基于生态视角的企业可持续发展系统分析与评价研究
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摘要
企业可持续发展问题研究是以解决现实中企业“有成长而无持续”这一普遍现象为基本问题导向的。“有成长而无持续”指的是企业在经历了成功与发展之后,转而出现成长减速、停滞甚至衰亡的情况。企业可持续发展问题是所有企业共同面临的难题,即使是国际知名大企业也不例外。企业的这种“有发展而无持续”的现象,并非某一国家、某一产业存在的特殊情况,而是经济社会生活中一种普遍性的存在。上述问题引发了作者对以下问题的思考：现实中是否真的存在所谓的发展极限?企业是否存在可持续发展的客观可能性?
当然,我们也注意到,现实中也存在着一些“例外”企业,它们并没有在成长之后出现停滞,而是持续保持着良好的成长势头,世界上确实存在着许多长寿公司,在欧州、北美和日本,寿命在100年以上的公司有30家,包括杜邦、柯达、三井、和西门子等,而历史最长久的当属以纸桨业起家的瑞典斯托拉(Stora)公司,已经存在700多年了。同时,这些企业生命力依然旺盛,雄风不减当年,是可持续发展企业的典范。此外,还有一些企业在经历了一段时间的发展停滞和衰退之后,又通过各种努力重新恢复生机,例如IBM公司。那么,在企业多样化的发展轨迹和发展现象背后,是否存在支配企业可持续发展的一般性规律?支配企业可持续发展的一般性规律是什么?企业可持续发展过程是可以控制或施加影响的吗?又如何对企业可持续发展过程进行有效控制和影响从而使其实现可持续发展?又如何对企业的可持续发展力进行评价?
本文的研究正是基于对上述问题的思考和回答而展开的。这一研究不仅具有理论层面的研究价值,也具有重要的现实意义,其主要体现在以下几个方面：
首先,企业可持续发展是企业乃至整个社会面临的重要课题。因为社会的发展最终是由组织、企业、个人等的共同努力推动的,企业作为基本而重要的微观单元,对整个社会的发展起着至关重要的作用,同时又反作用于整个社会环境。当前社会正处在知识经济时代,环境变化迅速,信息爆炸、稍有疏忽,就会陷入困境,被兼并收购,甚至破产,这样的事情每天都在发生。对于多数企业来讲,其在消亡的过程中往往是个人成本和社会成本的双重损失。在产品、技术、知识等创新速度日益加快的今天,可持续发展是企业在激烈的竞争中的一种生存方式,发展的可持续性已成为现代企业面临的一个比管理效率更为重要的课题,一个比管理效率更难实现的目标。
其次,企业的可持续发展是国家经济持续增长的基石。企业是一个国家经济的基本细胞,国家经济的可持续增长直接依赖于企业的可持续发展。特别是在全球经济一体化的进程中,由于企业的国际竞争力与国家竞争力之间存在较强的正相关性,竞争实际上并不是在国家之间,而是在企业之间进行的。因此,一国经济要实现繁荣与可持续增长,企业的可持续发展是不可缺少的关键因素。
本文运用可持续发展理论从生态视角来研究企业的可持续发展。本文认为,任何企业都是由若干个人所组成的有机整体,企业如同一切生物体一样,都有一个出生、发展、衰亡的生命运动过程。也就是说,企业应是有生命的机体,像自然界中的某个生物体单元一样具有一定的生态位。企业生存在由自然、人口、政治、经济、技术、社会文化等组成的宏观企业生态环境和由企业个体、竞争者、供应商、消费者、媒体公众组成的微观企业生态环境,企业只有适应环境才能生存和可持续发展。本文借用生态位理论来揭示企业生态位的本质,并建立企业可持续发展系统的评价方法。
本文在综合其它学者研究成果的基础上,从可持续发展的内涵及生态视角的角度出发,按照企业的系统结构由外到内,把企业的可持续发展能力看作是由社会收入与经济发展水平、政治生态与法律环境、行业发展与同业竞争、市场环境、技术环境、消费者需求、自然资源、企业战略、组织结构、企业制度、企业家、企业文化、企业员工、资产状况、信息技术与知识管理、财务状况等系统维度为自变量的一个函数,即企业可持续发展能力D=F(社会收入与经济发展水平,政治生态与法律环境,行业发展与同业竞争,市场环境,技术环境,消费者需求,自然资源,企业战略,组织结构,企业制度,企业家,企业文化,企业员工,资产状况,信息技术与知识管理,财务状况)二层面16维度的企业可持续发展评价模型。
本文通过对山西省内104家民营企业的实际调查以分析企业可持续发展评价指标,建立了企业可持续发展评价模型。本文运用因子分析方法和聚类分析法,从反映某些企业可持续发展指标的众多变量中,提取几个主要的公因子。每个因子代表一种重要影响。通过对提取出的这些重要因子,既可以使我们能够分析出企业成长环境发展不可观测的影响因素,而且可以简化数据结构,确定综合评价数学模型的权重,从而计算出综合评价值。最后,通过对可持续发展能力位居前30名企业进行了实证分析,得出如下结论：
1.企业可持续发展系统是一个复杂的生态系统。可以应用可持续发展理论、生态学基本理论、复杂适应性理论来分析和认识企业的可持续发展能力。
2.企业生态位是企业在特定的外部环境中所占据的空空位置和所发挥的功能,与生物生态位相比,企业生态位不是被动的、相对稳定的,而是动态的、具有自动选择和由企业间的竞争行为决定的,企业在企业生态系统中的生态位是企业竞争实力的标志。
3.为了进一步对企业可持续发展能力进行评价,运用因子分析法,然后根据不同因子的贡献比例,对影响企业可持续发展的因子进行了重命名,得出了企业可持续发展力评价EHI模型。
4.本文从汲取中国的经典智慧成果出发,并借鉴西方企业理论的优秀成果,受生态学理论和物理学规律的启发,认为企业要保持持续成长的竞争优势,在一定的区域内必须占据合适的生态位,形成自己的竞争能。并认为企业的竞争能应涵盖在两个方面,这就是企业势能和企业动能。企业势能主要由企业所处的生态位和企业自身的综合质量所决定,企业动能则由企业本身的综合质量和企业发展的速度因子所决定。并受物理学势能方程和爱因斯坦质能方程的启发,提出了企业势能方程和企业动能方程。这是本文的另一创新之处。
5.企业的竞争能要转化为企业的竞争力,也必须具备与之相对应的三大要素：企业的团队领袖、行之有效的执行系统、企业储备的竞争能。
Enterprise sustainable growth research is aiming to solve the enterprise "to have the growth not to continue" this common phenomenon as the basic issue-oriented approach. "To have the growth not to continue" means the enterprise present growth deceleration, stagnation, and decline after they experienced the success and development. The enterprise sustainable growth is the difficult problem which all enterprises face together, even the world famous enterprise included. This phenomenon is not exceptional, but universal. The above question made the author to think:whether the development has a limit? Could the enterprise have a sustainable growth?
However, some foreign enterprises didn't have those obstacles. They kept growing no matter what had happened. For instance, DuPont, Kodak, Mitsubishi, and Simons, they all had been developed for 100years. Especially the Stora, it has a 700 years'development. They all are the models of enterprise sustainable growth. Besides, some enterprise tried everything to recover after experienced some stagnation and decline, just like IBM. Does it have some laws behind the track of the enterprise sustainable development? What are those laws? Does the development can be controlled or affected? How to control or affect it?
This research is just based on the thinking and answers to that question? It contains two aspects.
First of all, the enterprise sustainable growth is the important topic which the enterprise and the entire society face. As the basic unit of the society, the enterprise is very important to the whole society, and the society also affects the enterprise simultaneously. Owing to the information explosion, the environmental rapid variation, the enterprise can fall into dilemma easily, these happened everyday. For the most enterprises, being died out is a dual loss for individual and society. Enterprise sustainable growth is a survival way in this competitive society.
Second of all, enterprise's sustainable growth is the state economy sustained growth cornerstone. The enterprise is a state economy ground cell; the state economy sustainable growth relies on directly enterprise's sustainable growth. There is much competition between the enterprises, but not between the countries.
This research utilizes the sustainable development theory to study enterprise's sustainable growth from the ecology angle of view. The enterprise should be an organism, just like some organism unit to have certain ecology position in nature. This article uses the ecology position theory to promulgate essence of the enterprise ecology position.
Enterprise sustainable development ability D=F (Social return and economic development level, Political ecology and legal environment, Profession development with trade or craft competition, Market environment, Technical environment, Consumer demand, natural resource, enterprise strategy, organizational structure, enterprise system, entrepreneur, enterprise culture, enterprise staff, property condition, information technology and knowledge management, financial situation) which is an two stratification plane 16 dimension enterprise sustainable growth evaluation model.
This article utilizes the factorial analysis and the cluster analytic method, withdraws several main common factors from the numerous variables, which reflected certain enterprise sustainable growth target. Each factor represents one kind of material effect. By analyzing those factors, the research concludes that:
The enterprise sustainable growth system is a complex ecosystem. It can be studied by applying the sustainable development theory, the ecology elementary theory, and the complex compatible theory to analyze and understand the enterprise's sustainable growth ability.
Enterprise ecology position is the space they occupied and the function they perform. It is not passive, relative stabilization, but dynamic, decided by the enterprise'competitive strength.
In order to carry on appraisals to the enterprise sustainable growth ability, the author utilizes the factor analytic method to build an EHI model that can estimate it.
The enterprise must maintain the competitive advantage, occupy the appropriate ecology position in certain region, and form their competition energy. The competition energy should contain two aspects:Enterprise Potential Energy and Enterprise Kinetic Energy.
Three essential factors:Enterprise's team leaders, the effective executive system, and the enterprise stockpile competition energy.
当然,我们也注意到,现实中也存在着一些“例外”企业,它们并没有在成长之后出现停滞,而是持续保持着良好的成长势头,世界上确实存在着许多长寿公司,在欧州、北美和日本,寿命在100年以上的公司有30家,包括杜邦、柯达、三井、和西门子等,而历史最长久的当属以纸桨业起家的瑞典斯托拉(Stora)公司,已经存在700多年了。同时,这些企业生命力依然旺盛,雄风不减当年,是可持续发展企业的典范。此外,还有一些企业在经历了一段时间的发展停滞和衰退之后,又通过各种努力重新恢复生机,例如IBM公司。那么,在企业多样化的发展轨迹和发展现象背后,是否存在支配企业可持续发展的一般性规律?支配企业可持续发展的一般性规律是什么?企业可持续发展过程是可以控制或施加影响的吗?又如何对企业可持续发展过程进行有效控制和影响从而使其实现可持续发展?又如何对企业的可持续发展力进行评价?
本文的研究正是基于对上述问题的思考和回答而展开的。这一研究不仅具有理论层面的研究价值,也具有重要的现实意义,其主要体现在以下几个方面：
首先,企业可持续发展是企业乃至整个社会面临的重要课题。因为社会的发展最终是由组织、企业、个人等的共同努力推动的,企业作为基本而重要的微观单元,对整个社会的发展起着至关重要的作用,同时又反作用于整个社会环境。当前社会正处在知识经济时代,环境变化迅速,信息爆炸、稍有疏忽,就会陷入困境,被兼并收购,甚至破产,这样的事情每天都在发生。对于多数企业来讲,其在消亡的过程中往往是个人成本和社会成本的双重损失。在产品、技术、知识等创新速度日益加快的今天,可持续发展是企业在激烈的竞争中的一种生存方式,发展的可持续性已成为现代企业面临的一个比管理效率更为重要的课题,一个比管理效率更难实现的目标。
其次,企业的可持续发展是国家经济持续增长的基石。企业是一个国家经济的基本细胞,国家经济的可持续增长直接依赖于企业的可持续发展。特别是在全球经济一体化的进程中,由于企业的国际竞争力与国家竞争力之间存在较强的正相关性,竞争实际上并不是在国家之间,而是在企业之间进行的。因此,一国经济要实现繁荣与可持续增长,企业的可持续发展是不可缺少的关键因素。
本文运用可持续发展理论从生态视角来研究企业的可持续发展。本文认为,任何企业都是由若干个人所组成的有机整体,企业如同一切生物体一样,都有一个出生、发展、衰亡的生命运动过程。也就是说,企业应是有生命的机体,像自然界中的某个生物体单元一样具有一定的生态位。企业生存在由自然、人口、政治、经济、技术、社会文化等组成的宏观企业生态环境和由企业个体、竞争者、供应商、消费者、媒体公众组成的微观企业生态环境,企业只有适应环境才能生存和可持续发展。本文借用生态位理论来揭示企业生态位的本质,并建立企业可持续发展系统的评价方法。
本文在综合其它学者研究成果的基础上,从可持续发展的内涵及生态视角的角度出发,按照企业的系统结构由外到内,把企业的可持续发展能力看作是由社会收入与经济发展水平、政治生态与法律环境、行业发展与同业竞争、市场环境、技术环境、消费者需求、自然资源、企业战略、组织结构、企业制度、企业家、企业文化、企业员工、资产状况、信息技术与知识管理、财务状况等系统维度为自变量的一个函数,即企业可持续发展能力D=F(社会收入与经济发展水平,政治生态与法律环境,行业发展与同业竞争,市场环境,技术环境,消费者需求,自然资源,企业战略,组织结构,企业制度,企业家,企业文化,企业员工,资产状况,信息技术与知识管理,财务状况)二层面16维度的企业可持续发展评价模型。
本文通过对山西省内104家民营企业的实际调查以分析企业可持续发展评价指标,建立了企业可持续发展评价模型。本文运用因子分析方法和聚类分析法,从反映某些企业可持续发展指标的众多变量中,提取几个主要的公因子。每个因子代表一种重要影响。通过对提取出的这些重要因子,既可以使我们能够分析出企业成长环境发展不可观测的影响因素,而且可以简化数据结构,确定综合评价数学模型的权重,从而计算出综合评价值。最后,通过对可持续发展能力位居前30名企业进行了实证分析,得出如下结论：
1.企业可持续发展系统是一个复杂的生态系统。可以应用可持续发展理论、生态学基本理论、复杂适应性理论来分析和认识企业的可持续发展能力。
2.企业生态位是企业在特定的外部环境中所占据的空空位置和所发挥的功能,与生物生态位相比,企业生态位不是被动的、相对稳定的,而是动态的、具有自动选择和由企业间的竞争行为决定的,企业在企业生态系统中的生态位是企业竞争实力的标志。
3.为了进一步对企业可持续发展能力进行评价,运用因子分析法,然后根据不同因子的贡献比例,对影响企业可持续发展的因子进行了重命名,得出了企业可持续发展力评价EHI模型。
4.本文从汲取中国的经典智慧成果出发,并借鉴西方企业理论的优秀成果,受生态学理论和物理学规律的启发,认为企业要保持持续成长的竞争优势,在一定的区域内必须占据合适的生态位,形成自己的竞争能。并认为企业的竞争能应涵盖在两个方面,这就是企业势能和企业动能。企业势能主要由企业所处的生态位和企业自身的综合质量所决定,企业动能则由企业本身的综合质量和企业发展的速度因子所决定。并受物理学势能方程和爱因斯坦质能方程的启发,提出了企业势能方程和企业动能方程。这是本文的另一创新之处。
5.企业的竞争能要转化为企业的竞争力,也必须具备与之相对应的三大要素：企业的团队领袖、行之有效的执行系统、企业储备的竞争能。
Enterprise sustainable growth research is aiming to solve the enterprise "to have the growth not to continue" this common phenomenon as the basic issue-oriented approach. "To have the growth not to continue" means the enterprise present growth deceleration, stagnation, and decline after they experienced the success and development. The enterprise sustainable growth is the difficult problem which all enterprises face together, even the world famous enterprise included. This phenomenon is not exceptional, but universal. The above question made the author to think:whether the development has a limit? Could the enterprise have a sustainable growth?
However, some foreign enterprises didn't have those obstacles. They kept growing no matter what had happened. For instance, DuPont, Kodak, Mitsubishi, and Simons, they all had been developed for 100years. Especially the Stora, it has a 700 years'development. They all are the models of enterprise sustainable growth. Besides, some enterprise tried everything to recover after experienced some stagnation and decline, just like IBM. Does it have some laws behind the track of the enterprise sustainable development? What are those laws? Does the development can be controlled or affected? How to control or affect it?
This research is just based on the thinking and answers to that question? It contains two aspects.
First of all, the enterprise sustainable growth is the important topic which the enterprise and the entire society face. As the basic unit of the society, the enterprise is very important to the whole society, and the society also affects the enterprise simultaneously. Owing to the information explosion, the environmental rapid variation, the enterprise can fall into dilemma easily, these happened everyday. For the most enterprises, being died out is a dual loss for individual and society. Enterprise sustainable growth is a survival way in this competitive society.
Second of all, enterprise's sustainable growth is the state economy sustained growth cornerstone. The enterprise is a state economy ground cell; the state economy sustainable growth relies on directly enterprise's sustainable growth. There is much competition between the enterprises, but not between the countries.
This research utilizes the sustainable development theory to study enterprise's sustainable growth from the ecology angle of view. The enterprise should be an organism, just like some organism unit to have certain ecology position in nature. This article uses the ecology position theory to promulgate essence of the enterprise ecology position.
Enterprise sustainable development ability D=F (Social return and economic development level, Political ecology and legal environment, Profession development with trade or craft competition, Market environment, Technical environment, Consumer demand, natural resource, enterprise strategy, organizational structure, enterprise system, entrepreneur, enterprise culture, enterprise staff, property condition, information technology and knowledge management, financial situation) which is an two stratification plane 16 dimension enterprise sustainable growth evaluation model.
This article utilizes the factorial analysis and the cluster analytic method, withdraws several main common factors from the numerous variables, which reflected certain enterprise sustainable growth target. Each factor represents one kind of material effect. By analyzing those factors, the research concludes that:
The enterprise sustainable growth system is a complex ecosystem. It can be studied by applying the sustainable development theory, the ecology elementary theory, and the complex compatible theory to analyze and understand the enterprise's sustainable growth ability.
Enterprise ecology position is the space they occupied and the function they perform. It is not passive, relative stabilization, but dynamic, decided by the enterprise'competitive strength.
In order to carry on appraisals to the enterprise sustainable growth ability, the author utilizes the factor analytic method to build an EHI model that can estimate it.
The enterprise must maintain the competitive advantage, occupy the appropriate ecology position in certain region, and form their competition energy. The competition energy should contain two aspects:Enterprise Potential Energy and Enterprise Kinetic Energy.
Three essential factors:Enterprise's team leaders, the effective executive system, and the enterprise stockpile competition energy.
引文
①苗莉.创业视角下的企业持续成长问题研究.辽宁,东北财经大学出版社,2007,6-8
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