云蒙山变质核杂岩的演化及其与华北克拉通破坏的关系
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摘要
华北克拉通破坏和岩石圈减薄是目前地球动力学的研究热点，主要表现为岩石圈厚度的减薄、热流值的增加、大规模岩浆活动、变质核杂岩及大规模伸展盆地的发育。变质核杂岩是岩石圈减薄最显著的表现之一，反映了地壳深部的变形特征。云蒙山变质核杂岩位于华北克拉通北缘的燕山构造带中段，因其特殊的构造位置，成为研究华北克拉通破坏和燕山运动的理想对象。
通过对云蒙山地区详细的野外地质调查，本文重新厘定了两个重要的韧性剪切带（四合堂剪切带和大水峪剪切带）和一系列NE—NNE向脆性正断层（如河防口断层和崎峰茶-琉璃庙断层）。四合堂剪切带受后期均衡隆升影响呈弧状分布于云蒙山岩基的西部、北部及东北部，主要沿云蒙山岩基与太古代变质基底及元古代盖层的接触带发育。露头构造、显微构造、石英C轴组构皆指示剪切带上盘向SSW运动。云蒙山岩基的北部地层倒转现象，指示四合堂剪切带为逆冲型剪切带。
大水峪剪切带位于云蒙山岩基的东南缘，呈NE—NNE向，为一上盘向SE运动的伸展剪切带。该剪切带倾向南东，倾角呈现为北缓（20°左右）南陡（60°左右）的特点，并具有一致向SE顷伏的矿物拉伸线理。该剪切带中、南段暴露韧性剪切带，而北段为脆性正断层，显示向北东方向剥露层次变浅。云蒙山岩基东、西两侧发育一系列NE—NNE向脆性正断层。东侧的河防口正断层主体沿大水峪剪切带东缘发育，切割或沿早期大水峪剪切带面理发育。该断层倾向南东，倾角20°-70°，控制了早白垩世张家口组火山岩充填的断陷盆地。崎峰茶-琉璃庙正断层发育在云蒙山岩基西侧变质基底内，呈NE走向，倾向NW，倾角在60°左右。
显微构造分析显示，四合堂剪切带和大水峪剪切带糜棱岩内石英皆以颗粒边界迁移型重结晶（GBM）为主，但前者长石表现为嵌入型（BLG）和亚颗粒旋转型（SR）重结晶，而后者长石呈现为脆性碎裂和BLG型重结晶。再结合剪切带内石英C轴组构特点，估计四合堂剪切带的变形温度为400℃-600℃，大水峪剪切带的变形温度为300℃-520℃。本文利用石英C轴组构与主应变比值法、临界形态因子法和斜列颗粒形态法对这两个剪切带进行了运动学涡度值的测量。四合堂剪切带的涡度值介于0.61-0.8，表明具有较大的纯剪分量。大水峪剪切带的涡度值介于0.75-0.98之间，指示单剪变形为主。
通过对该变质核杂岩内脆性正断层断面与擦痕产状的系统测量，对断层活动时的古应力场进行了反演。结果表明，这些正断层均是在NW-SE向的区域拉张背景下发育的。这表明脆性正断层的拉张方向与大水峪韧性剪切带拉伸线理指示的拉张方向是一致的，两者是同一伸展动力作用下不同层次变形的产物，指示云蒙山变质核杂岩在隆升过程中仍经历着伸展变形。
本文通过对云蒙山地区岩体与岩脉中锆石U-Pb同位素定年和单矿物40Ar/39Ar定年，限定了区内晚中生代主要地质事件时间：1）区内在晚侏罗世至早白垩世初经历过强烈的岩浆活动，沙陀子岩体侵位于159-151Ma，石城岩体侵位于159-151Ma，长园岩体侵位于157-151Ma，云蒙山岩基侵位于148-141Ma；2）四合堂剪切带的活动发生在云蒙山花岗岩侵位的晚期，时间为143-138Ma。3）在135-126Ma期间，大水峪伸展剪切带强烈活动，并伴随同构造岩浆侵位。4）云蒙山变质核杂岩于125-114Ma期间受均衡作用影响发生快速隆升。5）在113-100Ma期间，云蒙山变质核杂岩处于缓慢隆升期。
该地区逆冲型四合堂韧性剪切带活动是区域上燕山运动B幕的结果。区域上燕山运动B幕所对应角度不整合面之上的张家口组火山岩年龄值介于143-126Ma之间，之下土城子组地层的年龄值介于145-130Ma之间。本研究区同构造岩脉锆石U-Pb定年指示四合堂剪切带的活动时间为143-138Ma，从而准确地限定了这一重要构造运动（B幕）的发生时间。
本文认为燕山运动B幕可能是北部鄂霍次克洋关闭中所造成的挤压活动，在云蒙山地区表现为四合堂韧性剪切带向SSW的逆冲活动。之后中国东部转变为太平洋构造域，出现了华北克拉通的峰期破坏，在华北克拉通北缘发育一系列变质核杂岩。在NW-SE向拉张作用下，云蒙山地区首先是大水峪伸展韧性剪切带强烈活动，随后发生均衡隆升，在地壳浅部伴生NE至NNE向脆性正断层。由此表明，云蒙山变质核杂岩是以滚动枢纽模式发育。其发育中没有伴随广泛的中地壳塑性流动，可能代表了板内地壳减薄背景下变质核杂岩的常见发育方式。
本研究区韧性剪切带内云母鱼构造发育，形态多样，是确定剪切指向的主要标志之一。为了理解其成因及确定剪切指向的可靠性，本次工作中对其开展了数值模拟分析。模拟中将其看作各向异性非线性（power-law）粘性颗粒，置于各向同性非线性粘性基质内。本次模拟重现了自然界糜棱岩中各种可能的云母鱼形态，进而分析了各类云母鱼的形成机制。通过模拟表明，作为可变形粘性材料，云母鱼的形态主要受控于沿解理面的滑动与可变形性，具有强各向异性。云母鱼的最终形态方位及解理方位均不受其最初形态及初始形态方位影响，与剪切方向呈同向小角度相交或平行。
Craton destruction and lithospheric thinning are hot geodynamic topics in recent years. Theyare mainly characterized by lithospheric thinning, geothermal increasing, large-scale magmaactivities, and development of metamorphic core complex (MCC) and extensional basins. As oneof the responses of lithospheric thinning, MCC preserves the deformation characteristic in thedeeper crust. The Yunmengshan MCC (YMCC) is situated in the central segment of the Yanshantectonic belt north of the North China Craton (NCC). Because of its special tectonic location, it isregarded as the perfect object to research the craton destruction and Yanshanian tectonic belt.
Based on detailed field investigation, two important ductile shear zones (the Sihetang shearzone and Dashuiyu shear zone) and a series of NE-NNE brittle normal faults (e.g. Hefangkou faultand Qifengcha-Liulimiao fault) are recognized in the study area. Because of isostatic rising, thearched Sihetang shear zone appears along the western, northern and northeastern margins of theYunmengshan Batholith (YMSB). It is developed along the contact zone of the YMSB, Archeanbasement and Proterozoic cover. Exposure structures, microstructures and quartz C-axis fabrics allindicate top-to-SSW sense of shear for the Sihetang shear zone. The overturned strata at the northof the YMSB show the Sihetang shear zone to be a thrust belt.
The Dashuiyu shear zone occurs along the southeastern margin of the YMSB. It is a NE-toNNE-striking detachment shear zone with a top-to-the-SE shear sense. The shear zone always dipsSE and becomes steeper SW-wards with a preferred dip angle of30°in the north and60°in thesouth. Mineral elongation lineation in the shear zone plunges SE consistently. The ductile shearzone is exposed along the southern and middle segments, while its northern segment shows abrittle normal faults indicating decreasing exhumation NE-wards. A series of NE-NNE brittlenormal faults occur in east and west of the YMSB. The Hefangkou normal fault occurs mostlyalong the eastern margin of the Dashuiyu shear zone. It dips20°–70°toward SE and controls thedevelopment of the Huairou Basin filled with volcanic rocks of the Early Cretaceous ZhangjiakouFormation. The Qifengcha-Liulimaio fault occurs in the basement rocks west of the YMSB. Itstrikes NE and dips ca.60°toward NW.
Microscopic observation reveals that quartz in the Sihetang shear zone and Dashuiyu shearzone mostly has a grain boundary migration (GBM) recrystallization. Feldspar in the Siheatangshear zone is widely recrystallized with a bulging (BLG) type as well as coexistence of GBM andSR (subgrain rotation). However, feldspar in the Dashuiyu shear zone commonly performs asbrittle fragments and BLG type recrystallization. Combining the characteristics of quartz C-fabrics,it is eastimated that deformation temperature of the Sihetang shear zone is400℃-600℃, and that of the Dashuiyu shear zone is300℃-520℃. Kinematic vorticity values are calculated by themethod based on relation between quartz C-fabrics and strain ratio, shape factor method, andporphyroclast aspect ratio method. The vorticity values of the Sihetang shear zone lies between0.61and0.8, indicating dominant pure shear component of the deformation. The values of theDashuiyu shear zone are between0.75and0.98, showing dominant simple shear.
A series of measurements for brittle fault planes and striations in the YMCC have beenconducted for calculating principle stress orientations in this work. The results show that the thesenormal faults were developed under the regional NW–SE extension. It is demonstrated bycomparison that the extension orientation related to the formation of the normal faults is parallel tothat shown by elongation lineation in the Dashuiyu shear zone. It is inferred, therefore, that boththe normal faults and Dashuiyu shear zone resulted from the same extensional dynamic and theYMCC experienced the extensional deformation during uplifting.
Zircon U–Pb dating of dykes and plutons as well as mineral40Ar/39Ar dating demonstrate timesequences for tectonic activities in the stusy area:1) Intensive magma activities took place fromthe Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, leading to intrusion of the159Ma Shatuozi pluton, the156-153Ma Changyuan pluton, the158-151Ma Shicheng pluton and the148-142Ma YMSB.2)The Sihetang shear zone occurred at the late stage of the YMSB intrusion, during143-138Ma.3)During135-126Ma, the YMCC experienced intensive shearing of the Dashuiyu shear zone andsynkinematic intrusion.4) The MCC was subjected to rapid exhumation during125–114Ma dueto isostatic rising.5) During113-100Ma, the MCC changed into slow uplifting under the sameextensional condition.
Within the central segment of the Yanshan tectonic belt, the Sihetang thrust-ductile shear zoneis identified as having developed during Phase B of the Yanshanian Movement. The time gap isrepresented by the angular unconformity marking Yanshanian Phase B. The age for volcanic rocksof the Zhangjiakou Formation above the unconformity is between143Ma and126Ma. The age ofthe Tuchengzi Formation below the unconformity lies between145Ma and130Ma. By datingsyntectonic dykes, the formation time of the Sihetang ductile shear zone is suggested to be143-138Ma, which accurately limits the time period of Phase B of the Yanshanian Orogeny.
The Phase B of the Yanshanian Orogeny is recognized as the compressive activity caused bythe closure of the Okhotsk Ocean in the north. In the Yunmengshan area, it is presented by theSihetang thrust-ductile shear zone with a shear sense of top-to-SSW. The regional tectonic ofeastern China change into the paleo-pacific tectonic at this time. The NCC destruction reaches thepeak, with a large amount of MCC development in the northern margin of NCC. Under theconsistent NW-SE extension, the YMCC experienced shearing of the Dashuiyu shear zone, followed by isostatic rising. Then, the NE-to NNE-striking normal faults occur in the shallowcrust. It is suggested that the YMCC formed by the rolling-hinge model under the NW-SEextension. This formation mechanism is common for the intraplate MCCs in the NCC.
Micafish with various shapes are excellent shear sense indicators in the mylonites in the studyarea. To understand its formation mechanism and reliability as shear sense indicator, thenumerical simulations are conducted for micafish. Micafish is regarded as anisotropic power-lawellipsoidal inhomogeneities embedded in a power-law viscous material. Naturally observedgeometries of micafish are reproduced in the modeling, and their formation mechanisms arefurther analyzed. It is demonstrated that their deformability by slip along cleavage and theiranisotropy lead to the commonly observed micafish geometries in mylonites. Regardless of theinitial condition of micafish, the shape long axis and the cleavage trace observed on the vorticity-normal section will most commonly end up at a small antithetic angle relative to the shear plane orparallel to it.
通过对云蒙山地区详细的野外地质调查，本文重新厘定了两个重要的韧性剪切带（四合堂剪切带和大水峪剪切带）和一系列NE—NNE向脆性正断层（如河防口断层和崎峰茶-琉璃庙断层）。四合堂剪切带受后期均衡隆升影响呈弧状分布于云蒙山岩基的西部、北部及东北部，主要沿云蒙山岩基与太古代变质基底及元古代盖层的接触带发育。露头构造、显微构造、石英C轴组构皆指示剪切带上盘向SSW运动。云蒙山岩基的北部地层倒转现象，指示四合堂剪切带为逆冲型剪切带。
大水峪剪切带位于云蒙山岩基的东南缘，呈NE—NNE向，为一上盘向SE运动的伸展剪切带。该剪切带倾向南东，倾角呈现为北缓（20°左右）南陡（60°左右）的特点，并具有一致向SE顷伏的矿物拉伸线理。该剪切带中、南段暴露韧性剪切带，而北段为脆性正断层，显示向北东方向剥露层次变浅。云蒙山岩基东、西两侧发育一系列NE—NNE向脆性正断层。东侧的河防口正断层主体沿大水峪剪切带东缘发育，切割或沿早期大水峪剪切带面理发育。该断层倾向南东，倾角20°-70°，控制了早白垩世张家口组火山岩充填的断陷盆地。崎峰茶-琉璃庙正断层发育在云蒙山岩基西侧变质基底内，呈NE走向，倾向NW，倾角在60°左右。
显微构造分析显示，四合堂剪切带和大水峪剪切带糜棱岩内石英皆以颗粒边界迁移型重结晶（GBM）为主，但前者长石表现为嵌入型（BLG）和亚颗粒旋转型（SR）重结晶，而后者长石呈现为脆性碎裂和BLG型重结晶。再结合剪切带内石英C轴组构特点，估计四合堂剪切带的变形温度为400℃-600℃，大水峪剪切带的变形温度为300℃-520℃。本文利用石英C轴组构与主应变比值法、临界形态因子法和斜列颗粒形态法对这两个剪切带进行了运动学涡度值的测量。四合堂剪切带的涡度值介于0.61-0.8，表明具有较大的纯剪分量。大水峪剪切带的涡度值介于0.75-0.98之间，指示单剪变形为主。
通过对该变质核杂岩内脆性正断层断面与擦痕产状的系统测量，对断层活动时的古应力场进行了反演。结果表明，这些正断层均是在NW-SE向的区域拉张背景下发育的。这表明脆性正断层的拉张方向与大水峪韧性剪切带拉伸线理指示的拉张方向是一致的，两者是同一伸展动力作用下不同层次变形的产物，指示云蒙山变质核杂岩在隆升过程中仍经历着伸展变形。
本文通过对云蒙山地区岩体与岩脉中锆石U-Pb同位素定年和单矿物40Ar/39Ar定年，限定了区内晚中生代主要地质事件时间：1）区内在晚侏罗世至早白垩世初经历过强烈的岩浆活动，沙陀子岩体侵位于159-151Ma，石城岩体侵位于159-151Ma，长园岩体侵位于157-151Ma，云蒙山岩基侵位于148-141Ma；2）四合堂剪切带的活动发生在云蒙山花岗岩侵位的晚期，时间为143-138Ma。3）在135-126Ma期间，大水峪伸展剪切带强烈活动，并伴随同构造岩浆侵位。4）云蒙山变质核杂岩于125-114Ma期间受均衡作用影响发生快速隆升。5）在113-100Ma期间，云蒙山变质核杂岩处于缓慢隆升期。
该地区逆冲型四合堂韧性剪切带活动是区域上燕山运动B幕的结果。区域上燕山运动B幕所对应角度不整合面之上的张家口组火山岩年龄值介于143-126Ma之间，之下土城子组地层的年龄值介于145-130Ma之间。本研究区同构造岩脉锆石U-Pb定年指示四合堂剪切带的活动时间为143-138Ma，从而准确地限定了这一重要构造运动（B幕）的发生时间。
本文认为燕山运动B幕可能是北部鄂霍次克洋关闭中所造成的挤压活动，在云蒙山地区表现为四合堂韧性剪切带向SSW的逆冲活动。之后中国东部转变为太平洋构造域，出现了华北克拉通的峰期破坏，在华北克拉通北缘发育一系列变质核杂岩。在NW-SE向拉张作用下，云蒙山地区首先是大水峪伸展韧性剪切带强烈活动，随后发生均衡隆升，在地壳浅部伴生NE至NNE向脆性正断层。由此表明，云蒙山变质核杂岩是以滚动枢纽模式发育。其发育中没有伴随广泛的中地壳塑性流动，可能代表了板内地壳减薄背景下变质核杂岩的常见发育方式。
本研究区韧性剪切带内云母鱼构造发育，形态多样，是确定剪切指向的主要标志之一。为了理解其成因及确定剪切指向的可靠性，本次工作中对其开展了数值模拟分析。模拟中将其看作各向异性非线性（power-law）粘性颗粒，置于各向同性非线性粘性基质内。本次模拟重现了自然界糜棱岩中各种可能的云母鱼形态，进而分析了各类云母鱼的形成机制。通过模拟表明，作为可变形粘性材料，云母鱼的形态主要受控于沿解理面的滑动与可变形性，具有强各向异性。云母鱼的最终形态方位及解理方位均不受其最初形态及初始形态方位影响，与剪切方向呈同向小角度相交或平行。
Craton destruction and lithospheric thinning are hot geodynamic topics in recent years. Theyare mainly characterized by lithospheric thinning, geothermal increasing, large-scale magmaactivities, and development of metamorphic core complex (MCC) and extensional basins. As oneof the responses of lithospheric thinning, MCC preserves the deformation characteristic in thedeeper crust. The Yunmengshan MCC (YMCC) is situated in the central segment of the Yanshantectonic belt north of the North China Craton (NCC). Because of its special tectonic location, it isregarded as the perfect object to research the craton destruction and Yanshanian tectonic belt.
Based on detailed field investigation, two important ductile shear zones (the Sihetang shearzone and Dashuiyu shear zone) and a series of NE-NNE brittle normal faults (e.g. Hefangkou faultand Qifengcha-Liulimiao fault) are recognized in the study area. Because of isostatic rising, thearched Sihetang shear zone appears along the western, northern and northeastern margins of theYunmengshan Batholith (YMSB). It is developed along the contact zone of the YMSB, Archeanbasement and Proterozoic cover. Exposure structures, microstructures and quartz C-axis fabrics allindicate top-to-SSW sense of shear for the Sihetang shear zone. The overturned strata at the northof the YMSB show the Sihetang shear zone to be a thrust belt.
The Dashuiyu shear zone occurs along the southeastern margin of the YMSB. It is a NE-toNNE-striking detachment shear zone with a top-to-the-SE shear sense. The shear zone always dipsSE and becomes steeper SW-wards with a preferred dip angle of30°in the north and60°in thesouth. Mineral elongation lineation in the shear zone plunges SE consistently. The ductile shearzone is exposed along the southern and middle segments, while its northern segment shows abrittle normal faults indicating decreasing exhumation NE-wards. A series of NE-NNE brittlenormal faults occur in east and west of the YMSB. The Hefangkou normal fault occurs mostlyalong the eastern margin of the Dashuiyu shear zone. It dips20°–70°toward SE and controls thedevelopment of the Huairou Basin filled with volcanic rocks of the Early Cretaceous ZhangjiakouFormation. The Qifengcha-Liulimaio fault occurs in the basement rocks west of the YMSB. Itstrikes NE and dips ca.60°toward NW.
Microscopic observation reveals that quartz in the Sihetang shear zone and Dashuiyu shearzone mostly has a grain boundary migration (GBM) recrystallization. Feldspar in the Siheatangshear zone is widely recrystallized with a bulging (BLG) type as well as coexistence of GBM andSR (subgrain rotation). However, feldspar in the Dashuiyu shear zone commonly performs asbrittle fragments and BLG type recrystallization. Combining the characteristics of quartz C-fabrics,it is eastimated that deformation temperature of the Sihetang shear zone is400℃-600℃, and that of the Dashuiyu shear zone is300℃-520℃. Kinematic vorticity values are calculated by themethod based on relation between quartz C-fabrics and strain ratio, shape factor method, andporphyroclast aspect ratio method. The vorticity values of the Sihetang shear zone lies between0.61and0.8, indicating dominant pure shear component of the deformation. The values of theDashuiyu shear zone are between0.75and0.98, showing dominant simple shear.
A series of measurements for brittle fault planes and striations in the YMCC have beenconducted for calculating principle stress orientations in this work. The results show that the thesenormal faults were developed under the regional NW–SE extension. It is demonstrated bycomparison that the extension orientation related to the formation of the normal faults is parallel tothat shown by elongation lineation in the Dashuiyu shear zone. It is inferred, therefore, that boththe normal faults and Dashuiyu shear zone resulted from the same extensional dynamic and theYMCC experienced the extensional deformation during uplifting.
Zircon U–Pb dating of dykes and plutons as well as mineral40Ar/39Ar dating demonstrate timesequences for tectonic activities in the stusy area:1) Intensive magma activities took place fromthe Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, leading to intrusion of the159Ma Shatuozi pluton, the156-153Ma Changyuan pluton, the158-151Ma Shicheng pluton and the148-142Ma YMSB.2)The Sihetang shear zone occurred at the late stage of the YMSB intrusion, during143-138Ma.3)During135-126Ma, the YMCC experienced intensive shearing of the Dashuiyu shear zone andsynkinematic intrusion.4) The MCC was subjected to rapid exhumation during125–114Ma dueto isostatic rising.5) During113-100Ma, the MCC changed into slow uplifting under the sameextensional condition.
Within the central segment of the Yanshan tectonic belt, the Sihetang thrust-ductile shear zoneis identified as having developed during Phase B of the Yanshanian Movement. The time gap isrepresented by the angular unconformity marking Yanshanian Phase B. The age for volcanic rocksof the Zhangjiakou Formation above the unconformity is between143Ma and126Ma. The age ofthe Tuchengzi Formation below the unconformity lies between145Ma and130Ma. By datingsyntectonic dykes, the formation time of the Sihetang ductile shear zone is suggested to be143-138Ma, which accurately limits the time period of Phase B of the Yanshanian Orogeny.
The Phase B of the Yanshanian Orogeny is recognized as the compressive activity caused bythe closure of the Okhotsk Ocean in the north. In the Yunmengshan area, it is presented by theSihetang thrust-ductile shear zone with a shear sense of top-to-SSW. The regional tectonic ofeastern China change into the paleo-pacific tectonic at this time. The NCC destruction reaches thepeak, with a large amount of MCC development in the northern margin of NCC. Under theconsistent NW-SE extension, the YMCC experienced shearing of the Dashuiyu shear zone, followed by isostatic rising. Then, the NE-to NNE-striking normal faults occur in the shallowcrust. It is suggested that the YMCC formed by the rolling-hinge model under the NW-SEextension. This formation mechanism is common for the intraplate MCCs in the NCC.
Micafish with various shapes are excellent shear sense indicators in the mylonites in the studyarea. To understand its formation mechanism and reliability as shear sense indicator, thenumerical simulations are conducted for micafish. Micafish is regarded as anisotropic power-lawellipsoidal inhomogeneities embedded in a power-law viscous material. Naturally observedgeometries of micafish are reproduced in the modeling, and their formation mechanisms arefurther analyzed. It is demonstrated that their deformability by slip along cleavage and theiranisotropy lead to the commonly observed micafish geometries in mylonites. Regardless of theinitial condition of micafish, the shape long axis and the cleavage trace observed on the vorticity-normal section will most commonly end up at a small antithetic angle relative to the shear plane orparallel to it.
引文
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