superba objective tree which aged between5and8years showed dramatic decline downtrend and decreased slowly. Competition index was kept between0.2and0.28after9years, but it decreased slowly.
(4) Study on thinning beginning time.
Forstat2.1was used to fit the relationship between competition index and age of objective tree in four competition patterns. The fitting results showed that were the most optimal to competition index of objective tree of all competition patterns with the model (CI=c+b*A+d*A2+e*A3). Competition index is more greater, competition is more intensely. Through calculating, the age was respectively15.8,14.1,15.2,13.9years of the four competition patterns when competition index reached the maximum value. It is consistent to the average age of four competition patterns when the competition strength reached the maximum value, so the thinning beginning time was determined at14-15years of Schima superba secondary forest.
(5) Study on competitive structural unit and the maximum area of competitive structural unit.
One tree which is the nearest to objective tree is chosen as competitive tree in each quadrant, objective tree and four competitive trees form a competitive structural unit, when the objective tree is selected and taken as the center. Area of competitive structural unit is defined that four competitive trees form a quadrilateral. By proof, area of competitive structural unit has a maximum value, but the area has no minimum value.
(6) Study on technology of density control in Schima super ba secondary forest.
Total biomass is taken as the dependent variable, canopy density is taken as the independent variable. Relationship between biomass and canopy density of Schima superba secondary forest was simulated. Fitting result was W总=-18.4531+101.8078P-74.2689P2. The biomass reaches the maximum value when canopy density is0.6854. Canopy density is a function of the average crown width and stand density, average crown width and stand density was used to estimate canopy density. If the canopy density is controlled at0.68, the area of competitive structural unit is more larger, the number of competitive structural unit is less, While each competitive structural unit has five trees, then the least reserved density equal to the number of competitive structural unit multiplied by five. Sample plot No.19had been taken as an example to calculate thinning intensity of Schima superba secondary forest.
(7) Build the intermediate cutting index.
The Brainstorming, Delphi and Meetings was used to filter these indexes that were consisted of intermediate cutting index, then six indexes (degree of freedom, mingling, open comparison, health index, spatial density index and aim index) were selected to build intermediate cutting index. The AHP was used to get weight coefficients of the six indexes. An experiment sample plot had been taken as an example, the value of every index and intermediate cutting index of each tree were calculated. According to the relationship between actual stand density and the least reserved density, thinning intensity and thinning object were determined with intermediate cutting index. It theoretically solved the problem of thinning object selection.
(8) Study on management pattern and effect in Schima superba secondary forest.
According to the management target, six management patterns were designed for Schima superba&Taxus mairei mixed forest. Reasonable technological standard of each management pattern was explored. Contrastive study of management effect in different management pattern was researched.①Among the six management patterns:Soil bulk density, capillary porosity, maximum water-holding capacity and field capacity were without obviously difference, while the total porosity and non-capillary porosity were with significant difference. Soil organic matter content was relatively high, total N, available P and total P content were relatively low. Species composition exists significant difference in tree layer, species were the most in rare tree introduction pattern, while species were the least in thinning pattern. Species were the most of closure pattern in shrub layer and were the least in cutting and planting combination pattern and thinning pattern. Change trend in herbaceous layer was in agreement of shrub layer. Height class and diameter class were different, closure pattern had five height classes, after-culture pattern had four height classes, cutting and planting combination pattern only had three height classes. The distribution of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ height class were balanced in thinning pattern.②In the same management pattern:Chemical properties of different soil layers was with variation. The pH increased with the depth of soil layer, while other indexes decreased.
(1)木荷次生林林分结构研究。①研究样地内年龄在10～24年之间的木荷林木株数约占木荷总株数的94.81%,形成以14年为顶峰,14年左右年龄的林木株数逐渐减少的单峰曲线。年龄在10～24年之间的马尾松株数约占马尾松总株数的80.25%；其他树种林木株数非常少,年龄主要集中在5～12年。②采用Weibull函数模拟木荷次生林直径分布,利用柯氏检验法检验直径分布实际值与拟合理论值的差异显著性,通过直径分布的理论偏度、峭度与实际偏度、峭度比较分析分布函数的适用性。研究表明,Weibull函数能够较好模拟具有不同偏度和峭度变化的木荷次生异龄林。
(2)木荷次生林生长模型研究。采用Hegyi竞争指数分析木荷次生林的竞争关系,研究确定木荷林分的最佳竞争半径(5m)。根据各个树种断面积占林分总断面积比,将树种分为木荷、马尾松和其他树种。根据标准差法将竞争指数值分为3级,将同一树种分为优势木、中庸木和劣势木,分别对木荷、马尾松和其他树种的优势木、中庸木与劣势木的胸径、树高和材积生长过程进行模拟。模拟结果：①各树种优势木、中庸木与劣势木的胸径生长方程拟合效果均以Johnson Schumacher方程最优；②木荷优势木和中庸木及马尾松劣势木、木荷劣势木与马尾松优势木、其他树种的优势木、中庸木和劣势木的树高生长拟合效果分别以Logistic方程、Gompertz方程、Johnson Schumacher方程最优；③木荷、马尾松的优势木、中庸木与劣势木的材积生长拟合效果均以Bertalanffy方程最优,其他树种优势木与中庸木、劣势木的材积生长拟合效果分别以Johnson Schumacher和Richards方程最优。
(3)木荷次生林竞争生长规律研究。①第一种竞争格局：8～15年内木荷对象木竞争指数缓慢增大,15年以后的竞争指数增加幅度加大。②第二种竞争格局：4～6年内竞争指数明显下降,而6年后缓慢下降。③第三种竞争格局：4-6年内对象木竞争指数迅速下降,6～8年内缓慢下降,第8年后对象木竞争指数呈现持续缓慢增大趋势。④第四种竞争格局：5～8年内对象木的竞争指数表现出明显下降趋势,而后缓慢下降。第9年开始,对象木竞争指数基本平稳在0.2～0.28左右,但有缓慢下降的变化趋势。
(4)抚育间伐开始期研究。应用ForStat2.1模拟4种竞争格局中对象木的竞争强度与年龄的关系。模拟结果表明,4种竞争格局中对象木的竞争指数均以模型(CI=c+b*A+d*A2——e*A3)模拟效果最优；竞争指数越大,林木间竞争越激烈。通过计算,第一种、第二种、第三种、第四种竞争格局的竞争达最大值时的年龄分别为15.8年、14.1年、15.2年、13.9年,结果表明4种竞争格局的竞争强度达最大时的目的树种平均年龄非常一致,据此确定研究区域木荷次生林的抚育间伐开始期为14～15年。
(5)竞争结构单元与最大竞争结构单元面积研究。竞争结构单元定义为以对象木为中心,其四个象限内各选1株与对象木最邻近的林木作为竞争木,对象木与4株竞争木组成结构单元。四株竞争木围成的平面四边形的面积称为竞争结构单元面积。通过证明,竞争结构单元平面四边形面积有最大值,其面积有下界但没有最小值。
(6)木荷次生林密度调控技术研究。以总生物量为因变量,郁闭度为自变量,模拟木荷次生林地上部分生物量与郁闭度之间的相关关系,模拟结果为W总=-18.4531+101.8078P-74.2689P2。林分地上部分生物量达最大时,林分的郁闭度为0.6854。林分郁闭度是平均冠半径与林分密度的函数,所以用林分平均冠幅与林分密度来推算林分的郁闭度。若控制郁闭度为0.68,竞争结构单元面积最大时,单位面积上的竞争结构单元的个数最少,而每个竞争结构单元由5株林木构成,则单位面积林分最少保留株数等于最少竞争结构单元个数与每个竞争结构单元林木株数的积,即为林分最少保留密度。以标准地19为例计算木荷次生林抚育间伐强度。
(7)间伐指数构建。结合运用头脑风暴法、Delphi法、会内会外法对构成间伐指数的指标进行筛选,确定构建间伐指数的指标,即自由度、混交度、开阔比数、健康指数、空间密度指数和目的树种特性指数,应用层次分析法求算构成间伐指数6个指标的权重。以标准地资料为例,计算标准地内每株林木的6种指标值及其间伐指数值,根据现实林分密度与最少保留密度的关系,确定抚育强度,依据间伐指数大小确定抚育间伐对象,从理论上解决了抚育间伐对象选择难题。
(8)木荷次生林经营模式及经营效果研究。根据经营目标,以木荷-南方红豆杉混交林为例设计6种经营模式,探索各经营模式的合理技术标准。对不同经营模式的经营效果进行对比研究：①不同经营模式之间：土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、最大持水量和田间持水量无明显差异,而总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度差异显著；土壤有机质含量均较高,全N、全P、有效P含量均相对较低。林分物种组成差异明显,其中乔木层物种以珍贵树种引种模式最丰富,抚育模式林分物种最少；灌木层物种以封禁模式最多,采育结合模式和抚育模式最少；草本层物种变化趋势与灌木层基本一致。林分高度级和径级结构存在差异,封禁模式林分高度级有5个,补植模式林分高度级有4个,采育结合模式林分只有3个高度级,抚育模式林分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ高度级分布比较均匀。②同一经营模式：不同土壤层次化学性质不同,pH值随土壤层次加深指标值上升,其他化学性质指标值随土壤层次加深而下降。
Secondary forest has become the main body of forest resource in China. Forest resource shortage were caused by unreasonable management and utilization, how to manage secondary forest scientifically is an important theory and practical problem. The paper is a part of the public welfare and forestry:Research on forest thinning and efficicent utilization of southern collective forest (Number:201004032). Based on the summary of the structure, growth law and management technology of secondary forest, Schima superba secondary forest had been taken as the study object in State-owned Forest Farm of Qingshigang. Data of sample plot, sample tree and soil testing were collected, and diameter distribution, competitive growth process, management technical system and effect were studied. In order to solve the problem of thinning object selection, the intermediate cutting index was built. The results solved these problems about beginning time of intermediate cutting, thinning intensity and selection of thinning object, then it formed the management technical system of Schima superba secondary forest. The result and main conclusion have been studied as following:
(1) Study on stand structure in Schima superba secondary forest.
①The quantity was accounted for94.81%of Schima superba which aged between10and24years. Unimodal curve with a peak was formed at14years. The quantity of trees which aged around14years decreased gradually. The quantity was accounted for80.25%of Pinus massoniana which aged between10and24years too. Other trees which aged mainly between5and12years were very few.②Weibull function was used to fitting the diameter distribution of Schima superba secondary forest, and significant difference of the actual value and theoretical fitting value of diameter distribution was verified with method of test for Coriolis. Through comparison between theoretical and practical about skew degree, kurtosis degree of DBH distribution, the applicability of the distribution function was confirmed. The result showed that Weibull function can satisfactorily fit the Schima superba secondary forest.
(2) Study on growth model in Schima superba secondary forest.
In order to confirm the best competitive radius of the Schima superba secondary stand, Hegyi competition index was used to analyze the competitive relationship. According to individual tree basal area accounted for the total stand basal area ratio, species were divided into Schima superb, Pinus massoniana and other tree. According to the standard deviation, competition index was divided into3levels. According to the average competition index, each species was divided into superior tree, mediocre tree and inferior tree, then diameter, height and volume increment process of the superior tree, mediocre tree and inferior tree were imitated separately, The fitting results were as following:①Fitting effective of Johnson Schumacher equation presented the most optimal to diameter growth of all species;②Logistic equation presented the most optimal fitting effective to hight growth of Schima superb superior tree, mediocre tree and Pinus massoniana inferior tree, Gompertz equation presented the most optimal fitting effective to hight growth of Schima superb inferior tree and Pinus massoniana superior tree, while Johnson Schumacher presented the most optimal fitting effective to hight growth of other superior tree, mediocre tree and inferior tree;③Bertalanffy equation presented the most optimal fitting effective to volume growth of all Schima superb and Pinus massoniana. Johnson Schumacher equation presented the most optimal fitting effective to volume growth of other superior tree and mediocre tree, while Richards equation presented the most optimal fitting effective to volume growth of other inferior tree.
(3) Study on competitive growth law in Schima superba secondary forest.
①The First competition pattern:Competition index of Schima superba objective tree which aged between8and15years increased slowly and increased more fast than the former after15years.②The Second competition pattern:Competition index of Schima superba objective tree which aged between4and6years decreased obviously and decreased slowly after6years.③The Third competition pattern:Competition index of Schima superba objective tree which aged between4and6years decreased quickly and which aged between6and8years decreased slowly, while competition index increased continuously and slowly after8years.④The Fourth competition pattern:Competition index of Schima superba objective tree which aged between5and8years showed dramatic decline downtrend and decreased slowly. Competition index was kept between0.2and0.28after9years, but it decreased slowly.
(4) Study on thinning beginning time.
Forstat2.1was used to fit the relationship between competition index and age of objective tree in four competition patterns. The fitting results showed that were the most optimal to competition index of objective tree of all competition patterns with the model (CI=c+b*A+d*A2+e*A3). Competition index is more greater, competition is more intensely. Through calculating, the age was respectively15.8,14.1,15.2,13.9years of the four competition patterns when competition index reached the maximum value. It is consistent to the average age of four competition patterns when the competition strength reached the maximum value, so the thinning beginning time was determined at14-15years of Schima superba secondary forest.
(5) Study on competitive structural unit and the maximum area of competitive structural unit.
One tree which is the nearest to objective tree is chosen as competitive tree in each quadrant, objective tree and four competitive trees form a competitive structural unit, when the objective tree is selected and taken as the center. Area of competitive structural unit is defined that four competitive trees form a quadrilateral. By proof, area of competitive structural unit has a maximum value, but the area has no minimum value.
(6) Study on technology of density control in Schima super ba secondary forest.
Total biomass is taken as the dependent variable, canopy density is taken as the independent variable. Relationship between biomass and canopy density of Schima superba secondary forest was simulated. Fitting result was W总=-18.4531+101.8078P-74.2689P2. The biomass reaches the maximum value when canopy density is0.6854. Canopy density is a function of the average crown width and stand density, average crown width and stand density was used to estimate canopy density. If the canopy density is controlled at0.68, the area of competitive structural unit is more larger, the number of competitive structural unit is less, While each competitive structural unit has five trees, then the least reserved density equal to the number of competitive structural unit multiplied by five. Sample plot No.19had been taken as an example to calculate thinning intensity of Schima superba secondary forest.
(7) Build the intermediate cutting index.
The Brainstorming, Delphi and Meetings was used to filter these indexes that were consisted of intermediate cutting index, then six indexes (degree of freedom, mingling, open comparison, health index, spatial density index and aim index) were selected to build intermediate cutting index. The AHP was used to get weight coefficients of the six indexes. An experiment sample plot had been taken as an example, the value of every index and intermediate cutting index of each tree were calculated. According to the relationship between actual stand density and the least reserved density, thinning intensity and thinning object were determined with intermediate cutting index. It theoretically solved the problem of thinning object selection.
(8) Study on management pattern and effect in Schima superba secondary forest.
According to the management target, six management patterns were designed for Schima superba&Taxus mairei mixed forest. Reasonable technological standard of each management pattern was explored. Contrastive study of management effect in different management pattern was researched.①Among the six management patterns:Soil bulk density, capillary porosity, maximum water-holding capacity and field capacity were without obviously difference, while the total porosity and non-capillary porosity were with significant difference. Soil organic matter content was relatively high, total N, available P and total P content were relatively low. Species composition exists significant difference in tree layer, species were the most in rare tree introduction pattern, while species were the least in thinning pattern. Species were the most of closure pattern in shrub layer and were the least in cutting and planting combination pattern and thinning pattern. Change trend in herbaceous layer was in agreement of shrub layer. Height class and diameter class were different, closure pattern had five height classes, after-culture pattern had four height classes, cutting and planting combination pattern only had three height classes. The distribution of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ height class were balanced in thinning pattern.②In the same management pattern:Chemical properties of different soil layers was with variation. The pH increased with the depth of soil layer, while other indexes decreased.
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