基于列车—桥梁耦合振动响应的桥梁损伤识别方法研究
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摘要
本文是国家自然科学基金项目“基于车桥耦合振动分析的桥梁损伤诊断方法研究”(51078029)的研究成果之一。
目前常用的桥梁损伤检测方法往往需要进行中断交通、封闭桥梁,导致检测时间多局限于凌晨区段进行,以避免对交通运输造成影响,对于一些交通非常繁忙的线路,中断交通是很难实现的。因此如何在不影响桥梁正常营运的前提下,对桥梁进行评估诊断是目前世界各国工程界最为关心的研究议题之一。
使用工作状态下桥梁结构振动信号识别桥梁损伤无须中断交通,而且利于长期健康监测。本研究对基于车桥耦合振动分析的桥梁损伤诊断方法进行了研究,主要研究工作和成果如下：
(1)使用了一种利用过桥车辆响应而不是桥梁响应来识别桥梁频率的方法,并设计了一个3跨连续梁和一个1：10的模型车辆来验证这一方法。结果证明通过车辆响应的功率谱可以识别出桥梁频率。
(2)分析了桥梁和车辆位移、速度、加速度等响应对桥梁损伤的敏感性。使用少量桥梁或车辆测点的时域响应,通过灵敏度方法来识别桥梁结构损伤和支座变化,并分析了不同参数对识别结果的影响。讨论了桥梁单元较多时的一些特殊处理方法(如单元缩减、结果可视化等)。
(3)定义了桥梁振动能量密度的概念,并以此为参考量,提出了一种利用车激桥梁振动能量密度灵敏度识别桥梁损伤的方法,改善了使用响应灵敏度方法没有充分利用各测点联系以及计算量过大的缺点,同时能够很大程度的抑制个别测点的高水平噪声。在此基础上进一步提出了加窗能量密度的概念,不但提高了结果的精度,而且很大程度的减少了运算量。
(4)提出了一种利用车激桥梁响应互相关函数灵敏度识别桥梁损伤的方法,通过记录设置在桥梁上的两个测点的加速度响应,比较桥梁损伤前后两点响应的互相关函数的变化值,使用灵敏度方法来识别桥梁损伤。使用互相关函数灵敏度方法可以提高识别结果的准确性,而且计算较简单,收敛速度较快,同时能够很大程度的抑制测点的高水平噪声,对桥梁多单元损伤也有较好的识别结果。
(5)研究了两种小波灵敏度方法来识别桥梁损伤,它们分别使用了桥梁的离散小波和小波包分解分量。这两种灵敏度方法都很大程度的提高了识别结果的精度,并大大缩短了运算时间。同时还探讨了直接对车-桥响应进行连续小波变换来识别桥梁损伤的无模型损伤识别方法。
(6)初步探讨了当车辆某参数值不确定时基于桥梁在线振动响应的桥梁损伤识别方法。通过计算损伤识别结果对随机车辆参数的灵敏度并由此得到损伤因子的数学期望及方差,进一步得到各单元的损伤因子可能分布区间。
This research is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No.51078029).
Bridge damage detection methods often need to interrupt traffic and close bridges, so the tests are often limited to be taken in the early morning to avoid the impact ontraffics, and it is difficult to interrupt traffic in some very busy lines. Therefore, how to detect the bridge damage without affecting the normal operating of bridges becomes one of the most concerned research topics.
The bridge damage detection method based on the bridge response under working condition does not need to disrupt traffic, and is conducive to long-term health monitoring. The main research work and results are as follows:
1. A technique based on the response of vehicle rather than that of bridge is used to identify the bridge frequency. A three-span continuous bridge and a1:10model train are designed to verify this technique. It is confirmed that the bridge frequency can be easily identified from the response spectrum of the vehicle.
2. The sensitivity of the responses of bridges and vehicles to the bridge damage is studied. The responses of a few measure points of the bridge and vehicle are used to detect the structure damage and the change of the support stiffness by the sensitivity method. Moreover, the influence of different parameters on the detect results is studied. Besides, when the number of the bridge element is too many, some special methods are presented, such as elements reduction methods and results visualization.
3. The concept of bridge vibration energy density is defined, and a new method is proposed to detect bridge damage using the vibration energy density sensitivity. This method has advantages in multiple measuring points, improving the defects of response sensitivity method which does not make full use of the connections of each measuring point and has a large amount of calculation, and can greatly inhibit the high noise of individual measuring point. A concept of windowed energy density is proposed further, which can get more accurate result and smaller calculating amount.
4. A new method is proposed to detect bridge damage using the response cross-correlation function sensitivity, in which the acceleration responses of two measuring points on the bridge are recorded, then the changes of the cross-correlation function of these two responses are compared before and after bridge is damaged, and the sensitivity method is used to identify the bridge damage. The response cross-correlation function sensitivity method can increase the accuracy of identified results, which has advantages of simple operation, fast convergence rate, and high ability of inhibiting the noise of measuring point. It can also offer good results in identification of multiple damaged locations in bridges.
5. Two wavelet sensitivity methods are studied to detect bridge damage using the discrete wavelet transformation and wavelet packet decomposition of the bridge responses, respectively. These two methods can get more accurate result and smaller calculating amount. A technique based on continuous wavelet analysis of the responses of the bridge and vehicles is also proposed for bridge damage detection.
6. A framework is presented to detect bridge damage with uncertain parameters of passing vehicles based on the dynamic response of bridge. By computing the sensitivities of the identified damage indices responses to the vehicle parameter, the mathematical expectations and standard deviations of the damage indices can be obtained. Furthermore, the probability estimate of the damage indices can be obtained.
目前常用的桥梁损伤检测方法往往需要进行中断交通、封闭桥梁,导致检测时间多局限于凌晨区段进行,以避免对交通运输造成影响,对于一些交通非常繁忙的线路,中断交通是很难实现的。因此如何在不影响桥梁正常营运的前提下,对桥梁进行评估诊断是目前世界各国工程界最为关心的研究议题之一。
使用工作状态下桥梁结构振动信号识别桥梁损伤无须中断交通,而且利于长期健康监测。本研究对基于车桥耦合振动分析的桥梁损伤诊断方法进行了研究,主要研究工作和成果如下：
(1)使用了一种利用过桥车辆响应而不是桥梁响应来识别桥梁频率的方法,并设计了一个3跨连续梁和一个1：10的模型车辆来验证这一方法。结果证明通过车辆响应的功率谱可以识别出桥梁频率。
(2)分析了桥梁和车辆位移、速度、加速度等响应对桥梁损伤的敏感性。使用少量桥梁或车辆测点的时域响应,通过灵敏度方法来识别桥梁结构损伤和支座变化,并分析了不同参数对识别结果的影响。讨论了桥梁单元较多时的一些特殊处理方法(如单元缩减、结果可视化等)。
(3)定义了桥梁振动能量密度的概念,并以此为参考量,提出了一种利用车激桥梁振动能量密度灵敏度识别桥梁损伤的方法,改善了使用响应灵敏度方法没有充分利用各测点联系以及计算量过大的缺点,同时能够很大程度的抑制个别测点的高水平噪声。在此基础上进一步提出了加窗能量密度的概念,不但提高了结果的精度,而且很大程度的减少了运算量。
(4)提出了一种利用车激桥梁响应互相关函数灵敏度识别桥梁损伤的方法,通过记录设置在桥梁上的两个测点的加速度响应,比较桥梁损伤前后两点响应的互相关函数的变化值,使用灵敏度方法来识别桥梁损伤。使用互相关函数灵敏度方法可以提高识别结果的准确性,而且计算较简单,收敛速度较快,同时能够很大程度的抑制测点的高水平噪声,对桥梁多单元损伤也有较好的识别结果。
(5)研究了两种小波灵敏度方法来识别桥梁损伤,它们分别使用了桥梁的离散小波和小波包分解分量。这两种灵敏度方法都很大程度的提高了识别结果的精度,并大大缩短了运算时间。同时还探讨了直接对车-桥响应进行连续小波变换来识别桥梁损伤的无模型损伤识别方法。
(6)初步探讨了当车辆某参数值不确定时基于桥梁在线振动响应的桥梁损伤识别方法。通过计算损伤识别结果对随机车辆参数的灵敏度并由此得到损伤因子的数学期望及方差,进一步得到各单元的损伤因子可能分布区间。
This research is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No.51078029).
Bridge damage detection methods often need to interrupt traffic and close bridges, so the tests are often limited to be taken in the early morning to avoid the impact ontraffics, and it is difficult to interrupt traffic in some very busy lines. Therefore, how to detect the bridge damage without affecting the normal operating of bridges becomes one of the most concerned research topics.
The bridge damage detection method based on the bridge response under working condition does not need to disrupt traffic, and is conducive to long-term health monitoring. The main research work and results are as follows:
1. A technique based on the response of vehicle rather than that of bridge is used to identify the bridge frequency. A three-span continuous bridge and a1:10model train are designed to verify this technique. It is confirmed that the bridge frequency can be easily identified from the response spectrum of the vehicle.
2. The sensitivity of the responses of bridges and vehicles to the bridge damage is studied. The responses of a few measure points of the bridge and vehicle are used to detect the structure damage and the change of the support stiffness by the sensitivity method. Moreover, the influence of different parameters on the detect results is studied. Besides, when the number of the bridge element is too many, some special methods are presented, such as elements reduction methods and results visualization.
3. The concept of bridge vibration energy density is defined, and a new method is proposed to detect bridge damage using the vibration energy density sensitivity. This method has advantages in multiple measuring points, improving the defects of response sensitivity method which does not make full use of the connections of each measuring point and has a large amount of calculation, and can greatly inhibit the high noise of individual measuring point. A concept of windowed energy density is proposed further, which can get more accurate result and smaller calculating amount.
4. A new method is proposed to detect bridge damage using the response cross-correlation function sensitivity, in which the acceleration responses of two measuring points on the bridge are recorded, then the changes of the cross-correlation function of these two responses are compared before and after bridge is damaged, and the sensitivity method is used to identify the bridge damage. The response cross-correlation function sensitivity method can increase the accuracy of identified results, which has advantages of simple operation, fast convergence rate, and high ability of inhibiting the noise of measuring point. It can also offer good results in identification of multiple damaged locations in bridges.
5. Two wavelet sensitivity methods are studied to detect bridge damage using the discrete wavelet transformation and wavelet packet decomposition of the bridge responses, respectively. These two methods can get more accurate result and smaller calculating amount. A technique based on continuous wavelet analysis of the responses of the bridge and vehicles is also proposed for bridge damage detection.
6. A framework is presented to detect bridge damage with uncertain parameters of passing vehicles based on the dynamic response of bridge. By computing the sensitivities of the identified damage indices responses to the vehicle parameter, the mathematical expectations and standard deviations of the damage indices can be obtained. Furthermore, the probability estimate of the damage indices can be obtained.
引文
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