裂隙岩体热—水—力三场耦合模型试验与对流换热的理论分析
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摘要
本文以高放废物深地质处置为背景,通过室内模型试验研究了规则裂隙花岗岩体在热-水-力耦合作用下的特征,并对裂隙内部对流换热现象进行了理论分析。本文主要的研究内容及主要成果如下：
(1)选用32块甘肃北山的花岗岩体,制备成规则裂隙岩体模型,包括三组在水平和垂直方向上均匀分布的裂隙。裂隙内填充有标准砂。在垂向流、左侧边界加热、右侧加压条件下进行多场耦合试验,模拟裂隙中热-水-力之间的相互作用。试验结果表明,填充饱和裂隙对温度场的分布有控制作用,其中临近热源裂隙起主要控制作用。
(2)加压使得裂隙开度减小,导致填充砂的孔隙率降低,水的渗透速率降低,水体在裂隙内滞留的时间变长,单位体积水流对流换热量会增加。同时加压后由于裂隙开度变小,填充砂孔隙率降低,裂隙对热量传递的阻滞作用有明显降低。且裂隙的阻滞作用越低,竖直方向的热传导越强烈。
(3)饱和岩体裂隙中的表面传热系数关联式的研究目前还在起步阶段,本文对比了不同实验关联式的适用范围及基本特性,并对它们在岩石裂隙中的适用性进行了分析。通过传热学理论分析了单一饱和裂隙内部层流的流动状态及相对应的求解分析方法,对单一饱和裂隙于入口段的表面传热系数的计算给出了求解分析。
This paper based on the background of the studies for the deep geological disposal of high level radioactive waste, researched the characteristics of regular fractured granite rocks under heathing、water flow and pressure coupling conditions and the theory of convective heat transfer in fracture. The main contents and results of this thesis as follows:
(1)The experiment model was made up with thirty-two blocks of granite of Bcishan region, involved three pairs of relatively fractures which filled with standard sand distributed along the horizontal and vertical line uniformly. The model is under the condition of vertical water flow、heating on the right side and pressed on the left side to simulate the thermo-hydro-mechanical Coupling processes. The experiment results revealed:the filled saturated fractures controlled the temperature distribution in the model, and the fracture adjacent to the heat is the main factor.
(2)The pressure made the fracture aperture and the porosity of standard sand getting smaller, which made the infiltration rate of water getting slow, lengthened residence time of water in the fracture, and increase the convective heat transfer. Meanwhile, because of the change of fracture aperture and the porosity of standard sand, the retardation of fracture to the heat transfer was reduced obviously. More the retardation of fracture reduced, the more heat conduction in vertical direction became strong.
(3) The research surface heat transfer coefficient in saturated rock fracture is in beginning stage, this paper contrasted the applicable scope and basic characteristics of different experimental correlations formula, and analyzed the suitability at rock fracture of them. Analyzed the flow condition and solving method in single saturated fracture according heat transfer theory. And calculation theory analysis of the surface heat transfer coefficient for a single saturated fractured pipe are given.
(1)选用32块甘肃北山的花岗岩体,制备成规则裂隙岩体模型,包括三组在水平和垂直方向上均匀分布的裂隙。裂隙内填充有标准砂。在垂向流、左侧边界加热、右侧加压条件下进行多场耦合试验,模拟裂隙中热-水-力之间的相互作用。试验结果表明,填充饱和裂隙对温度场的分布有控制作用,其中临近热源裂隙起主要控制作用。
(2)加压使得裂隙开度减小,导致填充砂的孔隙率降低,水的渗透速率降低,水体在裂隙内滞留的时间变长,单位体积水流对流换热量会增加。同时加压后由于裂隙开度变小,填充砂孔隙率降低,裂隙对热量传递的阻滞作用有明显降低。且裂隙的阻滞作用越低,竖直方向的热传导越强烈。
(3)饱和岩体裂隙中的表面传热系数关联式的研究目前还在起步阶段,本文对比了不同实验关联式的适用范围及基本特性,并对它们在岩石裂隙中的适用性进行了分析。通过传热学理论分析了单一饱和裂隙内部层流的流动状态及相对应的求解分析方法,对单一饱和裂隙于入口段的表面传热系数的计算给出了求解分析。
This paper based on the background of the studies for the deep geological disposal of high level radioactive waste, researched the characteristics of regular fractured granite rocks under heathing、water flow and pressure coupling conditions and the theory of convective heat transfer in fracture. The main contents and results of this thesis as follows:
(1)The experiment model was made up with thirty-two blocks of granite of Bcishan region, involved three pairs of relatively fractures which filled with standard sand distributed along the horizontal and vertical line uniformly. The model is under the condition of vertical water flow、heating on the right side and pressed on the left side to simulate the thermo-hydro-mechanical Coupling processes. The experiment results revealed:the filled saturated fractures controlled the temperature distribution in the model, and the fracture adjacent to the heat is the main factor.
(2)The pressure made the fracture aperture and the porosity of standard sand getting smaller, which made the infiltration rate of water getting slow, lengthened residence time of water in the fracture, and increase the convective heat transfer. Meanwhile, because of the change of fracture aperture and the porosity of standard sand, the retardation of fracture to the heat transfer was reduced obviously. More the retardation of fracture reduced, the more heat conduction in vertical direction became strong.
(3) The research surface heat transfer coefficient in saturated rock fracture is in beginning stage, this paper contrasted the applicable scope and basic characteristics of different experimental correlations formula, and analyzed the suitability at rock fracture of them. Analyzed the flow condition and solving method in single saturated fracture according heat transfer theory. And calculation theory analysis of the surface heat transfer coefficient for a single saturated fractured pipe are given.
引文
[1]Hudson JA,Stephansson O,Andersson,J.Guidance on numerical modeling of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled processes for performance assessment of radioactive waste repositories.Int J Rock Mech Min Sci,2005,42:850-870.
[2]Tsang CF,Jing L,Stephansson O,Kautsky F.The DECOVALEX Ⅲ project: A summary of activities and lessons learned.Int J Rock Mech Min Sci,2005,42:593-610.
[3]刘泉声,张程远,刘小燕。DECOVALEV-Ⅳ TASK-D项目的热-水-力耦合过程的数值模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(4)：709-720.
[4]Jing L et al.DECOVALEX -An international cooperative research projects on machematical model of radioactive waste repositories[J].International Journal-of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,1995,32:389-398.
[5]王广地,刘文岗,邓广哲.甘肃北山花岗岩力学参数温度效应试验研究.中国岩石力学与工程学会废物地下处置专业委员会成立大会暨首届学术交流大会论文集,北京,2006：82-86.
[6]张玉卓,张金才.裂隙岩体渗流与应力耦合的试验研究[J].岩土力学,1997,18(4)：59-62.
[7]路威,项彦勇,唐超.填砂裂隙岩体渗流传热模型试验与数值模拟[J].2011,11(12)：3448-3454.
[8]贺玉龙,杨立中.温度和有效应力对砂岩渗透性影响的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(12)：2009-2012.
[9]刘均荣,秦积舜,吴晓东.温度对岩石渗透率影响的实验研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(4)：51-53.
[10]梁冰,高红梅,兰永伟.岩石渗透率与温度关系的理论分析与试验研究[J].煤田地质与勘探,2004,32(2)：36-38.
[11]刘泉声,刘小燕等.核废料贮存裂隙岩体THM耦合研究进展与展望.国防科工委首届高放废物地质处置研讨会论文集.2005,北京,76-88.
[12]Li Bo,Jiang Yujing;Tanabashi oshihiko,Yamashita Yuji.Behavior of large scale underground cavern located in jointed rock masses evaluated by using distinct element method[J].Soils and Foundations.2010,50(5):609-621.
[13]Roberts Jeffery J.Detwiler Russell L Ralph, William Bonner Brian P.Fracture Surface Area Effects on Fluid Extraction And the Electrical Resistivity of Geothermal Reservoir Rocks[J].Trans Geotherm Resour Counc. Geothermal Resources Council:2002 Annual Meeting.Reno, NV, United states.2002:411-416.
[14]周志芳,王锦国.裂隙介质水动力学.北京.中国水利水电出版社[M].2004.
[15]张有天.岩石水力学与工程.北京.中国水利水电出版社[M].2005.
[16]薛禹群,朱学愚.地下水动力学.北京.地质出版社[M].1979.
[17]陈崇希,林敏.地下水动力学.武汉.中国地质大学出版社[M].1999.
[18]项彦勇.地下水力学概论.北京.科学出版社[M],2011.
[19]蔡美峰.岩石力学与工程.北京.科学出版社[M].2002.
[20]章熙民,任泽霈,梅飞鸣.传热学(第五版)[M].北京.中国建筑工业出版社.2011.
[21]魏琪.热质交换原理与设备[M].重庆.重庆大学出版社.2006.
[22]F.P.Incropera.葛新石译.传热与传质基本原理(第六版)[M].北京.化学工业出版社.2007.
[23]田鲁鲁.裂隙岩体渗流-传热耦合模型试验及数值模拟研究.北京.北京交通大学.2009.
[24]Kozeny, Jiri; Muehlbauer, A.; Nacke, B. Contribution to Calculations of the Induction Crucible Melting Furnaces from the Practical Point of View[J].Elektro technicky obzor.1987,76(7):370-374.
[25]Taylor R L.Axisymmetric and plane flow in porous media. University of California,1968.
[26]邓永锋,刘松玉,章定文,徐海波.几种孔隙比与渗透系数关系的对比[J].西北地震学报.2006,33(08)：64-66.
[27]黄素逸,刘伟.高等工程传热学[M].北京.中国电力出版社.2006.
[28]William Kays.赵振南译.对流传热与传质(第四版)[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2007.
[29]贾力,方肇洪.高等传热学(第二版)[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2007.
[30]赵坚.岩石裂隙中的水流-岩石热传导[J].岩石力学与工程学报.1999,18(2)：119-123.
[31]Fumimaru Ogino,Masato Yamamura,Takeshi Fukuda.Heat transfer from hot dry rock to water flowing through a circular fracture[J].Geothermics.1999,28:21-44.
[32]Ogino Fumimaru; Yamamura Masato; Fukuda Takeshi.Heat transfer from hot dry rock to water flowing through a fracture surrounded by secondary crack network[J].Geothermal Science and Technology.1999,6(l):139-162.
[33]Abdul Ravoof Shaik, Sheik S. Rahman, Nam H. Tran, Thanh Tran. Numerical simulation of Fluid-Rock coupling heat transfer in naturally fractured geothermal system[J].Applied Thermal Engineering.2011:1600-1606.
[34]Rosemarie mohais;Chaoshui Xu;Peter Dowd. Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Within a Single Horizontal Fracture in an Enhanced Geothermal System[J].2011,9(133).
[35]Dustin Crandall;Goodarz Ahmadi.;Duane H. Smith. Computational Modeling of Fluid Flow through a Fracture in Permeable Rock[J].Transp Porous.2010,3(84):493-510.
[36]Chaoshui Xu, Peter Dowd.A new computer code for discrete fracture network modeling[J].Computers & Geosciences. 2010, 36:292-301.
[37]Rosemarie Mohais,Balswaroop Bhatt.Heat Transfer of Coupled Fluid Flow Within a Channel With a Permeable Base[J].Journal of Heat Transfer.2009,9(131).
[38]D. Andrews.;S Rees, Dndrew p. Bassom;Pradeep g. Siddheshwar.Local thermal non-equilibrium effects arising from the injection of a hot fluid into a porous medium[J].J.Fluid Mech.2008,594:379-398.
[39]Mao Bai;Jean-Claude Roegiers. Fluid Flow And Heat Flow In Deformable Fractured Porous Media[J].Engng Sci.1994,10(32):1615-1633.
[2]Tsang CF,Jing L,Stephansson O,Kautsky F.The DECOVALEX Ⅲ project: A summary of activities and lessons learned.Int J Rock Mech Min Sci,2005,42:593-610.
[3]刘泉声,张程远,刘小燕。DECOVALEV-Ⅳ TASK-D项目的热-水-力耦合过程的数值模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(4)：709-720.
[4]Jing L et al.DECOVALEX -An international cooperative research projects on machematical model of radioactive waste repositories[J].International Journal-of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,1995,32:389-398.
[5]王广地,刘文岗,邓广哲.甘肃北山花岗岩力学参数温度效应试验研究.中国岩石力学与工程学会废物地下处置专业委员会成立大会暨首届学术交流大会论文集,北京,2006：82-86.
[6]张玉卓,张金才.裂隙岩体渗流与应力耦合的试验研究[J].岩土力学,1997,18(4)：59-62.
[7]路威,项彦勇,唐超.填砂裂隙岩体渗流传热模型试验与数值模拟[J].2011,11(12)：3448-3454.
[8]贺玉龙,杨立中.温度和有效应力对砂岩渗透性影响的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(12)：2009-2012.
[9]刘均荣,秦积舜,吴晓东.温度对岩石渗透率影响的实验研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(4)：51-53.
[10]梁冰,高红梅,兰永伟.岩石渗透率与温度关系的理论分析与试验研究[J].煤田地质与勘探,2004,32(2)：36-38.
[11]刘泉声,刘小燕等.核废料贮存裂隙岩体THM耦合研究进展与展望.国防科工委首届高放废物地质处置研讨会论文集.2005,北京,76-88.
[12]Li Bo,Jiang Yujing;Tanabashi oshihiko,Yamashita Yuji.Behavior of large scale underground cavern located in jointed rock masses evaluated by using distinct element method[J].Soils and Foundations.2010,50(5):609-621.
[13]Roberts Jeffery J.Detwiler Russell L Ralph, William Bonner Brian P.Fracture Surface Area Effects on Fluid Extraction And the Electrical Resistivity of Geothermal Reservoir Rocks[J].Trans Geotherm Resour Counc. Geothermal Resources Council:2002 Annual Meeting.Reno, NV, United states.2002:411-416.
[14]周志芳,王锦国.裂隙介质水动力学.北京.中国水利水电出版社[M].2004.
[15]张有天.岩石水力学与工程.北京.中国水利水电出版社[M].2005.
[16]薛禹群,朱学愚.地下水动力学.北京.地质出版社[M].1979.
[17]陈崇希,林敏.地下水动力学.武汉.中国地质大学出版社[M].1999.
[18]项彦勇.地下水力学概论.北京.科学出版社[M],2011.
[19]蔡美峰.岩石力学与工程.北京.科学出版社[M].2002.
[20]章熙民,任泽霈,梅飞鸣.传热学(第五版)[M].北京.中国建筑工业出版社.2011.
[21]魏琪.热质交换原理与设备[M].重庆.重庆大学出版社.2006.
[22]F.P.Incropera.葛新石译.传热与传质基本原理(第六版)[M].北京.化学工业出版社.2007.
[23]田鲁鲁.裂隙岩体渗流-传热耦合模型试验及数值模拟研究.北京.北京交通大学.2009.
[24]Kozeny, Jiri; Muehlbauer, A.; Nacke, B. Contribution to Calculations of the Induction Crucible Melting Furnaces from the Practical Point of View[J].Elektro technicky obzor.1987,76(7):370-374.
[25]Taylor R L.Axisymmetric and plane flow in porous media. University of California,1968.
[26]邓永锋,刘松玉,章定文,徐海波.几种孔隙比与渗透系数关系的对比[J].西北地震学报.2006,33(08)：64-66.
[27]黄素逸,刘伟.高等工程传热学[M].北京.中国电力出版社.2006.
[28]William Kays.赵振南译.对流传热与传质(第四版)[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2007.
[29]贾力,方肇洪.高等传热学(第二版)[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2007.
[30]赵坚.岩石裂隙中的水流-岩石热传导[J].岩石力学与工程学报.1999,18(2)：119-123.
[31]Fumimaru Ogino,Masato Yamamura,Takeshi Fukuda.Heat transfer from hot dry rock to water flowing through a circular fracture[J].Geothermics.1999,28:21-44.
[32]Ogino Fumimaru; Yamamura Masato; Fukuda Takeshi.Heat transfer from hot dry rock to water flowing through a fracture surrounded by secondary crack network[J].Geothermal Science and Technology.1999,6(l):139-162.
[33]Abdul Ravoof Shaik, Sheik S. Rahman, Nam H. Tran, Thanh Tran. Numerical simulation of Fluid-Rock coupling heat transfer in naturally fractured geothermal system[J].Applied Thermal Engineering.2011:1600-1606.
[34]Rosemarie mohais;Chaoshui Xu;Peter Dowd. Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Within a Single Horizontal Fracture in an Enhanced Geothermal System[J].2011,9(133).
[35]Dustin Crandall;Goodarz Ahmadi.;Duane H. Smith. Computational Modeling of Fluid Flow through a Fracture in Permeable Rock[J].Transp Porous.2010,3(84):493-510.
[36]Chaoshui Xu, Peter Dowd.A new computer code for discrete fracture network modeling[J].Computers & Geosciences. 2010, 36:292-301.
[37]Rosemarie Mohais,Balswaroop Bhatt.Heat Transfer of Coupled Fluid Flow Within a Channel With a Permeable Base[J].Journal of Heat Transfer.2009,9(131).
[38]D. Andrews.;S Rees, Dndrew p. Bassom;Pradeep g. Siddheshwar.Local thermal non-equilibrium effects arising from the injection of a hot fluid into a porous medium[J].J.Fluid Mech.2008,594:379-398.
[39]Mao Bai;Jean-Claude Roegiers. Fluid Flow And Heat Flow In Deformable Fractured Porous Media[J].Engng Sci.1994,10(32):1615-1633.