基于DEM的川西高原构造地貌特征提取与分析
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摘要
随着3S技术的不断发展,构造地貌信息的提取方法呈现出多元化趋势。DEM是一种新兴的地貌特征信息提取工具,加强其技术方法的研究有利于推进构造地貌实现定量化研究,并带动DEM在断裂带识别应用中相关模块的开发,从而进一步揭示研究区地貌特征和丰富研究区构造地貌研究的信息库内容。川西高原是青藏高原东缘与四川盆地的盆山耦合交接带,加强其地貌特征研究将为青藏高原隆升机理的研究提供依据。本文以川西高原松潘-阿坝地区为研究区域,采用SRTM-DEM数据和ArcGIS空间分析技术,结合野外考察资料,在对该区地貌形态的空间分析和线性地貌特征的提取的基础上,对龙门山构造带和岷江断裂带的线性断裂构造进行自动提取与解译,研究结果如下:
(1)通过对海拔高程、地表坡度、地势起伏度等要素的分级和统计分析,对松潘-阿坝地区地形地貌分布形态进行了空间分析研究,制作了松潘-阿坝地区数字高程模型图,分析发现研究区域由于断裂构造及造山作用而使地形强烈起伏,而地势及地表坡度变化强烈的地区往往是断裂构造较发育或活动的区域。
(2)通过山脊线、沟谷线和沟壑密度等线性地貌的分析研究,发现研究区宏观尺度和构造带内的沟壑密度均存在较大的差异。宏观区域分析结果表明:高程对其影响相对有限,地形坡度以及地形起伏度与沟壑密度均呈现负相关。因此,地块稳定性越强、地质沉积年龄越轻、地质构造越复杂的地区其沟壑密度越大。(3)典型区线性断裂构造的提取方法的研究。以区域地质构造资料为理论
基础,通过利用高程、坡度、坡向、坡向变率的指标进行栅格运算,结合线性地貌山脊线、沟谷线和沟谷网络的分析,采用算法复合完成研究区主断裂的自动提取,并进一步以遥感影像和地质数据为参考,进行研究区断裂线的解译。
通过对松潘-阿坝地区地貌的分析研究,最终实现了一种基于DEM的线性构造地貌的提取方法,进一步印证了研究区造山带构造特征,从而为青藏高原东缘地貌演化提供了新的研究资料。
With the constant development of modern technology, approaches on the extraction of information about tectonic geomorphology characteristics reflect multi-dimensional trends. DEM is a new tool in extracting information of geomorphology characteristics, which would contribute to the integration of new technique and traditional methods, and to the analysis of different case areas and to the building and management of database of tectonic geomorphology information. Western Sichuan Plateau is the transitional region of East Tibetan Plateau and Sichuan Basin. The analysis on tectonic geomorphology characteristics in this area would provide fundamental technology and data for the researches on the mechanism of uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we extract geomorphology and physiognomy information in Songpan-Aba area, and make a series of spatial analysis based on the data of SRTM-DEM and the spatial analysis tool, ArcGIS, as well as the observations obtained from geological field survey. Meanwhile, we extract some information of Longmen Mountain structural belts and Minjiang Fault Belt’s liner fault structure characteristics. The results were:
(1)Spatial analysis on tectonic geomorphology morphology, and the digital elevation map of Songpan-Aba region were done according to classification and statistic analysis on the factors of elevation, slope and relief and so on. It could be concluded that fault structure and intracontinental orogenesis make researching region relief with great degree and the regions with geomorphology and slope changed greatly sometimes are the area with fault structure developed or structure activity frequent.
(2)According to analysis of liner terrain feature on ridge line, valley line and gully density, we find that the character of gully density within macroscopical dimension is quite different from that of structure belts. The result of analysis for macroscopical dimension indicates that elevation only plays a minor role on the distribution of gully density, while the value of slope and relief are negatively correlated with gully density. Therefore, areas with stronger geological stability, younger geological sediment age and more complex tectonics possess denser gully.
(3)Based on the above analysis, we explored, at the first time, the approach of how liner fault structure can be extracted in study area. The approach includes: grid operation based on elevation, slope, aspect and slope of aspect, and regional tectonic data; analysis of physiognomy ridge, gully and gully web; automatic extraction of main rupture according to combined calculation, and at last translate rupture line of study area according to remote sensing image and geologic data.
Through the physiognomy analysis in Songpan-Aba region, the extraction of liner fault structure was finally fulfilled based on DEM, which further verified the tectonic geomorphology characteristics and provided new data for the evolvement of geomorphology of eastern Tibetan Plateau.
(1)通过对海拔高程、地表坡度、地势起伏度等要素的分级和统计分析,对松潘-阿坝地区地形地貌分布形态进行了空间分析研究,制作了松潘-阿坝地区数字高程模型图,分析发现研究区域由于断裂构造及造山作用而使地形强烈起伏,而地势及地表坡度变化强烈的地区往往是断裂构造较发育或活动的区域。
(2)通过山脊线、沟谷线和沟壑密度等线性地貌的分析研究,发现研究区宏观尺度和构造带内的沟壑密度均存在较大的差异。宏观区域分析结果表明:高程对其影响相对有限,地形坡度以及地形起伏度与沟壑密度均呈现负相关。因此,地块稳定性越强、地质沉积年龄越轻、地质构造越复杂的地区其沟壑密度越大。(3)典型区线性断裂构造的提取方法的研究。以区域地质构造资料为理论
基础,通过利用高程、坡度、坡向、坡向变率的指标进行栅格运算,结合线性地貌山脊线、沟谷线和沟谷网络的分析,采用算法复合完成研究区主断裂的自动提取,并进一步以遥感影像和地质数据为参考,进行研究区断裂线的解译。
通过对松潘-阿坝地区地貌的分析研究,最终实现了一种基于DEM的线性构造地貌的提取方法,进一步印证了研究区造山带构造特征,从而为青藏高原东缘地貌演化提供了新的研究资料。
With the constant development of modern technology, approaches on the extraction of information about tectonic geomorphology characteristics reflect multi-dimensional trends. DEM is a new tool in extracting information of geomorphology characteristics, which would contribute to the integration of new technique and traditional methods, and to the analysis of different case areas and to the building and management of database of tectonic geomorphology information. Western Sichuan Plateau is the transitional region of East Tibetan Plateau and Sichuan Basin. The analysis on tectonic geomorphology characteristics in this area would provide fundamental technology and data for the researches on the mechanism of uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we extract geomorphology and physiognomy information in Songpan-Aba area, and make a series of spatial analysis based on the data of SRTM-DEM and the spatial analysis tool, ArcGIS, as well as the observations obtained from geological field survey. Meanwhile, we extract some information of Longmen Mountain structural belts and Minjiang Fault Belt’s liner fault structure characteristics. The results were:
(1)Spatial analysis on tectonic geomorphology morphology, and the digital elevation map of Songpan-Aba region were done according to classification and statistic analysis on the factors of elevation, slope and relief and so on. It could be concluded that fault structure and intracontinental orogenesis make researching region relief with great degree and the regions with geomorphology and slope changed greatly sometimes are the area with fault structure developed or structure activity frequent.
(2)According to analysis of liner terrain feature on ridge line, valley line and gully density, we find that the character of gully density within macroscopical dimension is quite different from that of structure belts. The result of analysis for macroscopical dimension indicates that elevation only plays a minor role on the distribution of gully density, while the value of slope and relief are negatively correlated with gully density. Therefore, areas with stronger geological stability, younger geological sediment age and more complex tectonics possess denser gully.
(3)Based on the above analysis, we explored, at the first time, the approach of how liner fault structure can be extracted in study area. The approach includes: grid operation based on elevation, slope, aspect and slope of aspect, and regional tectonic data; analysis of physiognomy ridge, gully and gully web; automatic extraction of main rupture according to combined calculation, and at last translate rupture line of study area according to remote sensing image and geologic data.
Through the physiognomy analysis in Songpan-Aba region, the extraction of liner fault structure was finally fulfilled based on DEM, which further verified the tectonic geomorphology characteristics and provided new data for the evolvement of geomorphology of eastern Tibetan Plateau.
引文
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