东天山古生代构造—岩浆作用及地球动力学演化
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摘要
天山造山带地处亚洲大陆腹地,是中亚造山带在中国区域内的重要组成部分,为研究大陆地质、探索大陆动力学新理论提供了最佳野外实验地区。传统的大地构造将其划分为北天山、中天山和南天山。根据前人的研究表明,北天山地区现今的复杂地质结构构造面貌,主要是经历古生代以板块汇聚、碰撞作用为特点的主造山期构造作用,又遭受中、新生代板内强烈构造作用的叠加改造所致,涉及古生代造山作用及造山期后方式、过程和特点的研究至今仍存在较大分歧。本论文选择东天山地区中天山北缘断裂的早古生代聚合事件记录及博格达-哈尔里克地区发育的两期明显的地壳伸展事件作为研究对象,并期望研究结果能为东天山的构造演化研究提供一定的制约。
东天山的博格达-哈尔里克山南缘地区的晚古生代地层中发现有两套完整的双峰式火山岩。红山口的玄武岩和流纹岩的的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为347.1±3.9Ma和344.4±1.9,345.0±2.5Ma。玄武岩的主微量元素表明其高铝玄武岩特征,可能来自于交代的软流圈地幔。玄武岩和流纹岩具有较为均一的Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd同位素组成。玄武岩的的εNd(t)在+5.87到+8.25之间,可能来自较为亏损的幔源岩区。流纹岩的ENd(t)为+6.35到+8.53之间,根据流纹岩与玄武岩的地球化学及同位素特征对比以及矿物学方面证据,推断流纹岩可能是由玄武岩浆直接结晶分异而成的。同时认为红山口早石炭世双峰式火山岩可能代表着弧后伸展的岩浆活动。在博格达-哈尔里克山南缘发育一期东西走向长达500km的线状分布的双峰式火山岩。流纹岩具有明显的高钾特征,并具有A型花岗岩的属性。玄武岩可能起源于交代的岩石圈地幔,并且岩浆在上升过程中受到不同程度的地壳混染。四个流纹岩样品和两个玄武岩的U-Pb锆石年龄较为相近,分别为295.8±2.8和293.3±1.7Ma。其εHf(t)值变化较大,从-0.49到+13,但大多数均为正值,可能由于壳幔物质混合形成。双峰式火山岩的年龄代表着后碰撞伸展的初始阶段。
新疆地区后碰撞期构造-岩浆活动龄集中295-270Ma。除了发育有大规模的双峰式火山岩之外,还发育典型的后碰撞花岗岩特征的Ⅰ型高钾钙碱性花岗岩,笔者选择东天山哈尔里克地区的小堡花岗岩体进行了锆石的U-Pb定年,获得两组谐和年龄,分别为297±2和295±2Ma,代表哈尔里克地区后碰撞早期岩浆作用的形成时代。与小堡花岗岩体同时发育、空间并存的还有基性岩墙群和碱性花岗岩,特别是在白杨沟地区,早二叠世发育有一典型的水下垮塌构造和碱性玄武岩浆的喷发活动,这些都是后碰撞伸展的重要标志。
中天山北缘是一个近EW向的大型右旋走滑韧性剪切带。宏、微观构造尺度的运动学研究表明,该带经历过至二期韧性变形作用。第一期为从南向北的逆冲推覆韧性剪切变形,时代为晚志留世-早泥盆世,以米什沟-尾亚剖面为代表,对应于早古生代洋壳从北向南俯冲及稍后北天山岛弧向中天山地块的碰撞事件。第二期为沿EW方向的右旋走滑韧性变形,其构造形迹广泛分布于中天山北缘带各个地段；北天山石炭纪火山岩已卷入该期构造活动,走滑时代为晚石炭世-早二叠世。
在中天山北缘断裂带的哈密尾亚地区,出露有蛇绿混杂岩和镁铁质麻粒岩。岩石地球化学测试数据在构造环境判别图解中表明,辉长岩与辉绿岩成分相近,总体上具有富集型洋脊玄武岩(EMORB)地球化学特征。镁铁质麻粒岩则为与岛弧和活动大陆边缘玄武岩相当的拉斑玄武岩,其原岩形成在不成熟岛弧环境下。笔者认为尾亚东的镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石组合属于构造肢解的EMORB型蛇绿岩成员,可能是属于古天山洋盆的岩石圈残片。尾亚西的镁铁质麻粒岩其原岩形成于不成熟的岛弧环境。根据其与其他围岩的产状关系,表明中天山北缘曾发生古板块向南俯冲消减机制,其位置可以代表古天山洋闭合后的缝合线。
依据对尾亚蛇绿混杂岩及其韧性变形特征、博格达山沉积层序与岩浆活动,并结合区域地质资料和前人研究成果,认为在古生代期间,天山洋先后沿中天山北缘断裂带和克拉麦里断裂带向下俯冲,形成向南俯冲的早古生代和晚古生代二期活动陆缘沟弧盆系。将新疆北东部地区古生代构造作用的形成演化过程划分为如下五个阶段：1、早古生代活动大陆边缘阶段；2、早古生代晚期碰撞增生阶段；3、晚泥盆世-早石炭世活动大陆边缘阶段；4、晚石炭世弧-陆碰撞阶段：5、早、中二叠世后碰撞伸展-走滑阶段。
Located in the central of Asia, Tianshan Belt is an important component of the Central Asian orogenic belt (CAOB) in China. It is a crucial key for understanding the complex crustal evolution and collisional tectonics of the CAOB. The Tianshan Belt, which resulted from polyphase subduction-collision orogenies, is classically divided into three subunits:North Tianshan, Central TianshanSouth Tianshan. The North Tianshan experienced a complex tectonic evolution, including Paleozoic accretion and collision, Mesozoic thermal subsidence and Cenozoic thrusting and uplift. The post-collisional strike-slip and transtension movements reworked the original architecture of the orogen, making it difficult to identify the original geological features. This has triggered various controversies on the process and characters of the Paleozoic tectonic setting and tectonic evolution of the North Tianshan. This dissertation focuses on the Ophiolitic melange and ductile deformation of Northern boundary fault of Central Tianshan and two pahses of Late Paleozoic crust extension. Our study provides new insights into the Paleozoic tectonic evolution of East Tianshan.
In the Bogda-Harlik area, we have identified two episodes of Late Paleozoic bimodal suites formed during Early Carboniferous and Early Permian in Hongshankou area and south Bogda area. Zircons from Hongshankou basalts yield crystallization ages of347.1±3.9Ma, whereas those from the rhyolites are dated as344.4±1.9and345.0±2.5Ma. The major and trace element signatures of basalts suggest high alumina basalt (HAB) as the source magma which was generated from metasomatised asthenosphere mantle. Broadly homogenous Rb-r and Sm-Nd isotopic compositions of mafic and felsic rocks are also characteristic. The basalts display a distinct enrichment in incompatible elements and positive εNd(345Ma)(from+5.87to+8.25). The rhyolites also display high εNd(345Ma)(from+6.35to+8.53). Consequently, we suggest a mixing process between a source similar to mid-ocean ridge basalt (depleted end-member mantle) and arc-like magmas for the petrogenesis of the mafic rocks, whereas the rhyolites are best interpreted to have formed by fractional crystallization from the parental magma of the basalts. We propose that the essentially bimodal character of this complex reflects the features of back-arc extensional magmatism. The post-collisional event generated an E-W trending bimodal volcanic zone that extends for ca.500km in the southern Bogda Mt. to the easternmost Tianshan Belt. The rhyolites show a close affinity to aluminous A-type granites, indicates a bimodal high-K calc-alkaline affinity. The basalts are likely derived from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle. The LA-ICP-MS analysis on zircons from four rhyolites and two basalts yielded similar ages ranging from295.8±2.8to293.3±1.7Ma, suggesting an Early Permian event. Zircons from the basalts show a wide sHf(t) range, suggesting a mixing of crust-mantle material. The magmatic zircons from the bimodal volcanic rocks yielded two peaks of TDM2between600-820Ma and1160-1360Ma, probably representing two significant episodes of continental crust growth. The bimodal volcanic rocks are correlated with the early stage of post-collision.
The post-collisional tectonic-magmatic activity in Xinjiang region is very intensive, and the isotopic age of the activity ranges mainly from270to290Ma. Except the bimodal volcanic, there are also some typical I-type high-K calc-alkaline granite. Zircons from Xiaopu granite these plutons are dated by U-Pb method and yield weighted mean age of297±2and295±2Ma respectively, which is considered representing early period of post-collisional magmatism. The triplet of basic dyke swarms and alkaline granites as well as the underwater olistostrome in the Baiyanggou could be regarded as a prominent indication of the initial stage of post-collision, and they occurred synchronously and coexisted in Harlik region. All above mentioned indicates could cease by the end of carboniferous.
Northern boundary fault of Central Tianshan experienced at least two stages of ductile shear tectonic evolution:Early Paleozoic north vergent thrusting ductile shear and Early Permian strike-slip deformation. Nearly vertical mylonitic foliation and sub-horizonal stretching lineation define its strike-slip feature; various kinematic indicators, such as asymmetric folds, non-coxial asymmetric macro-to micro-structures and C-axis fabrics of quartz grains of mylonites, suggest that it is a dextral strike-slip shear zone oriented in a nearly E-W direction. Geodynamical analysis suggests that Early Paleozoic north vergent thrusting ductile shear large-scale and dextral strike-slip ductile shearing are likely the result of intracontinental adjustment deformation after the collision of North Tiashan Arc and Middle Tianshan block and Late Carboniferous oblique collision caused by the final closure of Tianshan ocean.
The ophiolitic melange and mafic granulites are outcropped in the Weiya segment which is near to the northern boundary fault of the Central Tianshan belt. The petrological and geochemical data suggest that the geochemical features of the diabase and gabbro of the ophiolitic melange are similar to ones of the typical EMORB-type basalt. All the mafic granulites on the TAS diagram are located in the subalkline gabbro-diabase area, similar to island-arc or active continental margin basalt, the mafic granulite displays geochemical feature of immature island-arc tholeiite. Combining with previous results, we conclude that the mafic-ultramafic blocks in the eastern Weiya belongs to the dismembered EMORB-type ophiolite suit, which formed in mid-oceanic ridge of and represents fragments of ancient Tianshan oceanic basin. The protolith of mafic granulites were formed in an immature island-arc setting. The ophiolitic melange and mafic granulites may be related to the subduction of oceanic plate along the northern boundary fault of the Central Tianshan and represents the relics of the Tianshan Ocean.
On the basis of the characteristics of the ductile deformation zone and Weiya ophiolitic melange and sedimentary sequence and magmatism in the Bogda, we conclude that, Tianshan Paleoocean southward subduction along the Northern boundary fault of Central Tianshan and Kelamaili suture zone during Early Paleozoic and Later Paleozoic, respectively. The evolution progress of the Eastern Tianshan can be divided into5stages during Paleozoic.1, active continental margin along the Central Tianshan during the early paleozoic;2, collision peroid during the early paleozoic;3, Late Devonian-Early carboniferous back-arc extension;4, later carboniferous arc-continental collision;5, Early Permian post-collision.
东天山的博格达-哈尔里克山南缘地区的晚古生代地层中发现有两套完整的双峰式火山岩。红山口的玄武岩和流纹岩的的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为347.1±3.9Ma和344.4±1.9,345.0±2.5Ma。玄武岩的主微量元素表明其高铝玄武岩特征,可能来自于交代的软流圈地幔。玄武岩和流纹岩具有较为均一的Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd同位素组成。玄武岩的的εNd(t)在+5.87到+8.25之间,可能来自较为亏损的幔源岩区。流纹岩的ENd(t)为+6.35到+8.53之间,根据流纹岩与玄武岩的地球化学及同位素特征对比以及矿物学方面证据,推断流纹岩可能是由玄武岩浆直接结晶分异而成的。同时认为红山口早石炭世双峰式火山岩可能代表着弧后伸展的岩浆活动。在博格达-哈尔里克山南缘发育一期东西走向长达500km的线状分布的双峰式火山岩。流纹岩具有明显的高钾特征,并具有A型花岗岩的属性。玄武岩可能起源于交代的岩石圈地幔,并且岩浆在上升过程中受到不同程度的地壳混染。四个流纹岩样品和两个玄武岩的U-Pb锆石年龄较为相近,分别为295.8±2.8和293.3±1.7Ma。其εHf(t)值变化较大,从-0.49到+13,但大多数均为正值,可能由于壳幔物质混合形成。双峰式火山岩的年龄代表着后碰撞伸展的初始阶段。
新疆地区后碰撞期构造-岩浆活动龄集中295-270Ma。除了发育有大规模的双峰式火山岩之外,还发育典型的后碰撞花岗岩特征的Ⅰ型高钾钙碱性花岗岩,笔者选择东天山哈尔里克地区的小堡花岗岩体进行了锆石的U-Pb定年,获得两组谐和年龄,分别为297±2和295±2Ma,代表哈尔里克地区后碰撞早期岩浆作用的形成时代。与小堡花岗岩体同时发育、空间并存的还有基性岩墙群和碱性花岗岩,特别是在白杨沟地区,早二叠世发育有一典型的水下垮塌构造和碱性玄武岩浆的喷发活动,这些都是后碰撞伸展的重要标志。
中天山北缘是一个近EW向的大型右旋走滑韧性剪切带。宏、微观构造尺度的运动学研究表明,该带经历过至二期韧性变形作用。第一期为从南向北的逆冲推覆韧性剪切变形,时代为晚志留世-早泥盆世,以米什沟-尾亚剖面为代表,对应于早古生代洋壳从北向南俯冲及稍后北天山岛弧向中天山地块的碰撞事件。第二期为沿EW方向的右旋走滑韧性变形,其构造形迹广泛分布于中天山北缘带各个地段；北天山石炭纪火山岩已卷入该期构造活动,走滑时代为晚石炭世-早二叠世。
在中天山北缘断裂带的哈密尾亚地区,出露有蛇绿混杂岩和镁铁质麻粒岩。岩石地球化学测试数据在构造环境判别图解中表明,辉长岩与辉绿岩成分相近,总体上具有富集型洋脊玄武岩(EMORB)地球化学特征。镁铁质麻粒岩则为与岛弧和活动大陆边缘玄武岩相当的拉斑玄武岩,其原岩形成在不成熟岛弧环境下。笔者认为尾亚东的镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石组合属于构造肢解的EMORB型蛇绿岩成员,可能是属于古天山洋盆的岩石圈残片。尾亚西的镁铁质麻粒岩其原岩形成于不成熟的岛弧环境。根据其与其他围岩的产状关系,表明中天山北缘曾发生古板块向南俯冲消减机制,其位置可以代表古天山洋闭合后的缝合线。
依据对尾亚蛇绿混杂岩及其韧性变形特征、博格达山沉积层序与岩浆活动,并结合区域地质资料和前人研究成果,认为在古生代期间,天山洋先后沿中天山北缘断裂带和克拉麦里断裂带向下俯冲,形成向南俯冲的早古生代和晚古生代二期活动陆缘沟弧盆系。将新疆北东部地区古生代构造作用的形成演化过程划分为如下五个阶段：1、早古生代活动大陆边缘阶段；2、早古生代晚期碰撞增生阶段；3、晚泥盆世-早石炭世活动大陆边缘阶段；4、晚石炭世弧-陆碰撞阶段：5、早、中二叠世后碰撞伸展-走滑阶段。
Located in the central of Asia, Tianshan Belt is an important component of the Central Asian orogenic belt (CAOB) in China. It is a crucial key for understanding the complex crustal evolution and collisional tectonics of the CAOB. The Tianshan Belt, which resulted from polyphase subduction-collision orogenies, is classically divided into three subunits:North Tianshan, Central TianshanSouth Tianshan. The North Tianshan experienced a complex tectonic evolution, including Paleozoic accretion and collision, Mesozoic thermal subsidence and Cenozoic thrusting and uplift. The post-collisional strike-slip and transtension movements reworked the original architecture of the orogen, making it difficult to identify the original geological features. This has triggered various controversies on the process and characters of the Paleozoic tectonic setting and tectonic evolution of the North Tianshan. This dissertation focuses on the Ophiolitic melange and ductile deformation of Northern boundary fault of Central Tianshan and two pahses of Late Paleozoic crust extension. Our study provides new insights into the Paleozoic tectonic evolution of East Tianshan.
In the Bogda-Harlik area, we have identified two episodes of Late Paleozoic bimodal suites formed during Early Carboniferous and Early Permian in Hongshankou area and south Bogda area. Zircons from Hongshankou basalts yield crystallization ages of347.1±3.9Ma, whereas those from the rhyolites are dated as344.4±1.9and345.0±2.5Ma. The major and trace element signatures of basalts suggest high alumina basalt (HAB) as the source magma which was generated from metasomatised asthenosphere mantle. Broadly homogenous Rb-r and Sm-Nd isotopic compositions of mafic and felsic rocks are also characteristic. The basalts display a distinct enrichment in incompatible elements and positive εNd(345Ma)(from+5.87to+8.25). The rhyolites also display high εNd(345Ma)(from+6.35to+8.53). Consequently, we suggest a mixing process between a source similar to mid-ocean ridge basalt (depleted end-member mantle) and arc-like magmas for the petrogenesis of the mafic rocks, whereas the rhyolites are best interpreted to have formed by fractional crystallization from the parental magma of the basalts. We propose that the essentially bimodal character of this complex reflects the features of back-arc extensional magmatism. The post-collisional event generated an E-W trending bimodal volcanic zone that extends for ca.500km in the southern Bogda Mt. to the easternmost Tianshan Belt. The rhyolites show a close affinity to aluminous A-type granites, indicates a bimodal high-K calc-alkaline affinity. The basalts are likely derived from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle. The LA-ICP-MS analysis on zircons from four rhyolites and two basalts yielded similar ages ranging from295.8±2.8to293.3±1.7Ma, suggesting an Early Permian event. Zircons from the basalts show a wide sHf(t) range, suggesting a mixing of crust-mantle material. The magmatic zircons from the bimodal volcanic rocks yielded two peaks of TDM2between600-820Ma and1160-1360Ma, probably representing two significant episodes of continental crust growth. The bimodal volcanic rocks are correlated with the early stage of post-collision.
The post-collisional tectonic-magmatic activity in Xinjiang region is very intensive, and the isotopic age of the activity ranges mainly from270to290Ma. Except the bimodal volcanic, there are also some typical I-type high-K calc-alkaline granite. Zircons from Xiaopu granite these plutons are dated by U-Pb method and yield weighted mean age of297±2and295±2Ma respectively, which is considered representing early period of post-collisional magmatism. The triplet of basic dyke swarms and alkaline granites as well as the underwater olistostrome in the Baiyanggou could be regarded as a prominent indication of the initial stage of post-collision, and they occurred synchronously and coexisted in Harlik region. All above mentioned indicates could cease by the end of carboniferous.
Northern boundary fault of Central Tianshan experienced at least two stages of ductile shear tectonic evolution:Early Paleozoic north vergent thrusting ductile shear and Early Permian strike-slip deformation. Nearly vertical mylonitic foliation and sub-horizonal stretching lineation define its strike-slip feature; various kinematic indicators, such as asymmetric folds, non-coxial asymmetric macro-to micro-structures and C-axis fabrics of quartz grains of mylonites, suggest that it is a dextral strike-slip shear zone oriented in a nearly E-W direction. Geodynamical analysis suggests that Early Paleozoic north vergent thrusting ductile shear large-scale and dextral strike-slip ductile shearing are likely the result of intracontinental adjustment deformation after the collision of North Tiashan Arc and Middle Tianshan block and Late Carboniferous oblique collision caused by the final closure of Tianshan ocean.
The ophiolitic melange and mafic granulites are outcropped in the Weiya segment which is near to the northern boundary fault of the Central Tianshan belt. The petrological and geochemical data suggest that the geochemical features of the diabase and gabbro of the ophiolitic melange are similar to ones of the typical EMORB-type basalt. All the mafic granulites on the TAS diagram are located in the subalkline gabbro-diabase area, similar to island-arc or active continental margin basalt, the mafic granulite displays geochemical feature of immature island-arc tholeiite. Combining with previous results, we conclude that the mafic-ultramafic blocks in the eastern Weiya belongs to the dismembered EMORB-type ophiolite suit, which formed in mid-oceanic ridge of and represents fragments of ancient Tianshan oceanic basin. The protolith of mafic granulites were formed in an immature island-arc setting. The ophiolitic melange and mafic granulites may be related to the subduction of oceanic plate along the northern boundary fault of the Central Tianshan and represents the relics of the Tianshan Ocean.
On the basis of the characteristics of the ductile deformation zone and Weiya ophiolitic melange and sedimentary sequence and magmatism in the Bogda, we conclude that, Tianshan Paleoocean southward subduction along the Northern boundary fault of Central Tianshan and Kelamaili suture zone during Early Paleozoic and Later Paleozoic, respectively. The evolution progress of the Eastern Tianshan can be divided into5stages during Paleozoic.1, active continental margin along the Central Tianshan during the early paleozoic;2, collision peroid during the early paleozoic;3, Late Devonian-Early carboniferous back-arc extension;4, later carboniferous arc-continental collision;5, Early Permian post-collision.
引文
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