不同冷刺激对商品肉鸡生理、免疫、肉质、行为及生产性能的影响
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摘要
本文通过两个试验研究不同冷刺激对商品肉鸡生理、免疫、肉质、行为及生产性能的影响。本试验研究从间隔天数、降低温度和刺激时间三方面对AA商品肉鸡实施冷刺激。生理指标主要检测皮质醇(COR)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)和促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)的含量；肉质指标主要测定胸肌pH1值(屠宰后45分钟之内的pH值)、胸肌pH2值(屠宰后45分钟之内的pH值)、胸肌粗脂肪、胸肌滴水损失、胸肌腹脂率、胸肌剪切力和胸肌烹饪损失;免疫指标主要检测免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、白介素2(IL-2)、补体C3和干扰素γ(IFN-γ)的含量；行为指标主要对趴卧、采食、站立、饮水、走动和修饰等行为进行观察；生产性能指标主要测定肉鸡平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称、胫不对称性和腿不对称性。
试验(一)为三因素(间隔天数、降低温度和刺激时间)三个水平(间隔Od、间隔1d、间隔2d；比对照组降低温度3℃、比对照组降低温度5℃、比对照组降低温度7℃；刺激时间1h、刺激时间3h、刺激时间6h)重复(组内4个重复)试验。随机选择体重均匀、身体健康的3周龄AA商品肉鸡560只,按照试验设计分28组,每组20只鸡,组内设置4个重复,每个重复5只鸡。
试验(二)为二因素(间隔天数和刺激时间)二个水平(间隔0d和间隔1d；刺激时间3h和刺激时间6h)重复(组内4个重复)试验。试验组温度条件比对照组降低5℃,随机选择体重均匀、身体健康的3周龄AA商品肉鸡240只,按照试验设计分5组,每组48只鸡,组内设置4个重复,每个重复12只鸡。
试验一结果表明：在生理方面,冷刺激间隔天数对血清中ACTH含量、CORT含量、T3含量和T4含量均无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激降低温度对ACTH含量、CORT含量、三T3和T4含量均无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对ACTH含量、CORT含量、T3和T4均无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在免疫方面,冷刺激间隔天数对IL-2含量、IFN-y含量和IgG含量有显著的影响(P<0.05),对补体C3含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)。冷刺激降低温度对补体C3含量、IL-2含量、IFN-γ含量和IgG含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)。冷刺激时间对IgG有显著的影响(P<0.05),而对补体C3含量、IL-2含量和IFN--γ含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)。冷刺激间隔天数对脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激降低温度对胸腺指数有显著的影响(P<0.05),对脾脏指数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；刺激时间对胸腺指数有显著的影响(P<0.05),对脾脏指数无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在肉质方面,冷刺激间隔天数对滴水损失和胸肌烹饪损失有极显著影响(P<0.01),对胸肌剪切力有显著影响(P<0.05),对胸肌pH1值、胸肌pH2值、胸肌粗脂肪含量和腹脂率无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激降低温度对胸肌pH1值、pH2值、粗脂肪含量、滴水损失、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对pH2值有显著的影响(P<0.05),对胸肌pH1值、粗脂肪含量、滴水损失、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在行为方面,冷刺激间隔天数对采食和趴卧行为次数有显著的影响(P<0.05),对修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激降低温度对采食、趴卧、修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对采食和趴卧行为次数有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在生产性能方面,冷刺激间隔天数对腿不对称性有显著的影响(P<0.05),对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称和胫不对称性无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激降低温度对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称、胫不对称性和腿不对称性无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激刺激时间对胫不对称性和腿不对称性有显著的影响(P<0.05),对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称无显著的影响(P>0.05)。
试验二结果表明：在生理方面,冷刺激间隔天数对鸡ACTH含量有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对CORT含量有显著的影响(P<0.05),对T3含量和T4含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对ACTH含量有显著的影响(P<0.05),对CORT含量、T3和T4无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在免疫方面,冷刺激间隔天数对IFN-γ,含量和IgG含量有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对C3含量和IL-2含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对IFN-γ含量有极显著的影响(P<0.01)和IgG含量有显著的影响(P<0.05),对C3含量和IL-2含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激间隔天数对法氏囊指数有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对胸腺指数有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对脾脏指数和法氏囊指数无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在肉质方面,冷刺激间隔天数对pH1值有极显著影响(P<0.01),对滴水损失和胸肌剪切力有显著影响(P<0.05)对胸肌胸肌pH2值、腹脂率和胸肌烹饪损失无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对pHi值有极显著影响(P<0.01),对滴水损失有显著的影响(P<0.05)：对胸肌pH2值、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在行为方面,冷刺激间隔天数对采食和趴卧行为次数有显著的影响(P<0.05),对站立行为次数有极显著的影响(P<0.01)：对修饰、饮水、和走动行为次数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对站立行为次数有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对走动行为次数有显著的影响(P<0.05),对采食、趴卧、修饰和饮水行为次数无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在生产性能方面,冷刺激间隔天数对平均日增重、翅膀不对称、胫不对称性和腿不对称性有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对肉料比有显著的影响(P<0.05)；冷刺激刺激时间对平均日增重和腿不对称性有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对胫不对称性有显著的影响(P<0.05),对肉料比和翅膀不对称无显著的影响(P>0.05)。
本试验得出结论：
1)在生理方面,冷刺激间隔天数对鸡ACTH含量、CORT含量、T3含量和T4含量无显著的影响；冷刺激降低温度对ACTH含量、CORT含量、T3和T4无显著的影响；冷刺激时间对ACTH含量、CORT含量、T3和T4无显著的影响。
在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对鸡ACTH含量和CORT含量有显著的影响,对T3含量和T4含量无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激时间对ACTH含量有显著的影响,对CORT含量、T3和T4无显著的影响。
2)在免疫方面,冷刺激间隔天数对IL-2含量、IFN-γ含量和IgG含量有显著的影响,对补体C3含量无显著的影响。冷刺激降低温度对补体C3含量、IL-2含量、IFN-γ含量和IgG含量无显著的影响。冷刺激时间对IgG有显著的影响,而对补体C3含量、IL-2含量和IFN-γ含量无显著的影响。冷刺激间隔天数对脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著的影响；冷刺激降低温度对胸腺指数有显著的影响,对脾脏指数无显著的影响。刺激时间对胸腺指数有显著的影响,对脾脏指数无显著的影响。
在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对IFN-γ含量和IgG含量有极显著的影响,对C3含量和IL-2含量无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激时间对IFN-γ含量和IgG含量有极显著的影响,对C3含量和IL-2含量无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对法氏囊指数有显著的影响,对脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激时间对胸腺指数有极显著的影响,对脾脏指数和法氏囊指数无显著的影响。
3)在肉质方面,冷刺激间隔天数对滴水损失、胸肌剪切力和胸肌烹饪损失有显著影响,对胸肌pH1值、胸肌pH2值、胸肌粗脂肪含量和腹脂率无显著的影响。冷刺激降低温度对胸肌pH1值、pH2值、粗脂肪含量、滴水损失、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响。冷刺激时间对pH2值有显著的影响,对胸肌pH1值、粗脂肪含量、滴水损失、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响。
在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对pH1值、滴水损失和胸肌剪切力有显著影响,对胸肌胸肌pH2值、腹脂率和胸肌烹饪损失无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激时间对pH1值和滴水损失有显著的影响,对胸肌pH2值、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响。
4)在行为方面,冷刺激间隔天数对采食和趴卧行为次数有显著的影响,对修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响。冷刺激降低温度对采食、趴卧、修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响。冷刺激时间对采食和趴卧行为次数有显著的影响,对修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响。
在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对采食、趴卧和站立行为次数有显著的影响,对修饰、饮水、和走动行为次数无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激时间对站立和走动行为次数有显著的影响,对采食、趴卧、修饰和饮水行为次数无显著的影响。
5)在生产性能方面,冷刺激间隔天数对腿不对称性有显著的影响,对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称和胫不对称性无显著的影响。冷刺激降低温度对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称、胫不对称性和腿不对称性无显著的影响。冷刺激刺激时间对胫不对称性和腿不对称性有显著的影响,对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称无显著的影响。
在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称、胫不对称性和腿不对称性有显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激刺激时间对平均日增重、胫不对称性和腿不对称性有显著的影响,对肉料比和翅膀不对称无显著的影响。
Two studies were designed in the dissertation, which aimed at investigating effects of different cold stimuli on the physiology, immunity, meat quality, behavior and growth performance in commercial broilers. In the study, AA broilers were given cold stimuli from the following three aspects:different interval days, different decrease of temperature and different stimulation time. The main physiological index of detection were the levels of cortisol, three triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH); and immune index of detection were the levels of immunoglobulin G(IgG), interleukin-2(IL-2), complement (C3), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ); meat quality index of detection were pH1,(the pH value in45minutes after slaughtering) pH2(the pH value after slaughtering24hours), crude fat of breast muscle, drip loss of breast muscle, abdominal fat rate of breast muscle, shearing force of breast muscle, cooking loss of breast muscle; behavioral index of detection were lying, feeding, standing, drinking, walking and grooming behavior; while detecting index of growth performance were the average weekly weight gained in broilers, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings, asymmetry tibias, asymmetry of legs.
In study1, repeat experiments (4repeations in groups)were conducted on three factors (interval days, decrease of temperature and stimulation time) and three levels (interval of0day, interval of1day, interval of2days; with temperature decreasing3℃, temperature decreasing5℃, with temperature decreasing7℃respectively in different tested groups; stimulating time of1h, stimulating time of3h, stimulating time of6h).3-week-old AA broilers, physically healthy and weighing evenly, were selected.560broilers were divided into28groups according to the design,20chickens in one group, four repeat experiments in one group, five chickens for each repetition.
In study2, repeat experiments (4repeations in groups)were conducted on two factors (interval days and stimulation time) and two levels (interval of0day, interval of1day; stimulating time of3h, stimulating time of6h).3-week-old AA broilers, physically healthy and weighing evenly, were selected.240broilers were divided into5groups according to the design,48chickens in one group, four repeat experiments in one group, twelve chickens for each repetition.
It was concluded from study1that the interval days of cold stimuli had no impact on the level of ACTH, CORT, T3, T4(P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on the level of ACTH, CORT, T3, T4(P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had no impact on the level of ACTH, CORT, T3, T4(P>0.05) in physiological aspect. For immunity, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on the levels of IL-2, IFN-y and IgG (P<0.05), while had no impact on complement (C3)(P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on the level of IL-2, IFN-y, IgG (P<0.05) and complement (C3)(P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had great effect on the levels of IgG (P<0.05), while had no impact on the level of complement (C3) IL-2, IFN-y (P>0.05).The interval days of cold stimuli had no impact on spleen index and thymus index (P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had great effect on thymus index (?<0.05), while had no impact on spleen index (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had great effect on thymus index (P<0.05), while had no impact on spleen index (P>0.05) As for the meat quality, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on drip loss and cooking loss of breast muscle (P<0.01), and shearing force of breast muscle (P<0.05), while had no impact on pH1, pH2, crude fat of breast muscle and abdominal fat rate (P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on pH1, pH2, crude fat in breast muscle, drip loss, abdominal fat rate, shearing force and cooking loss (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had great effect on pH2in (P<0.05), while had no impact on pH1, crude fat, drip loss, abdominal fat rate in breast muscle, shearing force and cooking loss of breast muscle (P>0.05). On the aspect of behavior, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on feeding and lying of broilers(P<0.05), while had no impact on the times of grooming, drinking, standing and walking (P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on the times of feeding, lying, grooming, drinking, standing and walking (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had great effect on feeding and lying of broilers(p <0.01), while had no impact on the times of grooming, drinking, standing and walking (P>0.05). As to growth performance, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on asymmetry of legs (P<0.05), while had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings and tibias (P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings, asymmetry of tibias and asymmetry of legs(P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had great effect on asymmetry of tibias and legs (P<0.05), while had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed and asymmetry of wings (P>0.05).
It was concluded from study2that the interval days of cold stimuli had significant effect on the level of ACTH (P<0.01) and great effect on CORT (P<0.05), while had no impact on T3,T4(P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had remarkable impact on the level of ACTH (P<0.05), while had no impact CORT, T3,T4(P>0.05) in physiological aspect. For immunity, the interval days of cold stimuli had significant effect on the levels of IFN-y and IgG (P<0.01), while had no remarkable impact on complement (C3), IL-2(P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had significant effct on the levels of IFN-y (P<0.01) and great effect on IgG (P<0.05), while had no impact on the level of complement (C3) and IL-2, IFN-y (P>0.05); the interval days of cold stimuli had impact on bursa index (P<0.01), while had no impact on spleen index and thymus index (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had significant effect on thymus index (P<0.01), while had no impact on spleen index and bursa index (P>0.05). As for the meat quality, the interval days of cold stimuli had significant effect on pH1(P<0.01) and great effect on drip loss and cooking loss of breast muscle (P<0.05), while had no great impact on pH2, abdominal fat rate and cooking loss (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had significant effect on pH1(P<0.01), and great effect on drip loss (P<0.05), while had no impact on pH2, abdominal fat rate in breast muscle, shearing force and cooking loss of breast muscle (P>0.05). On the aspect of behavior, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on feeding and lying of broilers(P<0.05), and had significant effect on the times of standing (P<0.01), while had no effect on the times of grooming, drinking, and walking (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had significant effect on the times of standing (p<0.01), and had great effect on the times of walking(P>0.05), while had no effect on the times of feeding, lying, grooming, drinking (P>0.05). As to growth performance, the interval days of cold stimuli affected significantly the asymmetry of wings and legs, the asymmetry of tibias, average daily weight gained,(P<0.01), and had remarkable impact on the ratio of meat to feed (P<0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had significant effect on average daily weight gained and asymmetry of legs (P<0.01), and great effect on the asymmetry of tibias (P<0.05), while had no impact on the ratio of meat to feed and asymmetry of wings (P>0.05).
The conclusions drawn from the studies were as following:
1) On the aspect physiology, the interval days of cold stimuli, the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli and the time of cold stimuli had no effect on the level of ACTH, CORT, T3and T4.
With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli affected greatly ACTH and CORT, while had no impact on T3and T4. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the time of cold stimuli had remarkable impact on ACTH, while had no effect on CORT, T3and T4.
2) For immunity, the interval days of cold stimuli had remarkable effect on the levels of IL-2, IFN-y and IgG, while had no impact on complement (C3). The decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on the level of complement (C3), IL-2, IFN-y and IgG. And the time of cold stimuli affected greatly the levels of IgG, while had no impact on the level of complement (C3), IL-2and IFN-y. The interval days of cold stimuli had no impact on spleen index and thymus index; the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had great effect on thymus index, while had no impact on spleen index. And the time of cold stimuli had great effect on thymus index, while had no impact on spleen index.
With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli had remarkable effect on the levels of IFN-y and IgG, while had no impact on the levels of complement (C3) and IL-2. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the time of cold stimuli affected significantly the levels of IFN-y and IgG, while had no impact on the level of complement (C3) and IL-2. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on bursa index, while had no effect on spleen index and thymus index. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the time of cold stimuli affected significant thymus index, while had no effect spleen index and bursa index.
3) As for the meat quality, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on drip loss and cooking loss and shearing force of breast muscle, while had no impact on pH1, pH2, crude fat of breast muscle and abdominal fat rate. The decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on pH1, pH2, crude fat in breast muscle, drip loss, abdominal fat rate, shearing force and cooking loss. And the time of cold stimuli had great effect on pH2, while had no impact on pH1, the level of crude fat, drip loss, abdominal fat rate in breast muscle, shearing force and cooking loss of breast muscle.
With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on pH1, drip loss and shearing force of breast muscle, while had no effect on pH2, abdominal fat rate and cooking loss of breast muscle. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the time of cold stimuli had great effect on drip loss, while had no effect on pH2, abdominal fat rate, shearing force and cooking loss of breast muscle.
4) On the aspect of behavior, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on feeding and lying of broilers, while had no impact on the times of grooming, drinking, standing and walking. The decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on the times of feeding, lying, grooming, drinking, standing and walking. And the time of cold stimuli had great effect on feeding and lying of broilers, while had no impact on the times of grooming, drinking, standing and walking.
With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on on the times of feeding, lying and standing, while had no impact on the times of grooming, drinking and walking. Under the same conditions in the control groups, the time of cold stimuli had great effect on standing and walking, while had no impact on the times of feeding, lying, grooming and drinking of broilers.
5) As to growth performance, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on asymmetry of legs, while had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings and tibias. The decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings, asymmetry of tibias and asymmetry of legs. And the time of cold stimuli had great effect on asymmetry of tibias and legs, while had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed and asymmetry of wings.
With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings, of tibias and of legs. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups the time of cold stimuli had great effect on average daily weight gained, asymmetry of tibias and legs, while had no impact on the ratio of meat to feed and asymmetry of wings.
试验(一)为三因素(间隔天数、降低温度和刺激时间)三个水平(间隔Od、间隔1d、间隔2d；比对照组降低温度3℃、比对照组降低温度5℃、比对照组降低温度7℃；刺激时间1h、刺激时间3h、刺激时间6h)重复(组内4个重复)试验。随机选择体重均匀、身体健康的3周龄AA商品肉鸡560只,按照试验设计分28组,每组20只鸡,组内设置4个重复,每个重复5只鸡。
试验(二)为二因素(间隔天数和刺激时间)二个水平(间隔0d和间隔1d；刺激时间3h和刺激时间6h)重复(组内4个重复)试验。试验组温度条件比对照组降低5℃,随机选择体重均匀、身体健康的3周龄AA商品肉鸡240只,按照试验设计分5组,每组48只鸡,组内设置4个重复,每个重复12只鸡。
试验一结果表明：在生理方面,冷刺激间隔天数对血清中ACTH含量、CORT含量、T3含量和T4含量均无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激降低温度对ACTH含量、CORT含量、三T3和T4含量均无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对ACTH含量、CORT含量、T3和T4均无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在免疫方面,冷刺激间隔天数对IL-2含量、IFN-y含量和IgG含量有显著的影响(P<0.05),对补体C3含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)。冷刺激降低温度对补体C3含量、IL-2含量、IFN-γ含量和IgG含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)。冷刺激时间对IgG有显著的影响(P<0.05),而对补体C3含量、IL-2含量和IFN--γ含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)。冷刺激间隔天数对脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激降低温度对胸腺指数有显著的影响(P<0.05),对脾脏指数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；刺激时间对胸腺指数有显著的影响(P<0.05),对脾脏指数无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在肉质方面,冷刺激间隔天数对滴水损失和胸肌烹饪损失有极显著影响(P<0.01),对胸肌剪切力有显著影响(P<0.05),对胸肌pH1值、胸肌pH2值、胸肌粗脂肪含量和腹脂率无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激降低温度对胸肌pH1值、pH2值、粗脂肪含量、滴水损失、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对pH2值有显著的影响(P<0.05),对胸肌pH1值、粗脂肪含量、滴水损失、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在行为方面,冷刺激间隔天数对采食和趴卧行为次数有显著的影响(P<0.05),对修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激降低温度对采食、趴卧、修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对采食和趴卧行为次数有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在生产性能方面,冷刺激间隔天数对腿不对称性有显著的影响(P<0.05),对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称和胫不对称性无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激降低温度对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称、胫不对称性和腿不对称性无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激刺激时间对胫不对称性和腿不对称性有显著的影响(P<0.05),对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称无显著的影响(P>0.05)。
试验二结果表明：在生理方面,冷刺激间隔天数对鸡ACTH含量有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对CORT含量有显著的影响(P<0.05),对T3含量和T4含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对ACTH含量有显著的影响(P<0.05),对CORT含量、T3和T4无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在免疫方面,冷刺激间隔天数对IFN-γ,含量和IgG含量有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对C3含量和IL-2含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对IFN-γ含量有极显著的影响(P<0.01)和IgG含量有显著的影响(P<0.05),对C3含量和IL-2含量无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激间隔天数对法氏囊指数有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对胸腺指数有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对脾脏指数和法氏囊指数无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在肉质方面,冷刺激间隔天数对pH1值有极显著影响(P<0.01),对滴水损失和胸肌剪切力有显著影响(P<0.05)对胸肌胸肌pH2值、腹脂率和胸肌烹饪损失无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对pHi值有极显著影响(P<0.01),对滴水损失有显著的影响(P<0.05)：对胸肌pH2值、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在行为方面,冷刺激间隔天数对采食和趴卧行为次数有显著的影响(P<0.05),对站立行为次数有极显著的影响(P<0.01)：对修饰、饮水、和走动行为次数无显著的影响(P>0.05)；冷刺激时间对站立行为次数有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对走动行为次数有显著的影响(P<0.05),对采食、趴卧、修饰和饮水行为次数无显著的影响(P>0.05)。在生产性能方面,冷刺激间隔天数对平均日增重、翅膀不对称、胫不对称性和腿不对称性有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对肉料比有显著的影响(P<0.05)；冷刺激刺激时间对平均日增重和腿不对称性有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对胫不对称性有显著的影响(P<0.05),对肉料比和翅膀不对称无显著的影响(P>0.05)。
本试验得出结论：
1)在生理方面,冷刺激间隔天数对鸡ACTH含量、CORT含量、T3含量和T4含量无显著的影响；冷刺激降低温度对ACTH含量、CORT含量、T3和T4无显著的影响；冷刺激时间对ACTH含量、CORT含量、T3和T4无显著的影响。
在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对鸡ACTH含量和CORT含量有显著的影响,对T3含量和T4含量无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激时间对ACTH含量有显著的影响,对CORT含量、T3和T4无显著的影响。
2)在免疫方面,冷刺激间隔天数对IL-2含量、IFN-γ含量和IgG含量有显著的影响,对补体C3含量无显著的影响。冷刺激降低温度对补体C3含量、IL-2含量、IFN-γ含量和IgG含量无显著的影响。冷刺激时间对IgG有显著的影响,而对补体C3含量、IL-2含量和IFN-γ含量无显著的影响。冷刺激间隔天数对脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著的影响；冷刺激降低温度对胸腺指数有显著的影响,对脾脏指数无显著的影响。刺激时间对胸腺指数有显著的影响,对脾脏指数无显著的影响。
在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对IFN-γ含量和IgG含量有极显著的影响,对C3含量和IL-2含量无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激时间对IFN-γ含量和IgG含量有极显著的影响,对C3含量和IL-2含量无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对法氏囊指数有显著的影响,对脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激时间对胸腺指数有极显著的影响,对脾脏指数和法氏囊指数无显著的影响。
3)在肉质方面,冷刺激间隔天数对滴水损失、胸肌剪切力和胸肌烹饪损失有显著影响,对胸肌pH1值、胸肌pH2值、胸肌粗脂肪含量和腹脂率无显著的影响。冷刺激降低温度对胸肌pH1值、pH2值、粗脂肪含量、滴水损失、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响。冷刺激时间对pH2值有显著的影响,对胸肌pH1值、粗脂肪含量、滴水损失、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响。
在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对pH1值、滴水损失和胸肌剪切力有显著影响,对胸肌胸肌pH2值、腹脂率和胸肌烹饪损失无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激时间对pH1值和滴水损失有显著的影响,对胸肌pH2值、腹脂率、剪切力和烹饪损失无显著的影响。
4)在行为方面,冷刺激间隔天数对采食和趴卧行为次数有显著的影响,对修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响。冷刺激降低温度对采食、趴卧、修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响。冷刺激时间对采食和趴卧行为次数有显著的影响,对修饰、饮水、站立和走动行为次数无显著的影响。
在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对采食、趴卧和站立行为次数有显著的影响,对修饰、饮水、和走动行为次数无显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激时间对站立和走动行为次数有显著的影响,对采食、趴卧、修饰和饮水行为次数无显著的影响。
5)在生产性能方面,冷刺激间隔天数对腿不对称性有显著的影响,对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称和胫不对称性无显著的影响。冷刺激降低温度对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称、胫不对称性和腿不对称性无显著的影响。冷刺激刺激时间对胫不对称性和腿不对称性有显著的影响,对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称无显著的影响。
在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激间隔天数对平均日增重、肉料比、翅膀不对称、胫不对称性和腿不对称性有显著的影响。在比对照组饲养温度降低5℃条件下,冷刺激刺激时间对平均日增重、胫不对称性和腿不对称性有显著的影响,对肉料比和翅膀不对称无显著的影响。
Two studies were designed in the dissertation, which aimed at investigating effects of different cold stimuli on the physiology, immunity, meat quality, behavior and growth performance in commercial broilers. In the study, AA broilers were given cold stimuli from the following three aspects:different interval days, different decrease of temperature and different stimulation time. The main physiological index of detection were the levels of cortisol, three triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH); and immune index of detection were the levels of immunoglobulin G(IgG), interleukin-2(IL-2), complement (C3), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ); meat quality index of detection were pH1,(the pH value in45minutes after slaughtering) pH2(the pH value after slaughtering24hours), crude fat of breast muscle, drip loss of breast muscle, abdominal fat rate of breast muscle, shearing force of breast muscle, cooking loss of breast muscle; behavioral index of detection were lying, feeding, standing, drinking, walking and grooming behavior; while detecting index of growth performance were the average weekly weight gained in broilers, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings, asymmetry tibias, asymmetry of legs.
In study1, repeat experiments (4repeations in groups)were conducted on three factors (interval days, decrease of temperature and stimulation time) and three levels (interval of0day, interval of1day, interval of2days; with temperature decreasing3℃, temperature decreasing5℃, with temperature decreasing7℃respectively in different tested groups; stimulating time of1h, stimulating time of3h, stimulating time of6h).3-week-old AA broilers, physically healthy and weighing evenly, were selected.560broilers were divided into28groups according to the design,20chickens in one group, four repeat experiments in one group, five chickens for each repetition.
In study2, repeat experiments (4repeations in groups)were conducted on two factors (interval days and stimulation time) and two levels (interval of0day, interval of1day; stimulating time of3h, stimulating time of6h).3-week-old AA broilers, physically healthy and weighing evenly, were selected.240broilers were divided into5groups according to the design,48chickens in one group, four repeat experiments in one group, twelve chickens for each repetition.
It was concluded from study1that the interval days of cold stimuli had no impact on the level of ACTH, CORT, T3, T4(P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on the level of ACTH, CORT, T3, T4(P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had no impact on the level of ACTH, CORT, T3, T4(P>0.05) in physiological aspect. For immunity, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on the levels of IL-2, IFN-y and IgG (P<0.05), while had no impact on complement (C3)(P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on the level of IL-2, IFN-y, IgG (P<0.05) and complement (C3)(P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had great effect on the levels of IgG (P<0.05), while had no impact on the level of complement (C3) IL-2, IFN-y (P>0.05).The interval days of cold stimuli had no impact on spleen index and thymus index (P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had great effect on thymus index (?<0.05), while had no impact on spleen index (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had great effect on thymus index (P<0.05), while had no impact on spleen index (P>0.05) As for the meat quality, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on drip loss and cooking loss of breast muscle (P<0.01), and shearing force of breast muscle (P<0.05), while had no impact on pH1, pH2, crude fat of breast muscle and abdominal fat rate (P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on pH1, pH2, crude fat in breast muscle, drip loss, abdominal fat rate, shearing force and cooking loss (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had great effect on pH2in (P<0.05), while had no impact on pH1, crude fat, drip loss, abdominal fat rate in breast muscle, shearing force and cooking loss of breast muscle (P>0.05). On the aspect of behavior, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on feeding and lying of broilers(P<0.05), while had no impact on the times of grooming, drinking, standing and walking (P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on the times of feeding, lying, grooming, drinking, standing and walking (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had great effect on feeding and lying of broilers(p <0.01), while had no impact on the times of grooming, drinking, standing and walking (P>0.05). As to growth performance, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on asymmetry of legs (P<0.05), while had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings and tibias (P>0.05); the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings, asymmetry of tibias and asymmetry of legs(P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had great effect on asymmetry of tibias and legs (P<0.05), while had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed and asymmetry of wings (P>0.05).
It was concluded from study2that the interval days of cold stimuli had significant effect on the level of ACTH (P<0.01) and great effect on CORT (P<0.05), while had no impact on T3,T4(P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had remarkable impact on the level of ACTH (P<0.05), while had no impact CORT, T3,T4(P>0.05) in physiological aspect. For immunity, the interval days of cold stimuli had significant effect on the levels of IFN-y and IgG (P<0.01), while had no remarkable impact on complement (C3), IL-2(P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had significant effct on the levels of IFN-y (P<0.01) and great effect on IgG (P<0.05), while had no impact on the level of complement (C3) and IL-2, IFN-y (P>0.05); the interval days of cold stimuli had impact on bursa index (P<0.01), while had no impact on spleen index and thymus index (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had significant effect on thymus index (P<0.01), while had no impact on spleen index and bursa index (P>0.05). As for the meat quality, the interval days of cold stimuli had significant effect on pH1(P<0.01) and great effect on drip loss and cooking loss of breast muscle (P<0.05), while had no great impact on pH2, abdominal fat rate and cooking loss (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had significant effect on pH1(P<0.01), and great effect on drip loss (P<0.05), while had no impact on pH2, abdominal fat rate in breast muscle, shearing force and cooking loss of breast muscle (P>0.05). On the aspect of behavior, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on feeding and lying of broilers(P<0.05), and had significant effect on the times of standing (P<0.01), while had no effect on the times of grooming, drinking, and walking (P>0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had significant effect on the times of standing (p<0.01), and had great effect on the times of walking(P>0.05), while had no effect on the times of feeding, lying, grooming, drinking (P>0.05). As to growth performance, the interval days of cold stimuli affected significantly the asymmetry of wings and legs, the asymmetry of tibias, average daily weight gained,(P<0.01), and had remarkable impact on the ratio of meat to feed (P<0.05); and the time of cold stimuli had significant effect on average daily weight gained and asymmetry of legs (P<0.01), and great effect on the asymmetry of tibias (P<0.05), while had no impact on the ratio of meat to feed and asymmetry of wings (P>0.05).
The conclusions drawn from the studies were as following:
1) On the aspect physiology, the interval days of cold stimuli, the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli and the time of cold stimuli had no effect on the level of ACTH, CORT, T3and T4.
With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli affected greatly ACTH and CORT, while had no impact on T3and T4. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the time of cold stimuli had remarkable impact on ACTH, while had no effect on CORT, T3and T4.
2) For immunity, the interval days of cold stimuli had remarkable effect on the levels of IL-2, IFN-y and IgG, while had no impact on complement (C3). The decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on the level of complement (C3), IL-2, IFN-y and IgG. And the time of cold stimuli affected greatly the levels of IgG, while had no impact on the level of complement (C3), IL-2and IFN-y. The interval days of cold stimuli had no impact on spleen index and thymus index; the decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had great effect on thymus index, while had no impact on spleen index. And the time of cold stimuli had great effect on thymus index, while had no impact on spleen index.
With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli had remarkable effect on the levels of IFN-y and IgG, while had no impact on the levels of complement (C3) and IL-2. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the time of cold stimuli affected significantly the levels of IFN-y and IgG, while had no impact on the level of complement (C3) and IL-2. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on bursa index, while had no effect on spleen index and thymus index. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the time of cold stimuli affected significant thymus index, while had no effect spleen index and bursa index.
3) As for the meat quality, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on drip loss and cooking loss and shearing force of breast muscle, while had no impact on pH1, pH2, crude fat of breast muscle and abdominal fat rate. The decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on pH1, pH2, crude fat in breast muscle, drip loss, abdominal fat rate, shearing force and cooking loss. And the time of cold stimuli had great effect on pH2, while had no impact on pH1, the level of crude fat, drip loss, abdominal fat rate in breast muscle, shearing force and cooking loss of breast muscle.
With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on pH1, drip loss and shearing force of breast muscle, while had no effect on pH2, abdominal fat rate and cooking loss of breast muscle. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the time of cold stimuli had great effect on drip loss, while had no effect on pH2, abdominal fat rate, shearing force and cooking loss of breast muscle.
4) On the aspect of behavior, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on feeding and lying of broilers, while had no impact on the times of grooming, drinking, standing and walking. The decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on the times of feeding, lying, grooming, drinking, standing and walking. And the time of cold stimuli had great effect on feeding and lying of broilers, while had no impact on the times of grooming, drinking, standing and walking.
With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on on the times of feeding, lying and standing, while had no impact on the times of grooming, drinking and walking. Under the same conditions in the control groups, the time of cold stimuli had great effect on standing and walking, while had no impact on the times of feeding, lying, grooming and drinking of broilers.
5) As to growth performance, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on asymmetry of legs, while had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings and tibias. The decrease of temperature of cold stimuli had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings, asymmetry of tibias and asymmetry of legs. And the time of cold stimuli had great effect on asymmetry of tibias and legs, while had no impact on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed and asymmetry of wings.
With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups, the interval days of cold stimuli had great effect on average daily weight gained, the ratio of meat to feed, asymmetry of wings, of tibias and of legs. With temperature decreasing5℃in the control groups the time of cold stimuli had great effect on average daily weight gained, asymmetry of tibias and legs, while had no impact on the ratio of meat to feed and asymmetry of wings.
引文
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