罗布泊盐湖盐类矿物特征、成因与成钾作用
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摘要
罗布泊盐湖位于塔里木盆地东端,是世界上最大的干盐湖之一。沉积了十分罕见的巨量钙芒硝,其孔隙中赋存了超大规模卤水钾盐矿床,是我国继柴达木盆地之后发现的第二大钾盐成矿聚集区。但仍存在一些关键科学问题尚未完全查明,如：罗布泊盐湖巨量钙芒硝是如何形成的?卤水钾盐聚集与钙芒硝沉积有何种关系?深入研究以上问题,对丰富罗布泊成钾理论以及在该盐湖扩大寻找钾盐资源均具有重要意义。论文通过对罗北凹地LDK01孔781.5米岩芯进行系统的盐类矿物鉴定,阐述了主要盐类矿物特征及分布规律。开展了卤水蒸发实验、铀系测年、钙芒硝流体包裹体成分分析、成矿环境与物质来源等研究,重点探讨了罗布泊盐湖钙芒硝的成因,以及钙芒硝巨量堆积对富钾卤水形成的控制作用。
在罗北凹地共鉴定出29种盐类矿物,其分布特征反映了气候干湿交替变化过程中,湖泊水体由淡水向咸水转化,再向高盐度的卤水逐渐浓缩的过程。罗布泊地区首次发现硫锶钾石矿物,主要产于钙芒硝岩中,指示了该地区存在富锶的物质来源补给,对钙芒硝成因研究具有重要意义。
通过质谱铀系测年发现,多数钙芒硝晶体受到过后期改造,有不同程度的铀丢失。指示了罗布泊多数钙芒硝矿物与卤水反应过程中,不断地结晶生长。推断罗布泊巨量钙芒硝形成是一个连续过程：第一阶段,早期古湖水经蒸发作用析出石膏晶体。第二阶段,大量石膏析出之后,可能存在富“硫酸根”和富“钙”入流水的补给,与原先卤水混合,水型发生变化,
一部分钙芒硝晶体直接从卤水中析出；一部分钙芒硝晶体系卤水中硫酸钠交代已形成的石膏而成。第三阶段,钙芒硝晶体与卤水发生反应,不断地结晶生长,最后形成由中粗晶及巨晶组成的蜂窝状钙芒硝岩。
在国内首次将激光剥蚀ICP-MS测试方法应用于盐类矿物单个包裹体成分研究,成功打开并获得罗布泊主要盐类矿物单个流体包裹体成分,结果显示各种离子含量在石膏、钙芒硝、白钠镁矾和石盐流体包裹体中依次升高,变化规律与正常卤水演化趋势相吻合。钙芒硝包裹体钾离子的含量平均为5.85g/L,高于正常海水浓缩到石盐开始沉积时的钾离子含量(3g/L),表明罗布泊盐湖演化到钙芒硝沉积阶段时,卤水中钾离子已得到一定富集。综合研究后提出罗布泊钙芒硝巨量堆积对富钾卤水形成的控制作用：大量钙芒硝发生堆积,形成蜂窝状孔隙,初步富集钾离子的卤水赋存于孔隙中；然后因地表卤水蒸发作用,卤水存在上下对流运动,上部卤水比重增加而下沉,替换下部较轻的卤水,并与周围钙芒硝晶体发生反应。钙芒硝与晶间卤水均处于动态变化中,晶间卤水在不断地上下流动,同时钙芒硝晶体也在不断地结晶生长。在这种垂向对流系统中,蒸发浓缩作用导致钾离子不断富集,最后形成目前的钙芒硝晶间富钾卤水。
The Lop Nur playa, one of the largest playa lakes in the world, is located in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang. The Lop Nur gradually evolved into a salt lake from the late Middle Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene. Huge amounts of glauberite minerals were deposited, accompanied by large-scale potash-bearing brines gathered. However, some key issues, such as the genesis of glauberite minerals and the relationship between potash-bearing brines gathered and huge amounts of glauberite minerals, remain less well known. Study on them will have important theoretical significance to search for potash resources further in the Lop Nur playa. Core samples from LDK01(781.5m in depth) in Luobei depression were studied on by identification of salt minerals in this study. Characteristics and distribution of the major minerals were presented. The genesis of huge amounts of glauberite minerals in the Lop Nur playa were analysed based on brine evaporation experiments and uranium-series dating conducted. It is vital that fluid inclusions in glauberite minerals were "opened", for the first time, and the chemical composition information were obtained. Moreover, the metallogenic environment and material sources were studied. The relationship between massive accumulation of glauberite minerals and potassium-rich brine formation was discussed eventually.
Twenty-nine salt minerals were identified using thin section identification method, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis methods. Fourteen new minerals, such as kalistrontite, celestite and glaserite, were firstly discovered in the Lop Nur area. The distribution characteristics of salt mineral in core LDKO1indicate that lake water experienced three stages:fresh water, saline water and high-salinity brine during the period of dry-wet climate oscillations. New discovery of kalistrontite in the glauberite rocks suggests that the strontium-rich water maybe had recharged the salt lake of Lop Nur. It will have important significance to genesis study of the glauberite minerals.
Most single glauberite crystals were found to have experienced late reformation with loss of uranium by mass spectrometry U-series dating. It indicated that the glauberite crystals varied constantly during interaction with the brines. The huge amounts of glauberite deposition in the Lop Nur is a continuous process. The first stage:gypsum crystals precipitated by evaporation in the early ancient lake. The second stage:While the brines type changed, some glauberite crystals directly precipitated from the brines, others were formed by replacement of gypsum. The third stage:glauberite crystals grew constantly during interaction with the brines. The glauberite rock with "honeycomb pores", made up of coarse grains and megacrysts, formed finally.
The analytical procedure of fluid inclusion composition by laser ablation ICP-MS has initially been established. Fluid inclusions in salt minerals in the Lop Nur playa were measured in this method. The results showed that contents of elements in fluid inclusions in gypsum, glauberite, bloedite and halite increased successively. The pattern of variation was consistent with the normal brine evolution trend. The composition of fluid inclusions indicated that the K-rich brines during the glauberite intergranular and the huge amounts of glauberite minerals were not formed in the same period. The potassium average content in glauberite inclusions is5.85g/L, which revealed that potassium in the brine was preliminary riched while the Lop Nur evolution to the glauberite deposition stage. Therefore, the relationship between massive accumulation of glauberite minerals and potassium-rich brine formation could be that:Brines containing potassium were reserved in the "honeycomb" pores. Then, the brines in glauberite intergranular occurred strong evaporation. It caused that shallow brine declined because of larger density and the light brine moved upward, forming the vertical convection system. The brines and glauberite crystals varied constantly under the interaction. In such vertical convection system, potassium ions were continuously enriched due to the concentration by evaporation. The current K-rich brines during the glauberite intergranular were formed eventually.
在罗北凹地共鉴定出29种盐类矿物,其分布特征反映了气候干湿交替变化过程中,湖泊水体由淡水向咸水转化,再向高盐度的卤水逐渐浓缩的过程。罗布泊地区首次发现硫锶钾石矿物,主要产于钙芒硝岩中,指示了该地区存在富锶的物质来源补给,对钙芒硝成因研究具有重要意义。
通过质谱铀系测年发现,多数钙芒硝晶体受到过后期改造,有不同程度的铀丢失。指示了罗布泊多数钙芒硝矿物与卤水反应过程中,不断地结晶生长。推断罗布泊巨量钙芒硝形成是一个连续过程：第一阶段,早期古湖水经蒸发作用析出石膏晶体。第二阶段,大量石膏析出之后,可能存在富“硫酸根”和富“钙”入流水的补给,与原先卤水混合,水型发生变化,
一部分钙芒硝晶体直接从卤水中析出；一部分钙芒硝晶体系卤水中硫酸钠交代已形成的石膏而成。第三阶段,钙芒硝晶体与卤水发生反应,不断地结晶生长,最后形成由中粗晶及巨晶组成的蜂窝状钙芒硝岩。
在国内首次将激光剥蚀ICP-MS测试方法应用于盐类矿物单个包裹体成分研究,成功打开并获得罗布泊主要盐类矿物单个流体包裹体成分,结果显示各种离子含量在石膏、钙芒硝、白钠镁矾和石盐流体包裹体中依次升高,变化规律与正常卤水演化趋势相吻合。钙芒硝包裹体钾离子的含量平均为5.85g/L,高于正常海水浓缩到石盐开始沉积时的钾离子含量(3g/L),表明罗布泊盐湖演化到钙芒硝沉积阶段时,卤水中钾离子已得到一定富集。综合研究后提出罗布泊钙芒硝巨量堆积对富钾卤水形成的控制作用：大量钙芒硝发生堆积,形成蜂窝状孔隙,初步富集钾离子的卤水赋存于孔隙中；然后因地表卤水蒸发作用,卤水存在上下对流运动,上部卤水比重增加而下沉,替换下部较轻的卤水,并与周围钙芒硝晶体发生反应。钙芒硝与晶间卤水均处于动态变化中,晶间卤水在不断地上下流动,同时钙芒硝晶体也在不断地结晶生长。在这种垂向对流系统中,蒸发浓缩作用导致钾离子不断富集,最后形成目前的钙芒硝晶间富钾卤水。
The Lop Nur playa, one of the largest playa lakes in the world, is located in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang. The Lop Nur gradually evolved into a salt lake from the late Middle Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene. Huge amounts of glauberite minerals were deposited, accompanied by large-scale potash-bearing brines gathered. However, some key issues, such as the genesis of glauberite minerals and the relationship between potash-bearing brines gathered and huge amounts of glauberite minerals, remain less well known. Study on them will have important theoretical significance to search for potash resources further in the Lop Nur playa. Core samples from LDK01(781.5m in depth) in Luobei depression were studied on by identification of salt minerals in this study. Characteristics and distribution of the major minerals were presented. The genesis of huge amounts of glauberite minerals in the Lop Nur playa were analysed based on brine evaporation experiments and uranium-series dating conducted. It is vital that fluid inclusions in glauberite minerals were "opened", for the first time, and the chemical composition information were obtained. Moreover, the metallogenic environment and material sources were studied. The relationship between massive accumulation of glauberite minerals and potassium-rich brine formation was discussed eventually.
Twenty-nine salt minerals were identified using thin section identification method, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis methods. Fourteen new minerals, such as kalistrontite, celestite and glaserite, were firstly discovered in the Lop Nur area. The distribution characteristics of salt mineral in core LDKO1indicate that lake water experienced three stages:fresh water, saline water and high-salinity brine during the period of dry-wet climate oscillations. New discovery of kalistrontite in the glauberite rocks suggests that the strontium-rich water maybe had recharged the salt lake of Lop Nur. It will have important significance to genesis study of the glauberite minerals.
Most single glauberite crystals were found to have experienced late reformation with loss of uranium by mass spectrometry U-series dating. It indicated that the glauberite crystals varied constantly during interaction with the brines. The huge amounts of glauberite deposition in the Lop Nur is a continuous process. The first stage:gypsum crystals precipitated by evaporation in the early ancient lake. The second stage:While the brines type changed, some glauberite crystals directly precipitated from the brines, others were formed by replacement of gypsum. The third stage:glauberite crystals grew constantly during interaction with the brines. The glauberite rock with "honeycomb pores", made up of coarse grains and megacrysts, formed finally.
The analytical procedure of fluid inclusion composition by laser ablation ICP-MS has initially been established. Fluid inclusions in salt minerals in the Lop Nur playa were measured in this method. The results showed that contents of elements in fluid inclusions in gypsum, glauberite, bloedite and halite increased successively. The pattern of variation was consistent with the normal brine evolution trend. The composition of fluid inclusions indicated that the K-rich brines during the glauberite intergranular and the huge amounts of glauberite minerals were not formed in the same period. The potassium average content in glauberite inclusions is5.85g/L, which revealed that potassium in the brine was preliminary riched while the Lop Nur evolution to the glauberite deposition stage. Therefore, the relationship between massive accumulation of glauberite minerals and potassium-rich brine formation could be that:Brines containing potassium were reserved in the "honeycomb" pores. Then, the brines in glauberite intergranular occurred strong evaporation. It caused that shallow brine declined because of larger density and the light brine moved upward, forming the vertical convection system. The brines and glauberite crystals varied constantly under the interaction. In such vertical convection system, potassium ions were continuously enriched due to the concentration by evaporation. The current K-rich brines during the glauberite intergranular were formed eventually.
引文
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