北京郊区旅游型小村镇污水处理研究
摘要
旅游业的迅速发展需要良好的生态环境做保证,同时它也给环境保护施加了较大的压力。本文通过实地调研和水质监测,分析了北京郊区小村镇旅游污水的来源,研究了北京地区小村镇旅游污水的排放量及水质变化规律,利用层次分析法筛选出适宜不同类型污水的处理方法,通过现场实地调研和实验监测研究,分析了污水处理方法的经济、技术、管理、旅游感官等各项参数,并提出改善该地区小村镇旅游水污染的生态学措施和建议。本文根据旅游类型及污水量特征的不同,将北京市旅游型小村镇的旅游污水分为3种类型：旅游景区型、农家乐型和会议酒店型。主要结论如下：
(1)其中水量波动最为明显的为旅游景区型污水,不论是时变化、日变化和季节变化都非常显著；农家乐型旅游污水水量的三种变化均比较明显；而会议酒店型旅游污水水量相对稳定。
(2)就不同类型污水的各项指标在旅游旺季(5、7、9)及旅游淡季(12月)的季度变化而言,5、7月份农家乐型旅游污水的CODCr浓度显著高于其他两种旅游污水,12月份会议酒店型旅游污水的CODCr浓度显著高于其他两种旅游污水。5月份农家乐型旅游污水的TP浓度显著高于其他两种旅游污水；12月份农家乐型旅游污水的TP浓度显著低于其他两种旅游污水。5、9月份会议酒店型旅游污水的TN及NH4-N浓度显著低于其他两种旅游污水；12月份农家乐型旅游污水的TN及NH4-N浓度显著低于其他两种旅游污水。就三种类型污水的各项指标在5、7、9、12月的日变化而言,仅pH值呈现不同类型的污水间的显著差异。
(3)小村镇污水处理率大概在10%～20%,不同地区之间或相同地区不同村镇之间的处理率存在明显差异。大部分污水处理方法为生物处理法,如厌氧生物滤池、人工湿地、MBR、CASS、生物接触氧化法、A2/O技术等。
(4)利用层次分析法分析得到,针对3类旅游污水的6种处理方法的综合效益优劣排序：旅游景区型污水：人工湿地处理方法>生物接触氧化法>CASS处理方法>氧化沟法>A2/O处理方法>曝气生物滤池法；农家乐型污水：生物接触氧化法>氧化沟法>人工湿地处理方法>曝气生物滤池法>A2/O处理方法>CASS处理方法；会议酒店型污水：CASS处理方法>生物接触氧化法>人工湿地处理方法>氧化沟法>A2/O处理方法>曝气生物滤池法。
(5)生物接触氧化法和人工湿地处理方法的出水均达到了《村镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)》二级标准。混合型介质生物接触氧化法对农家乐型旅游污水的处理效果较好;人工湿地技术处理污染浓度不高的旅游景区型污水效果显著。综上,混合型介质生物接触氧化法和人工湿地处理方法是两种比较好的处理旅游型小村镇污水的方法。
Depending on a favorable environment, the tourism industry developed rapidly and at the same time, will also bring a lot of pressure to the local environment. Based on this consideration, this paper (1) studied the sources, the emission load and the water quality of the sewage in tourist villages in suburbs of Beijing,(2) filtered out the optimal processing technologies for different types of sewage by using AHP,(3) analyzed the economic, technical, management, and tourism sense parameters of the sewage treatment process,(4) and proposed a series of ecological proposals to reduce the tourist water pollution in tourist villages in suburbs of Beijing. According to the different tourism types, the tourism sewage of villages in suburbs of Beijing was divided into three categories:tourism attractions, farmhouse entertainment, and conference hotel. The results showed as followings:
(1) The hourly, daily, and seasonally variations of the sewage quantity of tourism attractions varied significantly. Similarly, the sewage quantity of farmhouse entertainment changed relatively apparently, while the sewage quantity of conference hotel were relatively stable.
(2) As for the seasonally variations of the five biochemical indexes (CODCr pH, TP, TN, and NH4-N), the CODCr values of farmhouse sewage were significantly higher than the ones of the other typed sewage in May and July, while the ones of conference hotel sewage were significantly higher than the ones of the other types of sewage in December. In May, the concentration of TP of farmhouse sewage was significantly higher than the ones of the other two typed sewage, while the former turned to be significantly lower than the latter in December among the three types of sewage in tourist high seasons (May, July, and September) and off season (December). The concentration of TN and NH4-N of conference hotel sewage were significantly lower than the other sewage in May and September. In December, the farmhouse sewage were significantly lower than the other sewage. Besides, As for the daily variations of these indexes, only pH values could show significant differences among three types of sewage.
(3) The village sewage processing rate was about10-20%. Obvious differences in processing rates were among regions or among towns in the same region. The technologies of sewage process were mostly biological treatment, such as anaerobic biological filter, constructed wetlands, MBR, CASS, biological contact oxidation, A2/O process.
(4) As for the3types of tourism sewage, the pros and cons orders of the6processing methods were as followed:Sewage of tourism attractions:Artificial Wetland Treatment System> Biological Contact Oxidation Process> CASS Process> Oxidation Ditch Process> A2/O Process> Biological Aerated Filter Process; Sewage of farmhouse entertainment:Biological Contact Oxidation Process> Oxidation Ditch Process> Artificial Wetland Treatment System> Biological Aerated Filter> A2/O Process> CASS Process; Sewage of conference hotel:CASS Process Biological Contact Oxidation Process> Artificial Wetland Treatment System> Oxidation Ditch Process> A2/O Process> Biological Aerated Filter Technology.
(5) Treated by the biological contact oxidation and artificial wetlands treatment, the water reached the secondary standard of "urban sewage treatment factory pollutant discharge standard (GB18918-2002)". Biological contact oxidation method of mixed media could effectively treat the tourist sewage of farmhouse entertainment Artificial wetlands were suitable to treat the tourism sewage of tourism attractions which had a low pollution concentration. To sum up, mixed media biological contact oxidation and artificial wetland treatment technology were two suitable methods for tourist sewage processing.
(1)其中水量波动最为明显的为旅游景区型污水,不论是时变化、日变化和季节变化都非常显著；农家乐型旅游污水水量的三种变化均比较明显；而会议酒店型旅游污水水量相对稳定。
(2)就不同类型污水的各项指标在旅游旺季(5、7、9)及旅游淡季(12月)的季度变化而言,5、7月份农家乐型旅游污水的CODCr浓度显著高于其他两种旅游污水,12月份会议酒店型旅游污水的CODCr浓度显著高于其他两种旅游污水。5月份农家乐型旅游污水的TP浓度显著高于其他两种旅游污水；12月份农家乐型旅游污水的TP浓度显著低于其他两种旅游污水。5、9月份会议酒店型旅游污水的TN及NH4-N浓度显著低于其他两种旅游污水；12月份农家乐型旅游污水的TN及NH4-N浓度显著低于其他两种旅游污水。就三种类型污水的各项指标在5、7、9、12月的日变化而言,仅pH值呈现不同类型的污水间的显著差异。
(3)小村镇污水处理率大概在10%～20%,不同地区之间或相同地区不同村镇之间的处理率存在明显差异。大部分污水处理方法为生物处理法,如厌氧生物滤池、人工湿地、MBR、CASS、生物接触氧化法、A2/O技术等。
(4)利用层次分析法分析得到,针对3类旅游污水的6种处理方法的综合效益优劣排序：旅游景区型污水：人工湿地处理方法>生物接触氧化法>CASS处理方法>氧化沟法>A2/O处理方法>曝气生物滤池法；农家乐型污水：生物接触氧化法>氧化沟法>人工湿地处理方法>曝气生物滤池法>A2/O处理方法>CASS处理方法；会议酒店型污水：CASS处理方法>生物接触氧化法>人工湿地处理方法>氧化沟法>A2/O处理方法>曝气生物滤池法。
(5)生物接触氧化法和人工湿地处理方法的出水均达到了《村镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)》二级标准。混合型介质生物接触氧化法对农家乐型旅游污水的处理效果较好;人工湿地技术处理污染浓度不高的旅游景区型污水效果显著。综上,混合型介质生物接触氧化法和人工湿地处理方法是两种比较好的处理旅游型小村镇污水的方法。
Depending on a favorable environment, the tourism industry developed rapidly and at the same time, will also bring a lot of pressure to the local environment. Based on this consideration, this paper (1) studied the sources, the emission load and the water quality of the sewage in tourist villages in suburbs of Beijing,(2) filtered out the optimal processing technologies for different types of sewage by using AHP,(3) analyzed the economic, technical, management, and tourism sense parameters of the sewage treatment process,(4) and proposed a series of ecological proposals to reduce the tourist water pollution in tourist villages in suburbs of Beijing. According to the different tourism types, the tourism sewage of villages in suburbs of Beijing was divided into three categories:tourism attractions, farmhouse entertainment, and conference hotel. The results showed as followings:
(1) The hourly, daily, and seasonally variations of the sewage quantity of tourism attractions varied significantly. Similarly, the sewage quantity of farmhouse entertainment changed relatively apparently, while the sewage quantity of conference hotel were relatively stable.
(2) As for the seasonally variations of the five biochemical indexes (CODCr pH, TP, TN, and NH4-N), the CODCr values of farmhouse sewage were significantly higher than the ones of the other typed sewage in May and July, while the ones of conference hotel sewage were significantly higher than the ones of the other types of sewage in December. In May, the concentration of TP of farmhouse sewage was significantly higher than the ones of the other two typed sewage, while the former turned to be significantly lower than the latter in December among the three types of sewage in tourist high seasons (May, July, and September) and off season (December). The concentration of TN and NH4-N of conference hotel sewage were significantly lower than the other sewage in May and September. In December, the farmhouse sewage were significantly lower than the other sewage. Besides, As for the daily variations of these indexes, only pH values could show significant differences among three types of sewage.
(3) The village sewage processing rate was about10-20%. Obvious differences in processing rates were among regions or among towns in the same region. The technologies of sewage process were mostly biological treatment, such as anaerobic biological filter, constructed wetlands, MBR, CASS, biological contact oxidation, A2/O process.
(4) As for the3types of tourism sewage, the pros and cons orders of the6processing methods were as followed:Sewage of tourism attractions:Artificial Wetland Treatment System> Biological Contact Oxidation Process> CASS Process> Oxidation Ditch Process> A2/O Process> Biological Aerated Filter Process; Sewage of farmhouse entertainment:Biological Contact Oxidation Process> Oxidation Ditch Process> Artificial Wetland Treatment System> Biological Aerated Filter> A2/O Process> CASS Process; Sewage of conference hotel:CASS Process Biological Contact Oxidation Process> Artificial Wetland Treatment System> Oxidation Ditch Process> A2/O Process> Biological Aerated Filter Technology.
(5) Treated by the biological contact oxidation and artificial wetlands treatment, the water reached the secondary standard of "urban sewage treatment factory pollutant discharge standard (GB18918-2002)". Biological contact oxidation method of mixed media could effectively treat the tourist sewage of farmhouse entertainment Artificial wetlands were suitable to treat the tourism sewage of tourism attractions which had a low pollution concentration. To sum up, mixed media biological contact oxidation and artificial wetland treatment technology were two suitable methods for tourist sewage processing.
引文
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