珠江口盆地生物礁滩储层地震相分析与储层预测
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摘要
在碳酸盐岩沉积中,生物礁滩储层是理想的油气储集场所,它们有特殊的结构外形,并且孔隙较好,一般比围岩要大许多,有着巨大的含油气潜力。但是,由于碳酸盐岩非均质强,进一步增强了地震解释过程中的多解性,使储层的识别与预测难度增大。
随着勘探技术的进步与勘探程度的增加,在碳酸盐岩中寻找有利储层的技术也日益成熟。生物礁一般生长在特殊的环境中,因而礁滩储层的分布必然受到沉积相带的控制,所以针对生物礁滩储层的预测与评价必须先通过地震相的分析,找到有利的沉积相带及其分布范围,然后再对储层进行预测。本文首先系统地分析了碳酸盐岩储层的地层特征、生物礁滩地震响应特征,然后综合论述了传统地震相分析的方法,自组织神经网络波形分类技术方法的基本原理和算法,以及地震相到沉积相的转换方法,并将地震相分析应用到储层参数预测中。最后针对珠江口盆地TK、HK地区生物礁滩储层应用地震相综合分析进行沉积相带的划分和礁滩相储层的识别并结合地震测井资料和波阻抗反演结果预测储层孔隙度。论文的主要研究内容和关键成果如下:
1、通过分析碳酸盐岩沉积模式,总结了礁滩储层的特殊沉积环境及其沉积规律,并在这些地质规律下总结了生物礁滩的地球物理响应特征。另外HK、TK地区生物礁大量发育,在剖面追踪和层位对比过程中总结了许多典型生物礁地震反射特征,为研究者对生物礁的沉积结构提供了直观的认识。
2、在本地区的研究中,采用地震反射特征分析,神经网络波形分析,地震属性等多种方法综合分析了HK、TK地区的地震相与沉积相。通过对比井资料,与地震相到沉积相的转换方法、需要遵循的规律,以及常见的地震相与沉积相匹配关系,可将HK地区珠江口盆地珠江组碳酸盐岩地层划分为陆棚相以及台地边缘相,同样将TK地区相应地层划分为陆棚相、斜坡相、台地边缘相、开阔台地,使地球物理解释与地质规律紧密结合,为生物礁滩储层的预测和评价提供了有力帮助。
3、提出一种基于沉积相约束的孔隙度预测方法:通过前期的地震相划分,并结合测井及岩芯资料对研究区进行沉积相带划分,将地震信息转化为地质信息,然后根据相带划分结果对单一相带中的密度、声波速度与孔隙度井资料进行统计,拟合获得相关最好的波阻抗与孔隙度关系公式,这样多个相带就有不同的孔隙度计算公式;最后通过反演得到的波阻抗计算获得孔隙度。因为在横向上加入了地质解释,所以通过这种方法能够有效的结合地质规律,提高了三维孔隙度预测精度,更好的进行孔隙流体预测及储层评价。
Reef and bank reservoirs were perfect reservoirs for oil and gas in carbonate rock. They have a special structure of shape and better pore than surrounding rock. They h- ave widely hydrocarbon potentiality. However, because of carbonate rock were inho- megeneous, it is very difficult to identify and forecast reef and bank reservoir and to interpret the seismic data.
In recent year, with the object complex degree of oil-gas exploratory developme- nt increasing and seismic interpretation technology being more and more mature day by day, seismic oil-gas forecasting technology develops toward fine.Reefs are general- ly grown in a special environment, so the distribution of reef and bank reservoirs con- trolled by sedimentary facies. Therefore we must find the favorable sedimentary facies and the distribution of it with seismic facies analysis before forecasting and assessing the reef and bank reservoirs. First of all, the paper analyse systematically the strata cha- racteristic of carbonate reservoirs, seismic response characteristic of the reservior of reef and bank facies. Second, we formulate the fundamental principle of the facies pla- ne method, and SOM waveform classification. At the same time, we formulate the algorithm of waveform classification, the method of transforming seismic facies to sedimentary facies. Moreover, we predict the parameter of the reservoir with the seis- mic facies analysis result. Finally, we applied multiple methods of seismic facies analy- sis in reef and bank reservior of in TK and HK area, and divided the sedimentary facies and discriminated the reef and bank facies, then we predict porosity with seismic logging, inversion result and seismic facies analysis result. Main results of that topic involve below:
1、By analyzing the pattern of carbonate rock deposition, summarizes the envir- onment and deposition rule of the reef and bank reservoirs. Base of those geological laws, we summarize the laws of seismic response of it. There are many reefs in HK and TK area. We find lots of features about reefs reflection in horizon tracking. It directly provides an understanding of reef deposition for researchers.
2、In the researching of Zhujiang Formation in Zhujiangkou Basin, we analyze the seismic facies and sedimentary facies with the method of seismic reflection analysis, neural network waveform analysis and seismic attribution in HK and TK area. With comparison of log data and the laws of transforming seismic facies to sedi- mentary facies, we divide carbonate formation into continental shelf facies and platf- orm edge facies in HK area and continental shelf facies, slope facies, platform edge facies, open platform facies. It make geophysical closely with geological to help to forecasting and assessing the reef and bank reservoirs.
3、We propose a method to predict porosity base on sedimentary facies constrain. Base on seismic facies analysis, combining with the log and rock core data; then disti- nguish the different sedimentary facies and translate seismic information into geolog- y information. Secondly, the density and acoustic velocity data of log in single sedim- enttary facies used for the best statistic correlation expression between impedance and porosity. In this way, there are some expressions in different sedimentary facies. Lastl- y, those expressions are used to calculate the porosity. With geology interprettation in horizon, this method combines with geology disciplinarian effect- ively.Through this method, it is better to improve the porosity prediction precision and pore fluid predict- tion and reservoir evaluation.
随着勘探技术的进步与勘探程度的增加,在碳酸盐岩中寻找有利储层的技术也日益成熟。生物礁一般生长在特殊的环境中,因而礁滩储层的分布必然受到沉积相带的控制,所以针对生物礁滩储层的预测与评价必须先通过地震相的分析,找到有利的沉积相带及其分布范围,然后再对储层进行预测。本文首先系统地分析了碳酸盐岩储层的地层特征、生物礁滩地震响应特征,然后综合论述了传统地震相分析的方法,自组织神经网络波形分类技术方法的基本原理和算法,以及地震相到沉积相的转换方法,并将地震相分析应用到储层参数预测中。最后针对珠江口盆地TK、HK地区生物礁滩储层应用地震相综合分析进行沉积相带的划分和礁滩相储层的识别并结合地震测井资料和波阻抗反演结果预测储层孔隙度。论文的主要研究内容和关键成果如下:
1、通过分析碳酸盐岩沉积模式,总结了礁滩储层的特殊沉积环境及其沉积规律,并在这些地质规律下总结了生物礁滩的地球物理响应特征。另外HK、TK地区生物礁大量发育,在剖面追踪和层位对比过程中总结了许多典型生物礁地震反射特征,为研究者对生物礁的沉积结构提供了直观的认识。
2、在本地区的研究中,采用地震反射特征分析,神经网络波形分析,地震属性等多种方法综合分析了HK、TK地区的地震相与沉积相。通过对比井资料,与地震相到沉积相的转换方法、需要遵循的规律,以及常见的地震相与沉积相匹配关系,可将HK地区珠江口盆地珠江组碳酸盐岩地层划分为陆棚相以及台地边缘相,同样将TK地区相应地层划分为陆棚相、斜坡相、台地边缘相、开阔台地,使地球物理解释与地质规律紧密结合,为生物礁滩储层的预测和评价提供了有力帮助。
3、提出一种基于沉积相约束的孔隙度预测方法:通过前期的地震相划分,并结合测井及岩芯资料对研究区进行沉积相带划分,将地震信息转化为地质信息,然后根据相带划分结果对单一相带中的密度、声波速度与孔隙度井资料进行统计,拟合获得相关最好的波阻抗与孔隙度关系公式,这样多个相带就有不同的孔隙度计算公式;最后通过反演得到的波阻抗计算获得孔隙度。因为在横向上加入了地质解释,所以通过这种方法能够有效的结合地质规律,提高了三维孔隙度预测精度,更好的进行孔隙流体预测及储层评价。
Reef and bank reservoirs were perfect reservoirs for oil and gas in carbonate rock. They have a special structure of shape and better pore than surrounding rock. They h- ave widely hydrocarbon potentiality. However, because of carbonate rock were inho- megeneous, it is very difficult to identify and forecast reef and bank reservoir and to interpret the seismic data.
In recent year, with the object complex degree of oil-gas exploratory developme- nt increasing and seismic interpretation technology being more and more mature day by day, seismic oil-gas forecasting technology develops toward fine.Reefs are general- ly grown in a special environment, so the distribution of reef and bank reservoirs con- trolled by sedimentary facies. Therefore we must find the favorable sedimentary facies and the distribution of it with seismic facies analysis before forecasting and assessing the reef and bank reservoirs. First of all, the paper analyse systematically the strata cha- racteristic of carbonate reservoirs, seismic response characteristic of the reservior of reef and bank facies. Second, we formulate the fundamental principle of the facies pla- ne method, and SOM waveform classification. At the same time, we formulate the algorithm of waveform classification, the method of transforming seismic facies to sedimentary facies. Moreover, we predict the parameter of the reservoir with the seis- mic facies analysis result. Finally, we applied multiple methods of seismic facies analy- sis in reef and bank reservior of in TK and HK area, and divided the sedimentary facies and discriminated the reef and bank facies, then we predict porosity with seismic logging, inversion result and seismic facies analysis result. Main results of that topic involve below:
1、By analyzing the pattern of carbonate rock deposition, summarizes the envir- onment and deposition rule of the reef and bank reservoirs. Base of those geological laws, we summarize the laws of seismic response of it. There are many reefs in HK and TK area. We find lots of features about reefs reflection in horizon tracking. It directly provides an understanding of reef deposition for researchers.
2、In the researching of Zhujiang Formation in Zhujiangkou Basin, we analyze the seismic facies and sedimentary facies with the method of seismic reflection analysis, neural network waveform analysis and seismic attribution in HK and TK area. With comparison of log data and the laws of transforming seismic facies to sedi- mentary facies, we divide carbonate formation into continental shelf facies and platf- orm edge facies in HK area and continental shelf facies, slope facies, platform edge facies, open platform facies. It make geophysical closely with geological to help to forecasting and assessing the reef and bank reservoirs.
3、We propose a method to predict porosity base on sedimentary facies constrain. Base on seismic facies analysis, combining with the log and rock core data; then disti- nguish the different sedimentary facies and translate seismic information into geolog- y information. Secondly, the density and acoustic velocity data of log in single sedim- enttary facies used for the best statistic correlation expression between impedance and porosity. In this way, there are some expressions in different sedimentary facies. Lastl- y, those expressions are used to calculate the porosity. With geology interprettation in horizon, this method combines with geology disciplinarian effect- ively.Through this method, it is better to improve the porosity prediction precision and pore fluid predict- tion and reservoir evaluation.
引文
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